Abstract
In 1960 the Swedish Government decided to entrust to the law commission (Lagberedningen) the preparation of a comprehensive reform of the law on execution in matters of private law.
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The present article was written in the course of a research visit to the University of Uppsala, Sweden, which was made possible by the European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, as part of a research scheme initiated by that Foundation and aimed at conducting a comparative study of summary adjudication in a number of European countries. The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the European Science Foundation for the invaluable support received, and to the Faculty of Law in Uppsala University for the hospitality and assistance enjoyed throughout the period of his stay in Uppsala.
For the publication of Swedish statutes, references are made to Svensk Forfattnings-samling (SFS).
The word balk, as in Utsökningsbalk, is an ancient notion in Swedish law, which may best be defined as “section” of the comprehensive collections of statutes, or as “section” of the entire Code of Law. In this essay we shall use the term “code”. For a survey of the “affiliated statutes”, see Utsökningsbalken, a commentary by Gösta Walin, Torkel Gregow and Peter Löfmark (all actively engaged in the present reform of execution law in Sweden), Stockholm 1982, pp. 605 et seq. References to this commentary will further be made by mention of the first author, Chairman of the Law Commission charged with preparing the present law reform, G. Wahn.
For a brief survey of the work of the Law Commission, see G. Walin, op. cit., pp. 5–7 (Forord).
For a survey in English of the various handräckning-pxoceedings, see Ruth B. Ginsburg and Anders Bruzalins, Civil Procedure in Sweden (Columbia University School of Law Project on International Procedure) (The Hague 1965), pp. 216 et seq. The work was published well before the present law reform resulted in the changes discussed in this essay. For a brief but excellent survey in Swedish see, Publication of the Ministry of Justice, Ds Ju 1977: 5: Summarisk Process.
Further, Lars Heuman, Specialprocess Utsökning och Konkurs (Lund 1981) pp. 43 et seq; Per Olof Ekelöf, Rattegang III, 4th ed. (Stockholm/ Lund 1980) pp. 7 et seq
Ake Hasseler, Specialprocess (Stockholm 1972) pp. 81 et seq.
For a discussion of proceedings in lagsökning and betalningsföreläggande see, infra section 5.
For the consequences of this change of policy see, in particular, infra section 4.
Handräckningslag of 25 June 1981, in force 1 January 1982 (1981:847).
Titles for execution, listed in para. 1, Ch. 3 Utsökningsbalken. See for commentary, G. Walin, op. cit., pp. 66 et seq.
For a brief discussion of security measures see, infra section 3.
See, P.H. Lindblom, Lagsökning de lege ferenda, note 9, pp. 412/3 and p. 402, sub 4.3: Handläggande myndighet
For a discussion of these provisions see, infra, section 6.1
Art. 145 Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerliche Rechtsvordering, hereafter: Rv.).
Act of 4 January 1974 (1974:8), om rättegangen i tvistemal om mindre värden (Smamalslagen). This Act plays an essential part in the recent plans for revising the Swedish Code of Procedure, as is explained in Section 4 hereafter.
Rv. 125 k et seq. Claims for the collection of small money debts are handled by the lower first instance courts (Kantongerechten).
For a discussion of this Act see, infra section 5.
“Provisionally” in terms of execution; see next paragraph.
Comp. W. van Rossem, R.P. Cleveringa, Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering, Note 6 to Art. 289, pp. 766–7.
Statutory basis of référé-proceedings in the Netherlands; Rv. 289 et seq.
For a discussion of paras. 191 and 192 Utsökningslag and of the Handräckningslag which replaced these provisions see, infra section 6.
The Swedish Code of Judicial procedure, transi, and introd. by Ginsburg and Bruzelius, The American Series of foreign penal codes, N. 15, Stb. Hackensack/London, 1968, p. 68.
G. Walin, op. cit. p. 662.
Summarisk Process, Ds Ju 1977: 5, pp. 12 et seq. (Publication of Ministery of Justice).
Rationellare summarisk betaliningsprocess, Ds Ju 1981: 11 (Publication of Ministry of Justice). This publication contains statistical information, as well as information on the reform plans as regards summary proceedings for the collection of money debts.
Ds Ju 197 7–5, Summarisk Process.
Per Henrik Lindblom, Lagsökning de lege ferenda, Tidskrift for Sveriges Advokatsamfund, 43 (1977) 9, pp. 397 et seq.
Småmålslagen, Act of 4 January 1974 (1974:8) om rättegången i tvistemål om mindre värden. Småmålslagen is proposed by Lindblom as a model from which to start in reforming the law on summary adjudication because of the advantages of its basic structure. In the approach of the author it is certainly not implied, that Smamalslagen is a perfect model which in itself would not call for some improvements.
See, infra section 5.
Oversyn av Rättegångsbalken, I, Volumes A and B — Processen i Tïngsrätt (Litigation in the first instance courts), — delbetänkande av rättegångsutredningen (Stockholm 1982).
For a more extensive discussion, see,Ake Hassler, op. cit., supra n. 5, pp. 81 et seq.
In matters of venue the court will take a more passive stand when engaged in full proceedings than when its intervention is sought in summary litigation; cf. Översyn av Rättegangsbalken I, Part B, (previous note), p. 70.
Infra section 5. Summary adjudication for the collection of money debts comprises two institutions: lagsökning and betalningsföreläggande. The latter is to be merged into the former as a result of the present law reform. Here we shall restrict ourselves to a discussion of lagsökning.
See, Åke Hassler, op. cit., supra n. 5, pp. 81 et seq.
In view of the fact that para. 194 required the plaintiff to give a security for handräck-ning ex para, 192 to be obtained, subsequent litigation might not always have been easy to avoid.
“Tenants” in the widest sense, including persons occupying living quarters, appart-ments or whatever other part of a building. Para. 192 mentions arrendator, hyresgäst and bostadsrättshavare.
Op. cit., supra n. 5, p. 226.
For a more extensive discussion, see, Åke Hassler, op. cit., supra n. 5, p. 81 et seq.
The translations into English of the various provisions are made by the present author and should not be regarded as in any way formally authorized.
W. van Rossem, R.P. Cleveringa, op. cit., supra n. 18, Note 1 to Art. 290, pp. 781–3.
Lower first instance courts in the Netherlands: Kantongerechten.
Rv. Art. 290.
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Voskuil, C.C.A. (1983). On “Giving a Hand” in Swedish Law of Civil Procedure: Recent developments in the law on handräckning. In: Essays on International & Comparative Law. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1468-6_16
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