Abstract
Gaitian is the Chinese name for a scheme of cosmography, i.e. a description of the overall layout of heaven and earth. The term may be interpreted as “umbrella [-like] heaven”.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cullen, Christopher. Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China, the Zhou Bi Suan Jung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
David W. Hughes. “Was Galileo 2,000 Years Too Late?” Nature 296: 199, 1982.
Qutan Xida. Kaiyuan Zhanjing (The Kaiyuan Treatise on Astrology). Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1985 reprint.
Xi Zezong. “The Discovery of Jupiter’s Satellite Made by Gan De 2,000 Years Before Galileo.” Chinese Physics 2 (3): 664–667, 1982.
Yang Zhengzong, Jiang Shiyang, and Hao Xiangliang. “Experimental Test for Jupiter’s Satellites to the Naked Eye.” Kexue Tongbao 28 (7): 927–929, 1983.
Imbert, [Laurent-Joseph-Marius]. “[Letters of Sept. 1826 and later from Wutongqiao, Jiadingfu, and Ziliujing in Sichuan].” Annales de l’association de la propagation de la foi 3: 369–381, 1828, and 4: 414–418, 1830.
Li Jung. “An Account of the Salt Industry at Tzu-liu-ching. Tzu-liuching-chi.” Trans. Lien-Che Tu-Fang. Isis 39: 228–234, 1948. Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
Sun, E-Tu Zen, and Shiou-Chuan Sun, trans. Tien-kung k’ai-wo: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century, by Sung YingHsing. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966.
Vogel, Hans Ulrich. “Feuerbrunnen in China und ihre Bedeutung für die Technikgeschichte.” Heidelberger Jahrbücher 35: 199218, 1991.
Vogel, Hans Ulrich. Naturwissenschaften und Technik im vormodernen China: Historie, Historiographie und Ideologie, Kurseinheit 3: Geschichte der Tiefbohrtechnik im vormodernen China: Invention, Innovation, Diffusion, Transmission. Hagen: Fern Universität Gesamthochschule - in Hagen, 1993.
Vogel, Hans Ulrich. “The Great Well of China.” Scientific American 268 (6): 116–121, 1993.
Vogel, Hans Ulrich. “Chinese and Western Scientific Explanations of Sichuan Brine and Natural Gas Deposits prior to 1900.” To be published in T’oung Pao.
Vogel, Hans Ulrich, Joseph Needham et al. “The Salt Industry”. Section 37 of Science and Civilisation in China. Ed. Joseph Needham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
Needham, Joseph, with Ho, Peng Yoke, Lu Gwei-Djen and Nathan Sivin. Science and Civilisation in China, vol 5 part 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Ware, James R. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of AD320: the Nei P’ien of Ko Hung, (Pao p’u tzu). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1966.
Goodrich, L.C. “Cotton in China.” Isis 34: 408–410, 1942–43.
Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine: Technics and Human Development. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1966.
Needham, Joseph, Wang Ling, and Lu Gwei-Djen. Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 4, part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 249.
Roberts, J.M. The Pelican History of the World. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983, p. 73 (reprinted from History of the World. New York: Knopf, 1976 ).
Mercier, Raymond P. “Geodesy.” ln Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. In The History of Cartography,Vol. 2, Book 1. Ed.
J.B. Harley and David Woodward. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 175–188.
Burger, Julian. The Gaia Atlas of First Peoples. London: Gaia Books, 1990.
Buttimer, Anne. Geography and the Human Spirit. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First Day (Awakenings in Aboriginal Dreamtime). Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1991.
Marsden, Maori. “God, Man and Universe: A Maori View.” In Te Ao Hurihuri (Aspects of Maoritanga). Ed. Michael King. Auckland: Reed Books, 1992, pp. 118–139.
Matsubayashi, Kazuo. “Spirit of Place: The Modern Relevance of an Ancient Concept.” In The Power of Place (Sacred Ground in Natural and Human Environments). Ed. James Swan. Madras: Quest Books, 1991, pp. 334–346.
Mowaljarlai, David and Jutta Malnic. Yorro Yorro: Everything Standing up Alive, Spirit of the Kimberley. Broome, Western Australia: Magabala Books Aboriginal Corporation, 1993.
Myers, Fred. Pintupi Country, Pintupi Self. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto and Win-dus; New York: Knopf, 1993.
Tellenbach, Hubertus and Bin Kimura. “The Japanese Concept of Nature.” In Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought (Essays in Environmental Philosophy). Ed. Baird Callicott and Roger Ames. New York: State University of New York Press, 1989, pp. 153–163.
Yoon, Hong-Key. Maori Mind, Maori Land (Essays on the Cultural Geography of the Maori People from an Outsider ‘s Perspective). Berne: Peter Lang, 1986.
Cao, Wanru. “Some Questions concerning the History of Chinese Geography.” Zi Ran Ke Xue Shi Yan Jiu 1 (30): 242–250, 1982.
Fung, Yee-wang. “The Development of Geographical Education in Hong Kong and China (1949–1988): A Comparative Study.” In International Perspectives on Geographic Education. Ed. A. David Hill. Skokie, Illinois: Rand McNally, 1992, pp. 51–61.
Hou, Renzhi. Selected Readings ofFamous Geographical Writings in Ancient China (in Chinese). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe, 1959.
Hsu, Mei-Ling. “The Han Maps and Early Chinese Cartography.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 68: 45–60, 1978.
Hsu, Mei-Ling. “The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development.” Imago Mundi 45: 90–100, 1993.
Lu, Jonathan J. “China’s Geographic Education.” In International Perspectives on Geographic Education. Ed. A. David Hill. Skokie, Illinois: Rand McNally, 1992, pp. 63–76.
Needham, Joseph and Ling Wang. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 3, Chapter 23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.
Ali, S. M. The Geography of The Purczuas. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1966.
Cunningham, Alexander. The Ancient Geography of India. Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1979.
De Bary, W. M. Theodore, ed. Introduction to Oriental Civilizations: Sources of Indian Tradition. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1967.
Goyal, S.R. Kautilva and Megasthenes. Meerut: Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1985.
Majumdar, R. C. and A.D. Pusalker, eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Vedic Age. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1951.
Majumdar, R.C. and A.D. Pusalker, eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1953.
Majumdar R.C. and A.D. Pusalker, eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Classical Age. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1954.
Sircar, D. C. Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
Thapar, Romila. A History of India 1. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1966.
Tripathi, Maya Prasad. Development of Geographic Knowledge in Ancient India. Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1969.
Alavi, S.M.Z. Geography in the Middle Ages. Delhi: Sterling Publishers Ltd, 1966.
Arnold, T.W. “Arab Travellers and Merchants, AD 1000–5000.” In Newton, A.P. Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages. London: Kegan Paul, 1926.
Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften. Islamic Geography. Frankfurt: Strauss Offsetdruck, 1992 (in Arabic).
Kennedy, M.H. and E.S. Kennedy. Geographical Coordinates of Localities from Islamic Sources. Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch—Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1987.
Nafis, Ahmad. Muslim Contribution to Geography. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf, 1972.
Tibetts, G.R. A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-east Asia. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1979.
Tozer, H.F. A History of Ancient Geography, 2nd ed. New York: Biblio and Tannen, 1964.
Aveni, Anthony F., Horst Hartung, and J. Charles Kelley. “Alta Vista (Chalchihuites): Astronomical Implications of a Mesoamerican Ceremonial Outpost at the Tropic of Cancer.” American Antiquity 47: 316–335, 1982.
Malmström, Vincent H. “Origin of the Mesoamerican 260-day Calendar.” Science 181: 759–60, 1973.
Malmström, Vincent H. “A Reconstruction of the Chronology of Mesoamerican Calendrical Systems.” Journalfor the History of Astronomy 9: 105–116, 1978.
Malmström, Vincent H. “Architecture, Astronomy, and Calendrics in PreColumbian Mesoamerica.” In Archaeoastronomy in the Americas Ed. Ray A. Williamson. Los Altos, California: Ballena Press/Center for Archaeoastronomy, 1981.
Merrill, R. H. “Maya Sun Calendar Dictum Disproved.” American Antiquity 10: 307–11, 1945.
Nuttall, Zelia. “Nouvelles lumières sur les civilisations américaines et le système du calendrier.” Proceedings of. the Twenty-second International Congress ofAmericanists. Rome, 1928, pp. 11948.
Albers, Patricia and Jeanne Kay. “Sharing the Lands: A Study in American Indian Territoriality.” In A Cultural Geography of North American Indians. Ed. Thomas E. Ross and Tyrel G. Moore. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
Basehart, Harry. “The Resources Holding Corporation Among the Mescalero Apache.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23: 277–291, 1967.
Churchill, Ward. “The Earth is Our Mother: Struggles for American Indian Land and Liberation in the Contemporary United States.” In The State of Native America. Ed. Annette M. James. Boston: South End Press, 1992.
Jackson, J.B. “The Order of a Landscape: Reason and Religion in Newtonian America.” In The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. Ed. D.W. Meining. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Johnston, Basil. Ojibway Heritage. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
Matthiessen, Peter. Indian Country. New York: Penguin Books, 1979.
Rundstrom, Robert A. “A Cultural Interpretation of Inuit Map Accuracy.” Geographical Review 80 (2): 155–168, 1990.
Sack, Robert David. Conceptions of Space in Social Throught: A Geographical Perspective. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.
Tuan, Yi Fu. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976.
De Groot, J.J.M. The Religious System of China. Vol. 3. Leiden: Librairie et Imprimeries, 1897.
Feuchtwang, Stephan D.R. An Anthropological Analysis of Chinese Geomancy. Vientianne: Editions Vithagna, 1974.
Hsu Shan-chi and Hsu Shan-shu (Ming Dynasty). Jen-tsu Hsu-chih. Taipei: Chulin Shu-chu, Hsin-chu, 1969.
Kuo Pu. “Tsang-shu.” In Till Chen-tsung (commentary by Chiang Kuo) Shin-chu: Chu-lin Shu-chu, 1967.
March, Andrew. “An Appreciation of Chinese Geomancy.”Journal of Asian Studies. 27 (2): 252–267, 1968.
Rossbach, Sarah. Feng shui: The Chinese Art of Placement. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1983.
Yoon, Hong-key. Geomantic Relationships Between Culture and Nature in Korea. Taipei: Oriental Culture Service, 1976.
Yoon, Hong-key. “The Image of Nature in Geomancy.” GeoJournal. 4 (4): 341–348, 1980.
Yoon, Hong-key. “An Early Chinese Idea of a Dynamic Environmental Cycle.” GeoJournal 10 (2): 211 212, 1980.
Yoon, Hong-key. “Environmental Determinism and Geomancy: Two Cultures, Two Concepts.” GeoJournal. 6 (1): 77–80, 1982.
Bascom, William. IA Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1969.
Charmasson, Thérèse. Recherches sur une technique divinatoire: la géomancie dans I ‘occident médiéval. (Centre de Recherches d’Histoire et de Philologie, V, Hautes Etudes Médiévales et Modernes, 44.) Geneva: Librairie Droz and Paris: Librairie H. Champion, 1980.
Fand, Toufic. La divination arabe: études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l ‘Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1966.
Jaulin, Robert. La Géomancie: analyse formelle. (École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Cahiers de l’Homme, n.s., t. 4.) Paris: Mouton and Co., 1966.
Pedrazzi, Maino. “Le Figure della Geomanzie: Un Gruppo Finito Abeliano.” Physis 14 (2): 146–161, 1972.
Peek, Philip M., ed. African Divination Systems — Ways of Know- ing. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1991.
Savage-Smith, Emilie and Marion B. Smith. Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory Device. (UCLA Von Grunebaum Center, Studies in Near Eastern Culture and Society, 2.) Malibu: Undena Publications, 1980.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. “Geomancy.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 53–55.
Skinner, Stephen. Terrestrial Astrology: Divination by Geomancy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.
Smith, Marion B. “The Nature of Islamic Geomancy with a Critique of a Structuralist’s Approach.” Studia Islamica 49: 5–38, 1979.
Amma, T.A. Sarasvati. Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
Berggren, J.L. Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
Closs, Michael P., ed. Native American Mathematics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.
Gillings, Richard J. Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972.
Joseph, George Gheverghese. The Crest of the Peacock.- NonEuropean Roots of Mathematics. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991.
Kaye, G.R. Indian Mathematics. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1915.
Kulkarni, R. P. Geometry According to Sulba Sutra. Pune: Vaidika Samsodhana, 1983.
Li Yan and Du Shiran. Chinese Mathematics: A Concise History. Trans. John N. Crossley and Anthony W. C. Lun. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Seidenberg, Abraham. “The Ritual Origin of Geometry.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 1: 488–527, 1962.
Swetz, Frank J. The Sea Island Mathematical Manual: Surveying and Mathematics in Ancient China. University Park, Pennsylvania.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.
Youschkevitch, A.P. Les Mathématiques Arabes (VIIe XVe Siècles). Paris: J. Vrin, 1976.
Ascher, Marcia. “Graphs in Cultures (II): a Study in Ethnomathematics.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 39 (1): 75–95, 1988.
Fontinha, Mario. Desenhos na areia dos Quiocos do Nordeste de Angola. Lisbon: Instituto de Investigaçäo Cientifica Tropical, 1983.
Gerdes, Paulus. “On Mathematical Elements in the Tchokwe `Sona’ Tradition”. For the Learning of Mathematics I0(1): 3134, 1990.
Gerdes, Paulus. Lusona: Geometrical Recreations of Africa. Maputo: Mozambique’s Higher Pedagogical Institute, 1991.
Gerdes, Paulus. Geometria sona: Reflexóes sobre uma tradiçäo de desenho ern povos da Africa ao sul do Equador. Maputo: Mozambique’s Higher Pedagogical Institute, 1993 (3 vols).
Ang Tian Se. “Chinese Interest in Right-angled Triangles.” Historia Mathematica 5 (3): 253–266, 1978.
Ang Tian-Se, and F.J. Swetz. “A Chinese Mathematical Classic of the Third Century: the Sea Island Manual of Liu Hui.” Historia Mathematica 13: 99–117, 1986.
Dijksterhuis, E.J. Archimedes. Trans. C. Dikshoorn. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Elia, Pasquale d’. “Prezentazione della Prima Traduzione Cinese di Euclide.” Monumenta Serica 15: 161–202, 1956.
Graham, A. C. Later Mohist Logic Ethics and Science. London and Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press and the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1978.
Ho Peng-Yoke. “Liu Hui.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 8. Ed. Charles C. Gillipsie. New York: Scribners, 1973, pp. 418–425.
Kokomoor, F.W. “The Distinctive Features of Seventeenth Century Geometry.” Isis 10 (34): 367–415, 1928.
Lam Lay Yong and Shen Kangshen. “Right-angled Triangles in Ancient China.” Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 30 (2): 87–112, 1984.
Lam Lay Yong and Ang Tian Se. “Circle Measurements in Ancient China.” Historia Mathematica 13: 325–340, 1986.
Li Di. Zhongguo shuxue shijianbian (A Concise History of Chinese Mathematics). Shenyang: Liaoning Renmin Chubanshe, 1984.
Libbrecht, Ulrich. Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century: the Shu-shu chiu-chang of Ch ‘in Chiu-shao (i.e. Qin Jiushao). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1973.
Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Histoire des mathématiques chinoises. Paris: Masson, 1987. English translation by Stephen S. Wilson: History of Chinese Mathematics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Martzloff, Jean-Claude. “Eléments de réflexion sur les réactions chinoises à la géométrie euclidienne à la fin du XVIIe siècle—le Jihe lunyue de Du Zhigeng vu principalement à partir de la préface de l’auteur et de deux notices bibliographiques rédigées par des lettres illustrées.” Historia Mathematica 20(2): 160–179 and 20 (3): 460–463, 1993.
Waerden, B. L. van der. Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilizations. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983.
Wagner, D.B. “Liu Hui and Tsu Keng-chih on the Volume of a Sphere.” Chinese Science 3: 59–79, 1978.
Wagner, D.B. “An Early Derivation of the Volume of a Pyramid: Liu Hui, Third Century AD” Historia Mathematica 6: 164–188, 1979.
Wu Wenjun, ed. Jiuzhang suanshu yu Liu Hui (Liu Hui and the Jiuzhang suanshu). Beijing: Beijing Shifan Daxue Chubanshe, 1982.
Ziggelaar, August. Le physicien Ignace-Gaston Pardies S.J. Odense: Odense University Press, 1971.
Colebrook, H.T. Algebra with Arithmetic and Mensuration from the Sanscrit ofBrahmegupta and Bhascara. London: John Murray, 1817.
Datta, B. The Science of the Sulbas: A Study in Early Hindu Geometry. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1932.
Gupta, R.C. “Paramesvara’s Rule for the Circumradius of a Cyclic Quadrilateral.” Historia Mathematica 4: 67–74, 1977.
Joseph, G.G. The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics. London: Penguin, 1992.
Joseph, G.G. “What is a Square Root ? A Study of Geometrical Representation in Different Mathematical Traditions.” In Proceedings of 1993 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Mathematics Education Study Group. Ed. M.Quigley, University of Calgary, 1994, pp. 1–14.
Kulkarni, R.P. Geometry according to Sulba Stiitra. Pune: Vadika Sarnsodhana Mandala, 1983.
Varma, T. Rama and A. Aiyer, eds. Yuktibhâsaz. (in Malayalam). Trichur: Mangalodayam, 1948.
Sarasvati Amma, T.A. Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Banarisidass, 1979.
Sarma, K.V., ed. Lilavati of Bhaskaracara with the Commentary Kriyakramkari. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Institute, 1975.
Staal, F. Agni: The Vedic Ritual of the Fire Altar. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1983.
Rosenfeld, Boris. A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Youschkevitch, Adolphe. Les mathématiques arabes (VIII—XV siècles). Paris: Vrin, 1976.
Zarfatti, Gad B. Munhe ha-mathematikah ba-sifrut ha-mada’it ha’ivrit shel yeme habenayim (Mathematical Terminology in the Hebrew Scientific Literature of the Middle Ages). Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1968.
Hayashi, Tsuruichi. Wasan Kenkyu Shuroku (Collected Papers on Old Japanese Mathematics), vols 1 and 2. Tokyo: Kaiseikan, 1913.
Meiji Zen Nippon Sugakushi (History of Japanese Mathematics before the Meiji Period, 5 vols) Tokyo: Noma Kagaku Igaku Kenkyu Shiryo, 1979.
Michiwaki, Yoshimasa, Makoto Oyama, and Toshio Hamada. “An Invariant Relation in Chains of Tangent Circles.” Mathematics Magazine 48 (2): 80–87, 1975.
Michiwaki, Yoshimasa, and Noriko Kimura. “ On the Relevancy of the Descartes Circle Theorem and Links of Six Spheres Theorem.” Journal of History of Science, Japan, Series 2, 22 (147), 1983 (in Japanese).
Michiwaki, Yoshimasa. “An Investigation of Mathematics Education.” 2nd International Congress on the Cultural History of Mathematics,1993, Japan.
Ogura, Kin-osuke. Nihon no Sugaku, pp. 120–142, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1964.
Smith, David and Yoshio Mikami: A History of Japanese Mathematics. Chicago: Open Court, 1914.
Chace, Arnold Buffum. Ludlow Bull, and Henry Parker Manning. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. Oberlin, Ohio: Mathematical Association of America, 1929.
Struve, W.W. Mathematischer Papyrus des Staatlichen Museums der Schönen Künste in Moskau. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1930.
Friberg, Jöran. “Mathematik.” In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie VII. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1990, pp. 531–585.
Vogel, Kurt. Vorgriechische Mathematik. II. Die Mathematik der Babylonier. Hannover: Hermann Schroedel; Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1959.
Gillings, Richard J. Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972.
Iversen, Erik. Canon and Proportion in Egyptian Art. 2nd ed. Warminster, England: Aris and Phillips, 1975.
Hoyrup, Jens. “The Formation of `Islamic Mathematics’. Sources and Conditions.” Science in Context 1: 281–329, 1987.
Brieux, Alain, and Francis R. Maddison. Répertoire des facteurs d’astrolabes et de leurs oeuvres: Première partie, Islam. Paris: Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques. In press.
Maddison, Francis R., and Emilie Savage-Smith. Science, Tools and Magic. (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XII.) London: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1996.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use. (Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology 46.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. “The Classification of Islamic Celestial Globes in the Light of Recent Evidence.” Der Globusfreund 38/39: 23–35 and plates 2–6, 1990.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. “Celestial Mapping.” In The History of Cartography. ‘Volume Two, Book One: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 12–70.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. “The Islamic Tradition of Celestial Mapping.” Asian Art 5 (4): 5–27, 1992.
Burgess, E. Súrya-Siddhanta. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1935.
Kennedy, E.S. The Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows by al-Biruni, 2 vols. Syria: University of Aleppo, 1976.
Neugebauer, O., and D. Pingree. The Pancasiddantika of Varahamihira. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1970–72.
Pingree, David. The Yayanajataka of Sphujidhvaja. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Sastri, T.S. Kuppanna. MahabhaskarÌya. Madras: Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, 1957.
Sastri, Ganapati. TheArthsastra ofKautilya. Madras: Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, 1958.
Sen, S.N., and A.K. Bag. The Sulbasútras. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1983.
Sharma, R.S. Breihmasphuta Siddhanta. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Astronomical and Sanskrit Research, 1966.
Shukla, K.S., and K.V. Sarma. Aryabhattya of,4ryabhata. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1976.
Shukla, K.S. Mahabhaskariya. Lucknow University, 1960.
Thibaut, G., and M.S. Dvivedi. The Pancasiddantikei. Benares: Medical Hall Press, 1889.
Abraham, George. “The Gnomon in Early Indian Astronomy.” Indian Journal of History of Science 16 (2): 215–218, 1981.
Pingree, David. “History of Mathematical Astronomy in India.” In Dictioncny of Scientific Biography, vol. 15. New York: Scribners, 1978, pp. 533–633.
Smart, W.M. Text Book on Spherical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Somayaji, D.A. Ancient Hindu Astronomy. Dharwar: Karnataka University, 1971.
Dauben, Joseph W. “The `Pythagorean Theorem’ and Chinese Mathematics. Liu Hui’s Commentary on the Gou-Gu Theorem in Chapter Nine of the Jiu Jang Suan Shu.” In Amphora. Festschrift in Honor of Hans Wussing. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1992, pp. 133–155.
Guo Shuchun. Jiu Zhang Suan Shu. Shenyang: Liaoning Educational Press, 1990, and Taipei: Taiwan Nine Chapters Press, 1990.
Li Yan and Du Shi-Ran. Chinese Mathematics. A Concise History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Martzloff, Jean-Claude. Histoire des mathématiques chinoises. Paris: Masson, 1988. English translation: History of Chinese Mathematics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Vogel, Kurt, trans. and ed., Chiu Chang Suan Shu. Neun Bücher arithmetischer Technik. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg and Sohn, 1968.
Wagner, Donald B. “An Early Chinese Derivation of the Volume of a Pyramid: Liu Hui, Third Century AD.” Historia Mathematica 6: 164–188, 1979.
Wu Wenchun. “The Out-In Complementary Principle.” In Ancient China’s Technology and Science. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1983, pp. 66–89.
Needham, Joseph. Gunpowder as the Fourth Power, East and West. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1985.
Needham, Joseph, et al. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Biography of Guo Shoujing.“ In Ke Shaomin, Xin Yuanshi (New Official History of the Yuan Dynasty) Ch.171, Biographical chapter 68. First published 1922, reprinted Taipei: Yiwen Press (no date).
Ho Peng Yoke and M. Wang. “Kuo Shou-ching.” In In the Service of the Khan. Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongolian Period (1200–1300). Ed.
I. de Rachewiltz et al. Wiesbaden: Asiatische Forschungen,I993, pp. 282–299.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China., vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cullen, C. et al. (1997). G. In: Selin, H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1416-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1416-7_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-1418-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1416-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive