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Cosmic Rays and Earth pp 79–105Cite as

Large Scale Modulation: View from the Earth

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Part of the book series: Space Sciences Series of ISSI ((SSSI,volume 10))

Abstract

The current knowledge and ideas, obtained from groundlevel observations and concerning the solar modulation of cosmic rays, are reviewed. The following topics are discussed: observations of the cosmic ray modulation at the Earth and main characteristics of the accumulated experimental data; manifestations of the solar magnetic cycle in cosmic rays; the effect of hysteresis and its relation to the size of the heliosphere; the rigidity spectrum of long-term cosmic ray variations; the influence of the sporadic effects on long-term modulation; long-term variations of cosmic ray anisotropy and gradients; the place of groundlevel observations in current studies of cosmic ray modulation and their future prospects. Particular consideration is given to the correlation of long-term cosmic ray variations with different solar-heliospheric parameters, and to empirical models of cosmic ray modulation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIRAN), 142092, Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia

    Anatoly Belov

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  1. Anatoly Belov
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  1. Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, 19716, Newark, DE, USA

    J. W. Bieber  & P. Evenson  & 

  2. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIRAN), 142092, Troitsk, Moscow regime, Russia

    E. Eroshenko

  3. Solar-Terrestrial Research, National Science Foundation, 22230, Arlington, VA, USA

    P. Evenson

  4. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland

    E. O. Flückiger

  5. International Space Science Institute, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland

    R. Kallenbach

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Belov, A. (2000). Large Scale Modulation: View from the Earth. In: Bieber, J.W., Eroshenko, E., Evenson, P., Flückiger, E.O., Kallenbach, R. (eds) Cosmic Rays and Earth. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1187-6_5

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