Abstract
The Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) has a long history in human neurofysiology. With high intensities a signal can sometimes be seen in temporal leads in the EEG. It is questionable however, if the response is generated by the brain. More probable it is the myogenic manifestation of a reflex which is elicited with high intensity sounds. One of the first reports in literature is from Davis (1939) who investigated the effect of acoustic stimuli on the EEG. Althouqh some effect was discernable, its main effect was desynchronisation of the traces without specific activity attributable to the sound stimuli. It was not until the advent of averaging techniques that a more general interest in the AEP arose. Its first use was in the field of audiology with great expectations for objective audiometry. These were soon tempered by the realisation that the technique to acquire reliable results in Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA) was very difficult and also sufficient knowledge was lacking for interpretation of the obtained signals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Refferences and Recommended Literature
Ainslie, P.J. and Boston, J.R.: Comparison of brainstem auditory evoked potentials for monaural and binaural stimuli. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 49: 291–302, (1980).
Allen, A.R. and Starr, A.: Auditory brainstem potentials in monkey (M. Mulatta) and man. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiology, 45: 53–63, (1978).
Aminoff, M.M. (Ed.): Electrophysiologic Approaches to Neurologic Diagnosis. Churchill Livingstone, New York, (in press), 541–567, (1979).
Arlinger, S.: Auditory responses to frequency ramps; a psycho-acoustic and electrophysiological study. Linköping University, (Linköping University Medical Dissertations, no. 40) (1976).
Baltimore, M.D., Williams, Wilkins, 1977: Handbook of physiology: Section I: the nervous system (formerly Neurophysiology). Vol. I. Cellular biology of neurons; Ed. by E.R. Kandel, (1977).
Bickford, R.G., Jacobson, J.L., Cody, D.T.R.: Nature of averaged evoked potentials to sound and other stimuli in man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 112, 204–223, (1964).
Blom, J.L. and van Blokland, A.W.: Analysis Technique of evoked responses and peak identification for use in mental load research. In: Matujeck, M. and G.K. Schenk, (Eds.) The quantification of the electroencephalogram II; proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Study Group for EEG-technology, Jogny sur Vevey (may 1975).
Blom, J.L., Barth, P.G., Visser, S.L.: The visual evoked response in the first six years of life. Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48, 395–405, (1980).
Bostock, H. and Jarvis, J.: Changes in the form of cerebral evoked responses related to the speed of simple reaction-time. Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol., 29, 137–145, (1970).
Brodai, A.: Neurological Anatomy in relation to clinical medicine. Oxford University Press London, (1979).
Buchwald, J.S., Huang, C.M.: Far Field Aucoustic Response: Origins in the cat. Science, Vol. (1975).
Campbell, F.W., Atkinson, J., Francis, M.R. and Green, D.M.: Estimation of auditory thresholds using evoked potentials. A clinical screening test.In: Desmedt (Ed.). Auditory Evoked Potentials in man. Progr. in Clin. Neurophysiol. vol. 2, 68–79, (Karger, Basel, 1977).
Carpenter, M.B.: Human Neuroanatomy, 7th ed. The Williams and Williams Company Baltimore, (1976).
Celesia, G.G.: Auditory evoked responses: intracranial and extracranial average evoked responses. Arch. Neurol. 19, 430–437, (1968).
Chiappa, M.D., Keith, H.: Pattern shift visual, brainstem auditory and shortlatency somatosensory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 30, (2), 110–123, (1980).
Chu, N.S., Squires, K.H. and Starr, A.: Auditory brainstem responses in chronic alcoholic patients. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 54, 418–425, (1982).
Church, M.W. Williams, H.L.: Dose and time dependent effects of ethanol on brainstem auditory evoked responses in young adult males. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 54, 161–174, (1982).
Cohen, M.M.: Coronal Topography of the MLAEP’s in man. Electroencephal. and Clin.Neurophysiol., 53, 231–236, (1982).
Davis, H., Hirsh, S.K.: A slow brainstem response for low-frequency audiometry. Audiology, 18, 445–461, (1979).
Davis, H. and Yoshie, N.: Human evoked cortical responses to auditory stimuli. Physiologist, 6, 164, (1963).
Don, M. and Eggermont, J.J.: Analysis of the click-evoked brainstem potentials in man using high-pass noise masking. The journal of the acoustical society of America, Vol. 63, (4), (1978).
Edwards, M.R., Buchwald, J.S., Tanguay, P.E., Schwafd, A.J.: Sources of variability in auditory brainstem evoked potential measures over time. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 125–132, (1982).
Eggermont, J.J., Don, M., Brachmann: Electrocochleography and auditory brainstem electro responses in patients with pontine angle tumors. The annals of otology, rhinology and laryngology, Supp. 75, Vol. 89, no. 6, part 2. (nov./dec. 1980).
Fujita, M., Hosoki, M., Miyazaki, M.: Brainstem Evoked Responses in Spinocerebellar Degeneration and Wilson Disease.
Funasaka, S., Kodera, K. and Abe, H.: The auditory stimuli to evoke a clear average response at behavioral threshold. Audiology 13, 162–172 (1974).
Galambos, R.M.D. and Hecox, K.E.: Clinical Applications of the Auditory Brainstem Response. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, Vol. 11 no. 3, (figure 4 and 5 are exchanged) (1978).
Galambos, R., Makeig, S., Talmaohoff, P.J.: A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 78, 4, 2643–2747, (19
Geisler, C.D., Frishkopf, L.S., Rosenblith, W.A.: Extracranial responses to acoustic clicks in man. Science, 128, 1210–1211, (1958).
Gerin, P., Pernier, J., Peronnet, F.: Amplitude des potentiels evoques noyens auditifs du vertex et intensité des stimuli. Brain Research 36, 89–100, (1972).
Goff, G.D., Matumiya, Y., Allison, T., Goff, W.R.: The scalp topography of human somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials. Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42, 57–76, (1977).
Greiner, G.F., Conraux, C., Fehlet, P.: Audiometrie objective par enregistrement des potentiels evoques auditifs précoces et semi-précoces par voie externe. Ann. Otolaryng. (Paris) 95, 33–41, (1978).
Harker, A., Hosick, E., Voots, R.J. and Mendel, I.M.: Influence of succinylcholine on middle component auditory evoked potentials. Arch. Otolaryngol. 103, 133–137, (1977).
Hashimoto, I.: Auditory evoked potentials from the human midbrain: slow brainstem responses. Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 652–657, (1982).
Hashimoto, I., Ishiyama, Y., Tozuka, G.: Bilaterally Recorded Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Responses. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 36, (1979).
Hecox, K., Galambos, R., La Jolla, Ph.D.: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses in Human Infants and Adults. Arch. Otolaryngol. Vol 99. (Jan. 1974).
Hecox, K.E.: Brainstem Evoked Potentials — Neurological Applications. Center for health sciences university of Wisconsin-Madison, (1980).
Hughes, J.R., Fino, J. Gagnon, L.: The importance of phase of stimulus and the reference recording electrode in brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 611–623, (1981).
Jewett, D.L.: Volume-conducted potentials in response to auditory stimuli as detected by averaging in the cat. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 28, 609–618, (1970).
Jewett, D.L., Romano, M.N. and Williston, J.S.: Human auditory evoked potentials: possible brainstem components detected out the scalp. Science 167, 1517–1518, (1970).
Jewett, D.L. and Williston, J.S.: Auditory evoked far fields averaged from the scalp of humans. Brain, 94, 681–696, (1971).
John, E.R., Baird, H., Fridman, J., Bergelsono, M.: Normative values for brainstem auditory evoked potentials obtained by digital filtering and automatic peak detection. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 54, 153–160, (1982)
Jones, L. Komsmoghn, S., Smith, E., Herding, C.: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials recorded in patients with confirmed and clinically suspected brainstem disorders. Journal of Electrophysiology Technology, 8, 135–150, (1982).
Jones, T.A., Stockard, J.J. and Weidner, W.J.: The effects of temperature and acute alcohol intoxication on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in the cat. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 49, 23–30, (1980).
Kaga, K., Hink, R.F., Shinoda, Y., Suzuki, J.: Evidence for a primary cortical origin of a middle latency auditory evoked potential in cats. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 50, 254–266, (1980).
Kogatal, S., Rosenberg, C., Rudd, D., Dunkle, M., Horenstein, S.: Auditory Evoked Potentials in bacterial Meningitis. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 38, (nov 1981).
Kraus, N., Özdamar, O., Hier, D., Stein, L.: Auditory middle latency responses (MLR’s) in patients with cortical lesions. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 54, 275–287, (1982).
Lindsay, K.W., Carlin, J., Kennedy, I., Maines, A., Teasdale, C.M.: Evoked Potentials in severe head injury — analysis and relation to outcome. Journal of Neurol. Neurosurgery and psych., 44, 796–802, (1981).
Lolas, F., Hoeppner, T.J. and Morrell, F.: The BAER profile: A method for reporting electrophysiologic brainstem examinations in clinical practice. Neurology, 29, 242–244, (1979).
Markand, O.N., Garg, B.P., Demeyer, W.E., Warner, C., Worth, R.M.: Brainstem Auditory Visual and Somatosensory evoked potentials in leukodystrophies. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 54, 39–48, (1982).
Martineau, J., Laffont, F., Brunneau, N., Roux, S. and Lelord, G.: Event -related potentials evoked by sensory stimulation in normal, mentaly retarded and autistic children. Electroencephal Clin. Neurophysiol. 48, 140–153, (1980).
Mast, T.E.: Short latency human evoked responses to clicks. J. Appl. Physiol. 20, 725–730, (1965).
McFarland, W.H. and Vivion, M.C.: Reexamination of effects of stimulus rate and number on the middle components of the averaged evoked response. Audiology, 14, 456 (1975).
McFarland, W.H., Vivion, M.C., Goldstein, R.: Middle components of the AER to tone-pips in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. J. Speech Hearing, Res. 20, 781–798, (1977).
McRandle, C.C., Smith, M.A., Goldstein, R.: Early averaged electro-encephalic responses to clicks in neonates. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 83, 695–702, (1974).
Mendel, I.M., Goldstein, R.: The effect of test conditions on the early components of the averaged electro-encephalic response. J. Speech Hearing Res. 12, 344–350, (1969).
Mendel, M.I.: Influence of stimulus level and sleep stage on the early components of the averaged electro-encephalic response to clicks during all night sleep. J. Speech Hearing, Res. 17, 5–17, (1974).
Mendel, M.I., Kesick, E.C., Windman, T.R., Davis, H., Hirsh, S.K., Dinges, D.F.D.: Audiometric comparison of the middle and late component of the adult auditory evoked potentials awake and asleep. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 38, 27–33, (1975).
Mendel, M.I., Hosick, E.C.: Effects of secobarbital on the early components of the auditory evoked potentials. Revue de Laryngologie 96, 178–184, (1975).
Mendel, M.I., Adkinson, C.D., Harker, L.A.: Middle components of the auditory evoked potentials in infants. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 86, 1–7, (1977).
Monnier, M.: Function of the Nervous System. Vol. 3 Sensory Functions and Perception. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, (1975).
Musiek, F.E., Geurkink, N.A.: Auditory brainstem and middle latency evoked response sensitivity near threshold. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 90, 236–240, (1981).
Noseworthy, J.H., Miller, J., Murray, T., Regan, D.: Auditory Brainstem Responses in Postconcussion syndrome. Arch. of Neurol. Vol. 38, (May 1981).
Olphen van, A.F., Rodenburg, M. and Verwey, C.: Distribution of Brainstem Responses to Acoustic Stimuli over the Human Scalp. Audiology 17, 511–518, (1978).
Olphen van, A.F., Rodenburg, M. and Verwey, C: Influence of the Stimulus Repetition Rate on Brain-Stem-Evoked responses in Man. Audiology 18, 388–394, (1979).
Parring, A., Salomon, G., Elberling, C., Larsen, B., Lassen, N.A.: Middle components of the auditory evoked response in bilateral temporal lobe lesions. Scand. Audiol. 9, 161–167, (1980).
Peronet, F. and Michel, F.: The asymmetry of the auditory evoked potentials with brain lesies. In: Auditory evoked potentials in man: psychopharmacology correlates of EP’s, editor: J.E. Desmedt, Basel, New York, (Karger, 1977).
Picton, T.W., Hillyard, S.A., Krausz, S.I. and Galambos, R.: Human Auditory evoked potentials. I: evaluation of components. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 36, 179–190, (1974).
Picton, T.W. and Hink, R.F.: Evoked potentials: How? What? and Why? American Journal of EEG Technology, Vol. 14, (1974).
Picton, T.W., Woods, D.L. and Proulx, G.B.: Human Auditory sustained Potentials. II. Stimulus Relationships. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 45, 198–210, (1978).
Praher, D.K. and Gibson, W.P.R.: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials: significant latency differences between ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 50, 240–246, (1980).
Pratt, H., Bleich, N.: Auditory Brainstem Potentials Evoked by clicks in Notch-Filtered Masking Noise. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 417–426, (1982).
Rapin, I. and Schimmel, H.: Assessment of auditory sensitivity in infants and in un-cooperative handicapped children by using the late components of the average auditory evoked Potential. In: Auditory evoked potentials in man: Psycho-pharmacology, correlates of EP’s, ed. J.E. Desmedt, Basel, New York, (Karger, 1977).
Robinson, K. and Rudge, P.: Abnormalities of the auditory evoked potentials in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain, 100, 19–40, (1977).
Rose, D.E., Keating, L.W., Hedgecock, L.D., Scheurs, K.H. and Miller, K.E.: Aspects of acoustically evoked responses. Arch. Otolaryng. 94, 347–350, (1978).
Rosenhall, U., Rompe, G.: Auditory brainstem response in syphilis. B.J. Venen Dis. 57, 241–245, (1981).
Rossini, P.M., Cambi, D., Marchionno, L., David, P., Sollazzo, D.: Cephalic and Non cephalic References in Brainstem Evoked Potential Recording. App. Neurophysiol. 43, 313–322, (1980).
Rossini, P.M., Kula, R.W., House, W.J., Cracco, R.Q.: Alteration of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses following cardiorespiratory arrest and resuscitation. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 54, 323–334, (1982).
Roth, W.T., Horvath, T.B., Pfefferbaum, A. and Kopell, B.S.: Event related potentials in schizophrenics. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 48, 127–139, (1980).
Rowe, M.J.: Normale variability of the brainstem auditory evoked response in young and old adult subjects. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 44, 459–470, (1978).
Rowe, M.J., Carlson, Ch.: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in postcontussion Dizziness. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 37, (nov 1980).
Schulman-Galambos, C. and Galambos, R.: Brainstem Auditory- evoked responses in premature infants. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 18, 456–465, (1975).
Schulman-Galambos, C. and Galambos, D.: Recording the brainstem Evoked Response. Preliminary draft, (1975).
Selters, W., Brachmann, D.E.: Acoustic Tumor Detection With Brain Stem Electric Response Audiometry, Arch. Otolaryngology, Vol. 103, (april 1977).
Sherman, J.: Advanced Diagnostic Procedures. The Nicolet CA-1000-Series 2 no. 11, (1977).
Sohmer, H., Feinmesser, M. and Szabo, G.: Sources of electro-cochleographic responses as studied in patients with brain damage. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 37, 663–669, (1974).
Squires, N., Aine, C., Buchwald, J., Norman, R. and Galbraith, G.: Auditory brainstem response abnormalities in severely and profoundly retarded adults. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 50, 172–185, (1980).
Squires, K.C., Chu, N.S., Starr, A.: Acute effects of alcohol on auditory brainstem potentials in humans. Science, vol. 201, (1978).
Starr, A.: Auditory brainstem responses in brain death. Brain 99, 543–554, (1976).
Starr, A., Achor, L.J.: Auditory brainstem responses in neurological disease. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 32, (1975).
Starr, A. and Hamilton, A.E.: Correlation between confirmed sites of neurological lesions and abnormalities of far-field auditory brainstem responses. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 41, 595–608, (1976).
Starr, A., Amlie, R.N., Martin, W.H. and Sanders, S.: Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials. Pediatrics, 60, 831–839, (1977).
Stockard, J.J., Rossiter, V.S., Widerholt, W.C. and Kobayashi, R.M.: Brainstem Auditory evoked responses in suspected central pontine myelinolysis. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 33, (1976).
Stockard, J.A. and Westmoreland, F.B.: Technical Consideration in the recording and interpretation of the Brainstem Auditors Evoked Potential for neonatal Neurologic Diagnosis. A.M. J. EEG Technol., 21, 31–54, (1981).
Stockard, J.E., Stockard, J.J., Westmoreland, B.F. and Corfits, J.L.: Normal variation as a function of stimulus and subject characteristics. Arch. Neurol. Vol. 36, (1979).
Stockard, J.J. and Rossiter, V.S.: Clinical and pathologic correlates of brainstem auditory response abnormalities. Neurology, Vol. 27, no. 4 pp. 316–325, (1977).
Stockard, J.J., Stockard, J.E., Sharbrough, F.W.: Detection and localization of occult lesions with brainstem auditory responses. Mayo Clin. Proc. 52, 761–769, (1977).
Stockard, J.J., Stockard, J.E. and Sharbrough, F.W.: Nonpathologi factors influencing brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Am. J. EEG Technol. 18, 177–209, (1978).
Stürzebecher, E., Warnecke, K.D., Wagner, H.: ERA-kennlinien bei normal hörenden Personen. Actua Otolaryngol. 80, 294–300, (1975).
Tackmann, W., Strenge, H., Barth, R., Sojha-Raytschelf, A.: Auditory Brainstem Evoked Potentials in patients with Multiple Sclerosis, Enc. Neurol. 19, 396–401, (1980).
Thornton, A.R., Mendel, M.I., Anderson, C.V.A.: Effects of stimulus frequency and intensity of the middle components of the averaged auditory electroencephalographic response. J. Speech Hearing, Res. 20, 81–94, (1977).
Tsubokawa, T., Nishimoto, H. Yamamoto, T., Kitamura, M., Katayama, Y. Moriyasu, N.: Assessment of brainstem damage by the auditory brainstem response in acute severe head injury. Journal Neurol. Neurosurg. and Psych. 43, 1005–1011, (1980).
Vaughan, H.G. and Ritter, W.: The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp. Electroencephal. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 360–367, (1970).
Vivion, M.C.: Clinical status of evoked response audiometry. The Laryngoscope 90, 437–447, (1980).
Vivion, M.C., Goldstein, R., Wolf, K.L., McFarland, W.H.: Middle components of human auditory averaged electro-encephalic response: waveform variations during averaging. Audioloay 16, 21–37, (1970).
Wielaard, B. and Kemp, B.: Auditory brainstem evoked responses in brainstem compression due to posterior fossa tumors. Neurol. Neurosurg. Vol. 81–3, (1979).
Wolf, K.E., Goldstein, R.: Middle component averaged electro-encephalic responses to tonal stimuli from normal neonates. Arch. Otolaryngol. 104, 508–513, (1978).
Wrege, K.S., Starr, A.: Binaural Interaction in Human Auditory Brainstem Evoked Potentials. Arch. Neurol. Vol 38, (Sept. 1981).
Zerlin, S., Maunton, R.F., Mowry, H.J.: The early evoked cortical response to third-ectace clicks and tones. Audiology 12, 242–249, (1973).
Books:
Auditory Evoked Potentials in Man.; Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 2. Editor: Desmedt, J.E. (S. Karger Basel).
EEG Technology.: Cooper, R., Osselton, J.W., Shaw, J.C. (Butterworths, London, 1974).
Essentials of clinical electric response audiometry.: Gibson W.P.R. (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1978).
Evoked Potentials in Clinical Testing: Edit, by A.M. Halliday, (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1982).
Evozierte Potentiale: M. Stöhr et al. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982).
Principles of Neural Science.: Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Elsevier, North Holland (1981).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zonneveldt, A., Blom, J.L., Rotteveel, J.J. (1983). Auditory Evoked Potentials. In: Evoked Potential Manual. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1499-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1499-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-1501-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1499-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive