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Current Trends in the Embryology of Angiosperms pp 353–374Cite as

Endosperm Development

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Abstract

Of the two products of double fertilization, the embryo has traditionally attracted far more attention from embryologists and developmental biologists than the endosperm. One reason for this may be that the endosperm, which develops along with the embryo in seeds of angiosperms, has long been considered an enigma both with respect to its unusual pattern of development and evolutionary origin. In double fertilization, one of the two sperm cells from the pollen tube fuses with the egg to produce the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the secondary endosperm nucleus to produce the primary endosperm nucleus. Although the fertilized cells are genetically alike and share a similar environment, they follow two distinctly different developmental pathways that result in the embryo and nutritive endosperm. Two hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of endosperm were proposed soon after the discovery of double fertilization (for overview see Friedman, 1998). According to the first hypothesis, the endosperm represents a modified altruistic twin embryo. The second hypothesis considers endosperm as a continuum of the female gametophyte triggered by the second fertilization event. Based on the occurrence of double fertilization in extant relatives of the angiosperms (Ephedra, Gnetum,and Welwitschia), Friedman has presented evidence supporting the first hypothesis. According to this view, endosperm evolved from a diploid supernumerary embryo which, following divergence of the angiosperm lineage, led to the embryo-nourishing endosperm (Friedman, 1994).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Zoology & Genetics and Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    P. W. Becraft

  2. Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O.Box 42451, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-2451, USA

    R. C. Brown & B. E. Lemmon

  3. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5051, N-1432, AAS, Norway

    O.-A. Olsen & H. G. Opsahl Ferstad

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  2. R. C. Brown
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  3. B. E. Lemmon
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  4. O.-A. Olsen
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  1. University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sant Saran Bhojwani

  2. Chonbruk National University, Chonju, Republic of Korea

    Woong-Young Soh

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Becraft, P.W., Brown, R.C., Lemmon, B.E., Olsen, OA., Ferstad, H.G.O. (2001). Endosperm Development. In: Bhojwani, S.S., Soh, WY. (eds) Current Trends in the Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1203-3_14

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