Skip to main content

Abstract

In this chapter we will review and briefly discuss some aspects related to arrhythmias and exposure to certain special situations (high altitudes or underwater activities) as well as in special athletic populations (veterans or pediatrics).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sleep, M.K., Rock, P.B., Young, P.M., Houston, C.S. Operation Everest II: Elevated high-altitude pulmonary resistance unresponsive to oxygen. J Appl Physiol 1987, 63 (2): 521–30.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Reeves, J.T., Groves, B.M., Sutton, J.R., et al. Operation Everest ll: Preservation of cardiac function at extreme altitude. J Appl Physiol 1987, 63 (2): 531–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cerretelli, P. Gas exchange at high altitude. In: Pulmonary Gas Exchange. Academic Press: New York 1980, 97–147.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sutton, J.R., Jones, N.L. Exercise at altitude. Ann Rev Physiol 1983, 45: 427–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Karlinae, J.S., Sarnquist, F.F., Graber, D.J., Peters, R.M., West, J.B. The electrocardiogram at extreme altitude: Experience on Mt Everest. Am Heart J 1985, 109: 505–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cerretelli, P., Di Prampero, P.E. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during exercise at altitude. Med Sport Sci 1985, 19: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Suarez, J., Alexander, J.K., Houston, C.S. Enhanced left ventricular systolic performance at high altitude during operation Everest Il. Am J Cardiol 1987, 60: 137–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Richalet, J.P., Kacimi, R., Antezana, A.M. The control of cardiac chronotropic function in hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Sports Med 1992, 13 (I): 22–4.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hartley, L., Vogel, J., Cruz, J. Reduction of maximal exercise heart rate at altitude and its reversal with atropine. J Appl Physiol 1974, 36: 326–65.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Serra, J.R., Martinez Ferrer, R., Elosua, R., Garido, E. Adaptation cardiovascular en situaciones especiales. In: Cardiologfa Deportiva. A. Bayés de Luna, et al. (Eds.). Mosby/Doyma Libros: Barcelona 1994, 106–18.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Weil, J.V., Kryger, M.H., Scoggin, C.H. Sleep and breathing at high altitude. In: C. Guilleminault, W.C. Demnt (Eds.). Sleep Apnea Syndromes. Alan R Liss Inc.: New York 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Alexander, J.K. Age, altitude and arrhythmias. Tex Heart Inst J 1995, 22 (4): 308–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Meerson, F.Z., Ustinova, E.E., Orlova, E.H. Prevention and elimination of heart arrhythmias by adaptation to intermittent high altitude hypoxia. Clin Cardiol 1987, 10: 783–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gray, G.W. High altitude pulmonary edema. Sem Resp Med 1983, 5: 141–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. West, J.B., Mathieu-Costello, O. High altitude pulmonary edema is caused by stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Int J Sports Med 1992, 13 (1): 54–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yagi, H., Yamada, H., Kobayashi, T., Sekiguchi, M. Doppler assessment of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxic breathing in subjects susceptible to high altitude pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142: 796–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Karlinae, J.S., Sarnquist, F.F., Garber, D.J., Peters, R.N., West, J.B. The electrocardiogram at extreme altitude: Experience on Mt Everest. Am Heart J 1985, 109: 505–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fiorenzano, G., Papalia, M.A., Parravicini, M., Rastelli, V., Bigi, R., Dottorini, M. Prolonged ECG abnormalities in a subject with high altitude pulmonary edema. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1997, 37 (4): 292–6.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Melamed, Y., Shupak, A., Bitterman, H. Medical problems associated with underwater diving. N Engl J Med 1992, 326: 30–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Asmussen, E., Kristiansson, N.G. The “diving bradycardia” in exercising man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1965, 73: 527–35.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Craig, A.B. Heart rate responses to apneic underwater diving and to breath-holding in man. J Appl Physiol 1963, 18: 854–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Irving, L. Bradycardia in human divers. J Appl Physiol 1963, 18: 489–91.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Finley, J.P., Bonet, J.F., Waxman, M.B. Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion. J Appl Physiol 1979, 47: 1218–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bove, A.A., Lynch, P.R., Connel, J.V., Harding, J.M. Diving reflex after physical training. J Appl Physiol 1968, 25: 70–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Manley, L. Apneic heart rate response in humans. A review. Sports Medicine 1990, 9: 286–310.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hong, S.K. Thermal considerations. In: Schilling (Ed.). The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine. Plenum Press: New York 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Oldridge, N.B., Heigenhauser, G.J.F., Sutton, J.R., Jones, N.L. Resting and exercise heart rate with apnoea and facial immersion in female swimmers. J Appl Physiol 1978, 45: 875–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gooden, B.A. Drowning and the diving reflex in man. Med J Austral 1972, 2: 583–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Magel, J.R., McArdle, W.D., Weiss, N.L., Stone, S., Newman, A. Heart rate response to apnea and face immersion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1982, 22: 135–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bonneau, A., Friemel, F. Arrhythmia and vago-sympathetic equilibrium in athletic divers. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1989, 82: 99–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bonneau, A., Friemel, F., Lapierre, D. Electrocardiographic aspects of skin diving. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989, 58: 487–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ishikawa, H., Matsushima, M., Nagashima, M., Osuga, A. Screening of children with arrhythmias for arrhythmia development during diving and swimming face immersion as a substitute for diving and exercise stress testing as a substitute for swimming. Jpn Circ J 1992, 56: 881–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dal Monte, A., Faccini, P., Biffi, A., Faina, M. Specific ergometry in the maximum stimulation of cardiac activity. New Trend Arrhyth 1988, 7: 163–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Brachman, J. Bradycardia dependent triggered activity: Relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1983, 65: 546–50.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Prystowsky, E.N. Enhanced vagal tone shortens atrial refractoriness in man. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51: 96100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mc Donough, J.R., Barytt, J.P., Saffron, J.C. Letter to Editor. N Engl J Med 1992, 326(22): 1498.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maron, B.J., Poliac, L.C., Roberts, W.O. Risk for sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28 (2): 428–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kenny, A., Shapiro, L.M. Sudden cardiac death in athletes. Br Med Bull 1992, 48 (3): 534–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Thompson, P.D. Athletes, athletics, and sudden cardiac death. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993, 25 (9): 981–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wight, J.N. Jr., Salem, D. Sudden cardiac death and the athlete’s heart. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155 (14): 1473–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Jensen-Urstad, M. Sudden death and physical activity in athletes and nonathletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995, 5 (5): 279–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Maron, B.J., Shirani, J., Poliac, L.C., Mathenge, R., Roberts, W.C., Mueller, F.O. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA 1996, 276: 199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kantelip, J.P., Sage, E., Duchene-Marullaz, P. Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57: 398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Marcus, F.I., Ruskin, J.N., Surawitz, B. Arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 10 (2): 66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Pfeiffer, M.A., Weinberg, C.R., Cook, D. Differential changes of autonomic nervous system function with age in man. Am J Med 1983, 75: 249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Fleg, J.L., Kennedy, H.L. Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: Detection by 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest 1982, 81: 302–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bjerregaard, P. Premature heats in healthy subjects 40–79 years of age. Eur Heart J 1982, 3: 493–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jensen-Urstad, K., Bouvier, F., Saltin, B., Jensen-Urstad, M. High prevalence of arrhythmias in elderly male athletes with a lifelong history of regular strenuous exercise. Heart 1998, 79: 161–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bigger, T.J. Jr., Fleiss, J.L., Steinman, R.C., et al. RR variability in healthy, middle-aged persons compared with patients with chronic coronary heart disease or recent acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995, 91: 1936–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Northcote, R.J., Rankin, A.C., Scullion, R., Logan, W. Is severe bradycardia in veteran athletes an indication for a permanent pacemaker? Br Med. 1 1989, 298: 231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Silka, M.J., Kron, J., Wallance, G.C., Cutler, J.E., McAnulty, J.H. Assessment and follw-up of pediatric survivors of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1990, 82: 341–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Driscoll, D.J. Sudden, unexpected death in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 5 (Suppl.): 118–21.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Denfield, S.W., Garson, A. Jr. Sudden death in children and young adults. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990, 37: 215–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Niimura, I., Maki, T. Sudden cardiac death in childhood. Jpn Circ J 1989, 53: 1571–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lambert, E.C., Menon, V.A., Wagner, H.R., Vlad, P. Sudden unexpected death from cardiovascular disease in children. Am J Cardiol 1974, 34: 89–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Garson, A. Jr. Sudden death in a pediatric cardiology population, 1958 to 1983: Relation to prior arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 5 (Suppl.): 138–41.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gillette, P.C., Garson, A. Jr. Sudden cardiac death in the pediatric population. Circulation 1992, 85 ( Suppl. I): 64–9.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Serra Grima, J.R., Subirana, M.T., Bayés de Lima, A.J. Recomendaciones pima la préctica deportiva en pacientes con cardiopatia. In: A. Bayés de Luna, et al. (Eds.). Cardiologia Deportiva. Mosby/Doyma Libros: Barcelona, 1994, 155–171.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Winkler, R.B., Freed, M.D., Nadas, A.S. Exercise-induced ventricular ectopy in children and young adults with complete heart block. Am Heart J 1980, 99: 87–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Maron, B.J., Mitchell, J.H. 2611 Bethesda Conference: Recommendations for determining eligibility for competition in athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24 (4): 845–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Furlanello, F., Ferrés, R, Bertoldi, A., et al. Muerte stibita en el deportista. In: Cardiologia Deportiva. A.Bayés de Luna, et al. (Eds.). Mosby/Doyma Libros: Barcelona 1994, 84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Deal, B.J., Dick, M., Beerman, L. Cardiac arrest in young patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995, 18: 815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Bayés de Luna, A.J. Clinical Electrocardiography: A Textbook. Futura Publishing Co.: New York 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Haines, D.R., Di Marco, J.P. Sustained intraatrial reentrant tachycardia: Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics and long term follow up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 15: 1345–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Garson, A., Bink-Boelkens, M., Hesslein, P.S., Hordof, A.J., Keane, J.F., Neches, W.H. Atrial flutter in the young: A collaborative study of 380 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 71: 122–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Friedman, R.A., Kearney, D.L., Moak, J.P., Fenrich, A.L., Parry, J.C. Persistence of ventricular arrhythmia after resolution of occult mvocarditis in children and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24: 780–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Garson, A. Jr., Dick, M., Fournier, A., et al. The long QT syndrome in children. An international study of 287 patients. Circulation 1993, 87 (6): 1866–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Daliento, R., Turrini, R, Nava, A., et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathv in young versus adults patients: Similarities and differences. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25: 655–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lipsett, J., Byard, R.W., Carpenter, B.F., Jimenez, C.L., Bourne, A. J. Anomalous coronary arteries arising from the aorta associated with sudden death in infancy, and early childhood: An autopsy series. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991, 115 (8): 770–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Burns, J.C., Shike, H., Gordon, J.B., Kawasaki, T. Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28 (1): 253–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Perchet, H., Gaudeau, S., Casasoprana, A., Corone, P., Castaigne, A., Vernant, R. Valvotomy and congenital aortic valve stenosis: Long-term results. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1991, 84 (5): 705–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Martinez Ferrer, J. Adaptaciôn Humana a la Extrema Altura. Instituto Municipal del Deporte VitoriaGasteiz (Spain) 1990.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ferrés, P. et al. (2000). Arrhythmias in Special Situations. In: de Luna, A.B., Furlanello, F., Maron, B.J., Zipes, D.P. (eds) Arrhythmias and Sudden Death in Athletes. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 232. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0789-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0789-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5470-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0789-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics