Abstract
Throughout history, defeated enemies have been treated in strikingly distinct ways. Many instances are known in which they were treated with utmost brutality and massacred in large numbers. In his history of the crusades Runciman (1955, p. 274) tells us, for example, that when the Persians conquered Jerusalem in the year 614, 60,000 Christians were murdered regardless of sex or age. The crusaders conquering Jerusalem 500 years later (1099) butchered men, women and children in the city (among them Christians) for an entire afternoon and throughout the following night. During the French Revolution which was based, after all, on the ideal of fraternity among men, all prisoners taken by the revolutionaries in the Vendée (1793–1795)—more than 150,000 in all—were massacred (Hetzel 1889, p. 8). Snow (1981, p. 164) reports that the Japanese killed more than 42,000 men after having conquered Nanking in December 1937. Chinese sources quote much higher figures: 300,000 people are said to have been murdered by the Japanese, among them 30,000 disarmed soldiers in the northern part of the city (China aktuell, October 1985, p. 672).
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References
Extensive reports on the treatment of prisoners over the course of history are provided in Flory, William, E.S. Prisoners of War. A Study in the Development of International War. Washington: American Council of Public Affairs, 1942.
Best, Geoffrey. Humanity in Warfare. The Modern History of International Law of Armed Conflict. London: Weidenfels and Nicholson, 1980.
Glover, Michael. The Velvet Glove: The Decline and Fall of Moderation in War. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1982.
Legal aspects are emphasized in Keen, Maurice H. The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965.
Rosas, Allan. The Legal Status of Prisoners of War. A Study in International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1976.
The economic approach has been applied to military aspects (tactics) by Brennan, Geoffrey and Tullock, Gordon. “An Economic Theory of Military Tactics: Methodological Individualism at War.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 3 (1982): 225–242.
Wenig, Alois. “Überbevölkerung eine Kriegsursache? Einige Anmerkungen zur Bevölkerungslehre von Thomas Robert Malthus.” Kyklos 38 (1985): 365–391.
An application to a related issue is Anderson, Gray M. and Tollison, Robert D. “Life in the Gulag: A Property Rights Perspective.” Cato Journal 5 (Spring/Summer 1985): 295–304.
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© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
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Frey, B.S. (1992). History: Prisoners of War. In: Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1374-0_8
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