Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

AIDS Pathogenesis pp 99–132Cite as

Mechanisms and in-vivo Significance of HIV-1 Neutralisation

  • Chapter

  • 63 Accesses

Part of the book series: Immunology and Medicine Series ((IMME,volume 28))

Abstract

Great emphasis is currently being put on studying the immune response to HIV-1 infection, with the ultimate aim of developing a vaccine to halt the global pandemic. Recent work suggests that cellular immunity is more important than humoral immunity in controlling an established HIV-1 infection, but antibodies may still be required to prevent, or reduce viral transmission. The antibody response to natural HIV-1 infection is not of sufficient quality or potency to efficiently neutralise in vitro most autologous and heterologous primary isolates. One reason for this may be that the majority of viral antigen present during infection is in the form of viral debris, which elicits mainly non-neutralising antibodies. Another reason is that the native, functional form of the envelope glycoprotein spike present on the virus is very poorly immunogenic. We, therefore, need alternative strategies to improve on the type of viral antigen present during natural infection, and its presentation to the immune system. Several studies suggest that high plasma levels of neutralising antibody can protect from HIV-1 or SIV infection in animal models, but at present we are unable to induce specific antibody responses of this magnitude.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander,S. and Elder, J.H. (1984). Carbohydrate dramatically influences immune reactivity of antisera to viral glycoprotein antigens, Science 226, 1328–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allaway, G.P., Davis-Bruno, K.L., Beaudry, G.A., Garcia, E.B., Wong, E.L., Ryder, A.M., Hasel, K.W., Gauduin, M.-C., Koup, R.A., McDougal, J.S. and Maddon, P.J. (1995). Expression and characterization of CD4-IgG2, a novel heterotetramer that neutralizes primary HIV type-1 isolates, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 11, 533–539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrus, L., Prince, A.M., Bernal, I., McCormack, P., Lee, D.H., Gorny, M.K. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1998). Passive immunization with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 -neutralizing monoclonal antibody in hu-PBL-SCID mice: isolation of a neutralization escape variant, J. Infect. Dis 177, 889–897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S.J., McInerney, T.L., McLain, L., Wahren, B., Hinkula, J., Levi, M. and Dimmock, N.J. (1996). Two neutralising anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies act by affecting different functions of human immunodeficiency virus type., J. Gen. Virol 77, 2931–2941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, L.O., Bess Jr., J.W., Urban, R.G., Strominger, J.L., Morton, W.R., Mann, D.L., Henderson, L.E. and Benveniste, R.E. (1995). Macaques immunized with HLA-DR are protected from challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol 69, 3117–3124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back, N.K.T., Smit, L., De Jong, J.-J., Keulen, W., Schutten, M., Goudsmit, J. and Tersmette, M. (1994). An N-glycan within the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 V3 loop affects virus neutralization, Virology 199, 431–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldinotti, F., Matteucci, D., Mazzetti, P., Gianelli, C., Bandecchi, P., Tozzini, F. and Bendinelli, M. (1994). Serum neutralization of feline immunodeficiency virus is markedly dependent on passage history of the virus and host system, J. Virol 68, 4572–4579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge, J.R., McGraw, T.S., Paoletti, A. and Buchmeier, M.J. (1997). Antibody prevents the establishment of persistent arenavirus infection in synergy with endogenous T cells, J. Virol 71, 755–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbas, C.F., Collet, T.A., Amberg, W., Roben, P., Binley, J.M., Hoekstra, D., Cababa, D., Jones, T.M., Williamson, R.A., Pilkington, G.R., Haigwood, N.L., Cabezas, E., Satterthwait, A.C., Sanz, I. and Burton, D.R. (1993). Molecular profile of an antibody response to HIV-1 as probed by combinatorial libraries, J. Mol. Biol 230, 812–823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beddows, S., Louisirirotchanakul, S., Cheingsong-Popov, R., Easterbrook, P.J., Simmonds, P. and Weber, J. (1998). Neutralization of primary and T-cell line-adapted isolated of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: role of V3-specific antibodies, J. Gen. Virol 79, 77–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E.A. (1997). HIV entry and tropism: the chemokine receptor connection, AIDS 11 (suppl. A), S3 - S16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E.A., Doms, R.W., Fenyö, E.-M., Korber, B.T.M., Littman, D.R., Moore, J.P., Sattentau, Q.J., Schuitemaker, H., Sodroski, J. and Weiss, R.A. (1998). A new classification for HIV-1, Nature 391, 240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, P.W., Gregory, T.J., Riddle, L., Nakamura, G.R., Champe, M.A., Porter, J.P., Wurm, F.M., Hershberg, R.D., Cobb, E.K. and Eichberg, J.W. (1990). Protection of chimpanzees from infection by HIV-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160, Nature 345, 622–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, P.W., Murthy, K.K., Wrin, T., Vennari, J.C., Cobb, E.K., Eastman, D.J., Champe, M., Nakamura, G.R., Davison, D., Powell, M.F., Bussiere, J., Francis, D.P., Matthews, T., Gregory, T.J. and Obijeski, J.F. (1996). Protection of MN-rgp120-immunized chimpanzees from heterologous infection with a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Infect. Dis 173, 52–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, H.B., Tucker, S.P., Hunter, E., Schutzbach, J.S. and Compans, R.W. (1994). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by 0-linked oligosaccharides, J. Virol 68, 463–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binley, J.M., Ditzel, H.J., Barbas, C.F., Sullivan, N., Sodroski, J., Parren, P.W.H.I. and Burton, D.R. (1996). Human antibody responses to HIV type-1 glycoprotein 41 cloned in phage display libraries suggest three major epitopes are recognized and give evidence for conserved antibody motifs in antigen binding, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 12, 911–924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binley, J.M., Klasse, P.J., Cao, Y., Jones, I., Markowitz, M., Ho, D.D. and Moore, J.P. (1997). Differential regulation of the antibody responses to gag and env proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 71, 2799–2809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binley, J.M. and Moore, J.P. (1997). The viral mousetrap, Nature 387, 346–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolmstedt, A., Sjolander, S., Hansen, J.-E.S., Akerblom, L., Hemming, A., Hu, S.-L., Morein, B. and Olofsson, S. (1996). Influence of N-linked glycans in V4–5 region of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 glycoprotein gp160 on induction of a virus-neutralizing humoral response, J. Acq. Immune Def. Syndr. Human Retrovir 12, 213–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bomsel, M., Heyman, M., Hocini, H., Lagaye, S., Belec, L., Dupont, C. and Desgranges, C. (1998). Intracellular neutralization of HIV transcytosis across tight epithelial barriers by anti-HIV envelope protein dIgA or IgM, Immunity 9, 277–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bou-Habib, D.C., Roderiquez, G., Oravecz, T., Berman, P.W., Lusso, P. and Norcross, M.A. (1994). Cryptic nature of envelope V3 region epitopes protects primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from antibody neutralization, J. Virol 68, 6006–6013.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Wang, B., Agadjanyan, M., Gilbert, L., Bagarazzi, M.L., Chattergoon, M., Frost, P., Javadian, A., Williams, W.V., Refaeli, Y., Ciccarelli, R.B., McCallus, D., Coney, L. and Weiner, D.B. (1997). Protection of chimpanzees from high-doser heterologous HIV-1 challenge by DNA vaccination, Nature Med. 3, 526–532.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, C., Thiriart, C., Fabry, L., Francotte, M., Pala, P., Van Opstal, O., Culp, J., Rosenberg, M., DeWilde, M., Heidt, P. and Heeney, J. (1994). HIV-1 envelope-elicited neutralizing antibody titres correlate with protection and virus load in chimpanzees, Vaccine 12, 1141–1148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bums, D.P.W., Collignon, C. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1993). Simian immunodeficiency virus mutants resistant to serum neutralization arise during persistent infection of rhesus monkeys, J. Virol 67, 4104–4113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D.R., Barbas, C.F., Persson, M.A.A., Koenig, S., Chanock, R.M. and Lerner, R.A. (1991). A large array of human monoclonal antibodies to type-1 human immunodeficiency virus from combinatorial libraries of asymptomatic seropositive individuals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10134–10137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D.R., Pyati, J., Koduri, R., Sharp, S.J., Thornton, G.B., Parren, P.W.H.I., Sawyer, L.S.W., Hendry, R.M., Dunlop, N., Nara, P.L., Lamacchia, M., Garratty, E., Stiehm, E.R., Bryson, Y.J., Cao, Y., Moore, J.P., Ho, D.D. and Barbas, C.F. (1994). Efficient neutralization of primary isolates of HIV-1 by a recombinant human monoclonal antibody, Science 266, 1024–1027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D.R. and Montefiori, D.C. (1997). The antibody response in HIV-1 infection, AIDS 11 ( Suppl. A), S87 - S98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D.R. (1997). A vaccine for HIV type 1: the antibody perspective, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10018–10023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D.R. and Moore, J.P. (1998). Why do we not have an HIV vaccine and how can we make one?, Nature Med. 4, 495–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chackerian, B., Rudensky, L.M. and Overbaugh, J. (1997). Specific N-linked and 0-linked glycosylation modification in the envelope VI domain of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that evolve in the host alter recognition by neutralizing antibodies, J. Virol 71, 7719–7727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D.C., Fass, D., Berger, J.M. and Kim, P.S. (1997). Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein, Cell 89, 263–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D.C. and Kim, P.S. (1998). HIV entry and its inhibition, Cell 93, 681–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanh, T.C., Dreesman, G.R., Kanda, P., Linette, G.P., Sparrow, J.T., Ho, D.D. and Kennedy, R.C. (1986). Induction of anti-HIV-neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides, EMBO J. 5, 3065–3071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheingsong-Popov, R., Osmanov, S., Pau, C.-P., Schochetman, G., Barin, F., Holmes, H., Francis, G., Ruppach, H., Dietrich, U., Lister, S., Weber, J. and UNAIDS Network for HIV-1 Isolation and Characterization (1998). Serotyping of HIV type-1 infections: definition, relationship to viral genetic subtypes and assay definition, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 14, 311–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley, A.J., Gomy, M.K., Kessler, J.A.I., Boots, L.J., Ossorio-Castro, M., Koenig, S., Lineberger, D.W., Emini, E.A., Williams, C. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1994). Neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates by the broadly reactive anti-V3 monoclonal antibody, 447–52D, J. Virol 68, 6994–7000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conley, A.J., Kessler, J.A.I., Boots, L.J., McKenna, P.M., Schleif, W.A., Emini, E.A., Mark, G.E.I., Katinger, H., Cobb, E.K., Lunceford, S.M., Rouse, S.R. and Murthy, K.K. (1996). The consequence of passive administration of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-lneutralizing monoclonal antibody before challenge of chimpanzees with a primary virus isolate, J. Virol 70, 6751–6758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, R.I., Korber, B.T.M., Graham, B.S., Hahn, B.H., Ho, D.D., Walker, B.D., Neumann, A.U., Vermund, S.H., Mestecky, J., Jackson, S., Fenamore, E., Cao, Y., Gao, F., Kalams, S., Kunstman, K.J., McDonald, D., McWilliams, N., Trkola, A., Moore, J.P. and Wolinsky, S.M. (1998). Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines, J. Viral 72, 1552–1576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R.F., Berger, S.L., Rushlow, K.E., McManus, J.E., Cook, S.J., Harrold, S., Raabe, M.L., Montelaro, R.C. and Issel, C.J. (1995). Enhanced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in a variant of equine infectious anemia virus is linked to amino acid substitution in the surface unit envelope glycoprotein, J Viral. 69, 1493–1499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelissen, M., Mulder-Mampinga, G., Veenstra, J., Zorgdrager, F., Kuiken, C., Hartman, S., Dekker, J., Van der Hoek, L., Sol, C., Coutinho, R.A. and Goudsmit, J. (1995). Syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype suppression at seroconversion after intramuscular inoculation of a non-syncytiuminducinglSI phenotypically mixed human immunodeficiency virus population, J. Virol 69, 1810–1818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, M.P., Geyer, S.J., Hanson, C.V., Hendry, R.M. and Milman, G. (1994). Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 envelope by neutralization and binding assays: an international collaboration, AIDS 8, 169–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, M.P., Milman, G., Bradac, J.A., McPhee, D., Hanson, C.V., Hendry, R.M. and Collaborating Investigators (1995). Neutralisation of primary HIV-1 isolates by anti-envelope monoclonal antibodies, AIDS 9, 867–874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, M.P. and Harden, V.A. (1996). Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors, Nature Med. 2, 1293–1300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, M.P., Livnat, D., Bradac, J.A., Bridges, S. and The AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group, and Collaborating Investigators (1997). Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials, J. Infect. Dis 175, 1056–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daar, E.S., Li, X.L., Moudgil, T. and Ho, D.D. (1990). High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6574–6578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgleish, A.G., Chanh, T.C., Kennedy, R.C., Kanda, P., Clapham, P.R. and Weiss, R.A. (1988). Neutralization of diverse HIV-1 strains by monoclonal antibodies raised against a gp41 synthetic peptide, Virology 165, 209–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M.D., Letvin, N.L., King, N.W., Kannagi, M., Sehgal, P.K., Hunt, R.D., Kanki, P.J., Essex, M. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1985). Isolation of T-cell-tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques, Science 228, 1201–1204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, M.D., Letvin, N.L., Sehgal, P.K., Hunsmann, G., Schmidt, D.K., King, N.W. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1987). Long-term persistent infection of macaque monkeys with the simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Gen. Virol 68, 3183–3189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desrosiers, R.C., Wyand, M.S., Kodama, T., Ringler, D.J., Arthur, L.O., Sehgal, P.K., Letvin, N.L., King, N.W. and Daniel, M.D. (1989). Vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6353–6357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimmock, N.J. (1993). Neutralization of animal viruses, Curr. Top. Microbial 183, 1–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, U., Brooks, D.M. and Hasenkrug, K.J. (1998). Characterization of a live-attenuated retroviral vaccine demonstrates protection via immune mechanisms, J. Viral 72, 6554–6558.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, U., Brooks, D.M. and Hasenkrug, K.J. (1999). Requirement for multiple lymphocyte subsets in protection by a live attenuated vaccine against retroviral infection, Nature Med. 5, 189–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ditzel, H.J., Parren, P.W.H.I., Binley, J.M., Sodroski, J., Moore, J.P., Barbas, C.F. and Burton, D.R. (1997). Mapping the protein surface of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 using human monoclonal antibodies from phage display libraries, J. Mol. Biol 267, 684–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Amad, Z., Murthy, K.K., Higgins, K., Cobb, E.K., Haigwood, N.L., Levy, J.A. and Steimer, K.S. (1995). Resistance of chimpanzees immunized with recombinant gp120 SF2 to challenge by HIV-1 SF2, AIDS 9, 1313–1322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emini, E.A., Schleif, W.A., Nunberg, J.H., Conley, A.J., Eda, Y., Tokiyoshi, S., Putney, S.D., Matsushita, S., Cobb, K.E., Jett, C.M., Eichberg, J.W. and Murthy, K.K. (1992). Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody, Nature 355, 728–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.J., McKeating, J., Meredith, J.M., Burke, K.L., Katrak, K., John, A., Ferguson, M., Minor, P.D., Weiss, R.A. and Almond, J.W. (1989). An engineered poliovirus chimaera elicits broadly reactive HIV-1-neutralising antibodies, Nature 339, 385–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foresman, L., Jia, F., Li, Z., Wang, C., Stephens, E.B., Sahni, M., Naryan, O. and Joag, S.V. (1998). Neutralizing antibodies administered before, but not after virulent SHIV prevent infection in macaques, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 12, 1035–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, J.-F., Cantin, R., Lamontagne, G. and Tremblay, M. (1997). Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity, J. Virol. 71, 3588–3596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fouchier, R.A.M., Groenink, M., Kootstra, N.A., Tersmette, M., Huisman, J.G., Miedema, F. and Schuitemaker, H. (1992). Phenotype-associated sequence variation in the third variable domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 molecule, J. Virol 66, 3183–3187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fouts, T.R., Binley, J.M., Trkola, A., Robinson, J.E. and Moore, J.P. (1997). Neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus type-I primary isolate JR-FL by human monoclonal antibodies correlates with antibody binding to the oligometic form of the envelope glycoprotein complex, J. Virol 71, 2779–2785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, S.S., Steinman, R.M., Michael, N.L., Kim, S.R., Bhardwaj, N., Pope, M., Louder, M.K., Ehrenberg, P.K., Parren, P.W.H.I., Burton, D.R., Katinger, H., VanCott, T.C., Robb, M.L., Birx, D.L. and Mascola, J.R. (1998). Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection of dendritic cells and transmission to T cells, J. Virol 72, 9788–9794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fultz, P.N., Nara, P., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chaput, A., Greenberg, M.L., Muchmore, E., Kieny, M.-P. and Girard, M. (1992). Vaccine protection of chimpanzees against challenge with HIV-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Science 256, 1687–1690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallaher, W.R., Ball, J.M., Garry, R.F., Griffin, M.C. and Montelaro, R.C. (1989). A general model for the transmembrane proteins of HIV and other retrovirus, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 5, 431–440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M., Rosenthal, A., Jennings, M., Yee, J., Antipa, L. and Robinson, W.E. (1995). Passive immunization of rhesus macaques against SIV infection and disease, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 11, 843–854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M.B. and Luciw, P.A. (1989). Animal models of AIDS, FASEB J. 3, 2593–2606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauduin, M.C., Safrit, J.T., Weir, R., Fung, M.S. and Koup, R.A. (1995). Pre-and post-exposure protection against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection mediated by a monoclonal antibody, J. Infect. Dis 171, 1203–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauduin, M.C., Allaway, G.P., Maddon, P.J., Barbas, C.F., Burton, D.R. and Koup, R.A. (1996). Effective ex-vivo neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in plasma HIV-1 by recombinant immunoglobulin molecules, J. Virol. 70 (4), 2586–2592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauduin, M.C., Parren, P.W.H.I., Weir, R., Barbas, C.F., Burton, D.R. and Koup, R.A. (1997). Passive immunization with a human monoclonal antibody protects hu-PBL-SCID mice against challenge by primary isolates of HIV-1, Nature Med. 3, 1389–1393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauduin, M.C., Allaway, G.P., Olson, W.C., Weir, R., Maddon, P.J. and Koup, R.A. (1998). CD4immunoglobulin G2 protects hu-PBL-SCID mice against challenge by primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates, J. Virol 72, 3475–3478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, M., Kieny, M.P., Pinter, A., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Nara, P.L., Kolbe, H., Kusumi, K., Chaput, A., Reinhart, T., Muchmore, E., Ronco, J., Kaczorek, M., Gomard, E., Gluckman, J.-C. and Fultz, P.N. (1991). Immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 542–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, M., Meignier, B., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Kieny, M.-P., Matthews, T., Muchmore, E., Nara, P.L., Wei, Q., Rimsky, L., Weinhold, K. and Fultz, P.N. (1995). Vaccine-induced protection of chimpanzees against infection by a heterologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 69, 6239–6248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, M.B. and Hildreth, J.E.K. (1995). Antibody to adhesion molecule LFA-1 enhances plasma neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type I, J. Virol 69, 4628–4632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorny, M.K., Conley, A.J., Karwowska, S., Buchbinder, A., Xu, J.-Y., Emini, E.A., Koenig, S. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1992). Neutralization of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants by an anti-V3 human monoclonal antibody, J. Virol 66, 7538–7542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorny, M.K., Xu, J.-Y., Karwowska, S., Buchbinder, A. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1993). Repertoire of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies specific for the V3 domain of HIV-1 gp120, J. Immunol 150, 635–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorny, M.K., Moore, J.P., Conley, A.J., Karwowska, S., Sodroski, J., Williams, C., Burda, S., Boots

    Google Scholar 

  • L.J. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1994). Human anti-V2 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes primary but not laboratory isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 68, 8312–8320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomy, M.K., Mascola, J.R., Israel, Z.R., VanCott, T.C., Williams, C., Balfe, P., Hioe, C., Brodine, S., Burda, S. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1998). A human monoclonal antibody specific for the V3 loop of HIV type-1 clade E cross-reacts with other HIV type-1 clades, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 14, 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B.S., Keefer, M.C., McElrath, M.J., Gorse, G.J., Schwartz, D.H., Weinhold, K., Matthews, T.J., Esterlitz, J.R., Sinangil, F., Fast, P.E. and NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (1996). Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine in healthy adults: recombinant glycoprotein (rgp) 120–a randomized, double-blind trial, Ann. Intern. Med 125, 270–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groenink, M., Moore, J.P., Broersen, S. and Schuitemaker, H. (1995). Equal levels of gp120 retention and neutralization resistance of phenotypically distinct primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants upon soluble CD4 treatment, J. Virol 69, 523–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haigwood, N.L., Watson, A., Sutton, W.F., McClure, J., Lewis, A., Ranchalis, J., Travis, B., Voss, G., Letvin, N.L., Hu, S.L., Hirsch, V.M. and Johnson, P.R. (1996). Passive immune globulin therapy in the SIV/macaque model: early intervention can alter disease profile, Immunol. Lett 51, 107–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S.A., Elbeik, T., Staprans, S.I., Feinberg, M.B., Cao, Y., Ho, D.D., Yilma, T., Caliendo, A.M., Johnson, R.P., Buchbinder, S.P. and Walker, B.D. (1996). Strong cytotoxic T-cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV type-1 infection, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 12, 585–592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, T.K., Kirsh, R., Ellens, H., Sweet, R.W., Lambert, D.M., Petteway, S.R., Leary, J. and Bugelski, P.J. (1991). Binding of soluble CD4 proteins to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and infected cells induces release of envelope glycoprotein gp120, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2189–2193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenkrug, K.J. and Chesebro, B. (1997). Immunity to retroviral infection: the Friend virus model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7811–7816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, B.F. (1996). HIV vaccines: where we are and where we are going, Lancet 348, 933–937.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselgesser, J., Hlaks-Miller, M., DelVecchio, V., Peiper, S.C., Hoxie, J., Holson, D.L., Taub, D. and Horuk, R. (1997). CD4-independent association between HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4: functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons, Curr. Biol 7, 112–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewat, E.A., Verdaguer, N., Fita, N., Blakemore, W., Brookes, S., King, A., Newman, J., Domingo, E., Mateu, M.G. and Stuart, D.I. (1997). Structure of the complex of an Fab fragment of a neutralizing antibody with foot-and-mouth disease virus: positioning of a highly mobile antigenic loop, EMBO J. 16, 1492–1500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, D.D., Neumann, A.U., Perelson, A.S., Chen, W., Leonard, J.M. and Markowitz, M. (1995). Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection, Nature 373, 123–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogervorst, E., De Jong, J., Van Wijk, A., Bakker, M., Valk, M., Nara, P. and Goudsmit, J. (1995). Insertion of primary syncytium-inducing (SI) and non-SI envelope V3 loops in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LAI reduces neutralization sensitivity to autologous, but not heterologous, HIV-1 antibodies, J. Virol 69, 6342–6351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honnen, W.J., Wu, Z., Kayman, S.C. and Pinter, A. (1996). Potent neutralization of a macrophage-tropic HIV-1 isolate by antibodies against the V1/V2 domain of HIV-1 gp120. In: Vaccins 96 ( F. Brown, E. Norrby, D.R. Burton and J. Mekalanos, eds.), New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp. 289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulskotte, E.G.J., Geretti, A.M. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (1998). Towards an HIV-1 vaccine: lessons from studies in macaque models, Vaccine 16, 904–915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javaherian, K., Langlois, A.J., LaRosa, G.J., Profy, A.T., Bolgnesi, D.P., Herlihy, W.C., Putney, S.D. and Matthews, T.J. (1990). Broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited by the hypervariable neutralizing determinant of HIV-1, Science 250, 1590–1593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joag, S.V., Li, Z., Foresman, L., Stephens, E.B., Zhao, L.J., Adany, I., Pinson, D.M., McClure, H.M. and Narayan, O. (1996). Chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus that causes progressive loss of CD4’ T cells and AIDS in pig-tailed macaques, J. Virol 70, 3189–3197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joag, S.V., Li, Z., Foresman, L., Pinson, D.M., Raghavan, R., Zhu, G.W., Adany, I., Wang, C., Jia, F., Sheffer, D., Ranchalis, J., Watson, A. and Narayan, O. (1997). Characterization of the pathogenic KU-SHIV model of AIDS in macaques, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 13, 635–645.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.L., Korte, T. and Blumenthal, R. (1998). Conformational changes in cell surface HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins are triggered by cooperation between cell surface CD4 and co-receptors, J. Biol. Chem 273, 404–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katinger, H., Purtscher, M., Muster, T., Steindl, F., Dopper, S., Vetter, N., Armbruster, C. and Gelbmann, H. (1995). A small phase I clinical trial with the human anti-HIV-1 mAb 2F5. In: Retroviruses of Human AIDS and Related Animal Diseases, Dixième Colloque des Cent Gardes ( M. Girard and B. Dodet, eds.), Fondation Marcel Merieux, Lyon, France, pp. 291–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M.S., Orloff, S., Ibegbu, C.C., Odell, C.D., Maddon, P.J. and McDougal, J.S. (1991). Analysis of synergism/antagonism between HIV-1 antibody-positive human sera and soluble CD4 in blocking HIV-1 binding and infectivity, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 7, 975–981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, K.A., Kitchin, P., Mills, K.H.G., Page, M., Taffs, F., Corcoran, T., Silvera, P., Flanagan, B., Powell, C., Rose, J., Ling, C., Aubertin, A.M. and Scott, E.J. (1994). Passive immunization of cynomolgus macaques with immune sera or a pool of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies failed to protect against challenge with SIVmac251, AIDS Res. Huamn Retrovir 10, 189–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kestler, H., Kodama, T., Ringler, D., Marthas, M., Pedersen, N., Lackner, A., Regier, D., Sehgal, P., Daniel, M., King, N. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1990). Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus, Science 248, 1109–1112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klasse, P.J. and Moore, J.P. (1996). Quantitative model of antibody-and soluble CD4-mediated neutralization of primary isolates and T-cell line-adapted strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 70, 3668–3677.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostrikis, L.G., Cao, Y., Ngai, H., Moore, J.P. and Ho, D.D. (1996). Quantitative analysis of serum neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from subtypes A, B, C, D, E, F and I: lack of direct correlation between neutralization serotypes and genetic subtypes and evidence for prevalent serum-dependent infectivity enhancement, J. Virol 70, 445–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, S.L., Platt, E.J., Madani, N., Ferro, F.E.J., Peden, K. and Kabat, D. (1997). CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 dependencies for infections by primary patient and laboratory-adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 71, 873–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, P.D., Wyatt, R., Robinson, J., Sweet, R.W., Sodroski, J. and Hendrickson, W.A. (1998). Structure of an HIV gpl 20 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody, Nature 393, 648–659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laal, S., Burda, S., Gomy, M.K., Karwowska, S., Buchbinder, A. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1994). Synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by combinations of human monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol 68, 4001–4008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaCasse, R.A., Follis, K.E., Moudgil, T., Trahey, M., Binley, J.M., Planelles, V., Zolla-Pazner, S. and Nunberg, J.H. (1998). Coreceptor utilization by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is not a primary determinant of neutralization sensitivity, J. Virol 72, 2491–2495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaCasse, R.A., Follis, K.E., Trahey, M., Scarborough, J.D., Littman, D.R. and Nunberg, J.H. (1999). Fusion-competent vaccines: broad neutralization of primary isolates of HIV, Science 283, 357362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, J.S., Mofenson, L.M., Fletcher, C.V., Moye, J., Stiehm, E.R., Meyer, W.A.I., Nemo, G.J., Mathieson, B.J., Hirsch, G., Sapan, C.V., Cummins, L.M., Jiminez, E., O’Neill, E., Kovacs, A., Stek, A. and the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 185 Pharmacokinetic Study Group (1997). Safety and pharmacokinetics of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunoglobulin administered to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns, J. Infect. Dis 175, 283–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lathey, J.L., Pratt, R.D. and Spector, S.A. (1997). Appearance of autologous neutralizing antibody correlates with reduction in virus load and phenotype switch during primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Infect. Dis 175, 231–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W.-R., Syu, W.-J., Du, B., Matsuda, M., Tan, S., Wolf, A., Essex, M. and Lee, T.-H. (1992). Nonrandom distribution of gp120 N-linked glycosylation sites important for infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2213–2217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, C.K., Spellman, M.W., Riddle, L., Harris, R.J., Thomas, J.N. and Gregory, T.J. (1990). Assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the type-1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, J. Biol. Chem 265, 10373–10382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letvin, N.L. (1998). Progress in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine, Science 280, 1875–1880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J., Youvan, T., Lee, M.L. and Passive Hyperimmune Therapy Study Group (1994). Passive hyperimmune plasma therapy in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: results of a 12-month multicenter double-blind controlled trial, Blood 84, 2130–2135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M.G., Elkins, W.R., McCutchan, F., Benveniste, R.E., Lai, C.Y., Montefiori, D.C., Burke, D.S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, G.A. and Shafferman, A. (1993). Passively transferred antibodies directed against conserved regions of SIV envelope protect macaques from SIV infection, Vaccine 11 (13), 1347–1355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, A., Katinger, H., Posner, M.R., Cavacini, L., Zolla-Pazner, S., Gomy, M.K., Sodroski, J., Chou, T.C., Baba, T.W. and Ruprecht, R.M. (1998). Synergistic neutralization of simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-vpu’ by triple and quadruple combinations of human monoclonal antibodies and high-titer anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1 immunoglobulins, J. Virol 72, 3235–3240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J.T., Halloran, M., Lord, C.I., Watson, A., Ranchalis, J., Fung, M., Letvin, N.L. and Sodroski, J.G. (1995). Persistent infection of macaques with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses, J. Virol 69, 7061–7071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Luo, L., Rasool, N. and Kang, C.Y. (1993). Glycosylation is necessary for the correct folding of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 in CD4 binding, J. Virol 67, 584–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, P.S., Ledbetter, J.A., Thomas, E.K. and Hu, S.-L. (1988). Effects of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies on CD4 receptor binding by the env protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 62, 3695–3702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louisirirotchanakul, S., Beddows, S., Cheingsong-Popov, R., Shaffer, N., Mastro, T.D., Auewarakul, P., Likanonsakul, S., Wasi, C. and Weber, J. (1998). Characterization of sera from subjects infected with HIV-1 subtypes B and E in Thailand by antibody binding and neutralization, J. Acq. Immune Def. Syndr. Human Retrovir 19, 315–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, S., Putney, S.D. and Robinson, H.L. (1992). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 entry into T cells: more rapid escape from an anti-V3 loop than from an anti-receptor antibody, J. Virol 66, 2547–2550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubeck, M.D., Natur, R., Myagkikh, M., Kalyan, N., Aldrich, K., Sinangil, F., Alipanah, S., Murthy, S.C.S., Chanda, P.K., Nigida, S.M., Markham, P.D., Zolla-Pazner, S., Steimer, K., Wade, M., Reitz Jr., M.S., Arthur, L.O., Mizutani, S., Davis, A., Hung, P.P., Gallo, R.C., Eichberg, J. and Robert-Guroff, M. (1997). Long-term protection of chimpanzees against HIV-1 challenge induced by immunization, Nature Med. 3, 651–658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P.A., Pratt-Lowe, E., Shaw, K.E., Levy, J.A. and Cheng-Mayer, C. (1995). Persistent infection of rhesus macaques with T-cell-line-tropic and macrophage-tropic clones of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7490–7494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascola, J.R., Louwagie, J., McCutchan, F.E., Fischer, C.L., Hegerich, P.A., Wagner, K.F., Fowler, A.K., McNeil, J.G. and Burke, D.S. (1994). Two antigenically distinct subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: viral genotype predicts neutralization serotype, J. Infect. Dis 169, 48–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascola, J.R., Louder, M.K., Surman, S.R., VanCott, T.C., Yu, X.F., Bradac, J., Porter, K.R., Nelson, K.E., Girard, M., McNeil,. J.G., McCutchan, F.E., Birx, D.L. and Burke, D.S. (1996a). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 neutralizing antibody serotyping using serum pools and an infectivity reduction assay, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 12, 1319–1328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascola, J.R., Snyder, S.W., Weislow, O.S., Belay, S.M., Belshe, R.B., Schwartz, D.H., Clements, M.L., Dolin, R., Graham, B.S., Gorse, G.J., Keefer, M.C., McElrath, M.J., Walker, M.C., Wagner, K.F., McNeil, J.G., McCutchan, F.E., Burke, D.S. and The NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (1996b). Immunization with envelope subunit vaccine products elicits neutralizing antibodies against laboratory-adapted but not primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Infect. Dis 173, 340–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascola, J.R., Louder, M.K., VanCott, T.C., Sapan, C.V., Lambert, J.S., Muenz, L.R., Bunow, B., Birx, D.L. and Robb, M.L. (1997). Potent and synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 primary isolates by hyperimmune anti-HIV immunoglobulin combined with monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 2G12, J. Virol 71, 7198–7206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDougal, J.S., Kennedy, M.S., Orloff, S.L., Nicholson, J.K.A. and Spira, T.J. (1996). Mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) neutralization: irreversible inactivation of infectivity by anti-HIV-1 antibody, J. Virol 70, 5236–5245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McInerney, T.L., McLain, L., Armstrong, S.J. and Dimmock, N.J. (1997). A human IgG1 (b12) specific for the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 neutralizes by inhibiting the virus fusion entry process, but b12 Fab neutralizes by inhibiting a post-fusion event, Virology 233, 313–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeating, J.A., Moore, J.P., Ferguson, M., Marsden, H.S., Graham, S., Almond, J.W., Evans, D.J. and Weiss, R.A. (1992a). Monoclonal antibodies to the C4 region of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120: use in topological analysis of a CD4 binding site, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 8, 451–459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeating, J.A., Cordell, J., Dean, C.J. and Balfe, P. (1992b). Synergistic interaction between ligands binding to the CD4 binding site and V3 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120, Virology 191, 732–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeating, J.A., Shotton, C., Cordell, J., Graham, S., Balfe, P., Sullivan, N., Charles, M., Page, M., Bolmstedt, A., Olofsson, S., Kayman, S.C., Wu, Z., Pinter, A., Dean, C., Sodroski, J. and Weiss, R.A. (1993). Characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to linear and conformation-dependent epitopes within the first and second variable domains of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120, J. Virol 67, 4932–4944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, A. and Clapham, P.R. (1995). Immune escape and tropism of HIV, Trends Microbiol. 3, 356361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Means, R.E., Greenough, T. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1997). Neutralization sensitivity of cell culture-passaged simian immunodeficiency virus, J. Virol 71, 7895–7902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondor, I Ugolini, S. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1998a). HIV-1 attachment to HeLa CD4 cells is CD4- independent, gp120-dependent and requires cell surface heparans, J. Virol 72 3623–3634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondor, I Moulard, M., Ugolini, S., Klasse, P.J., Hoxie, J., Amara, A., Delaunay, T., Wyatt, R., Sodroski, J. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1998b). Interactions among HIV gp120, CD4 and CXCR4: Dependence on CD4 expression level, gp120 viral origin, conservation of the gp120 COOHand NH2-termini and V1N2 and V3 loops, and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, Virology 248 394–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D.C., Graham, B.S., Zhou, J., Schwartz, D.H., Cavacini, L.A., Posner, M.R. and NIH-NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network (1993). V3-specific neutralizing antibodies in sera from HIV-1 gp160-immunized volunteers block virus fusion and act synergistically with human monoclonal antibody to the conformation-dependent CD4 binding site of gp120, J. Clin. Invest 92, 840–847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D.C., Baba, T.W., Li, A., Bilska, M. and Ruprecht, R.M. (1996a). Neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibody responses do not correlate with the differential pathogenicity of SlVmac239D3 in adult and infant rhesus monkeys, J. Immunol 157, 5528–5535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D.C., Pantaleo, G., Fink, L.M., Zhou, J.T., Zhou, J.Y., Bilska, M., Miralles, G.D. and Fauci, A.S. (1996b). Neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in long-term non-progressors, J. Infect. Dis 173, 60–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D.C., Collman, R.G., Fouts, T.R., Zhou, J.Y., Bilska, M., Hoxie, J.A., Moore, J.P. and Bolognesi, D.P. (1998a). Evidence that antibody-mediated neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by sera from infected individuals is independent of co-receptor usage, J. Virol 72, 1886–1893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montefiori, D.C., Reimann, K.A., Wyand, M.S., Manson, K., Lewis, M.G., Collman, R.G., Sodroski, J.G., Bolognesi, D.P. and Letvin, N.L. (1998b). Neutralizing antibodies in sera from macaques infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus containing the envelope glycoproteins of either a laboratory-adapted variant or a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 72, 3427–3431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moog, C., Fleury, H.J.A., Pellegrin, I., Kirn, A. and Aubertin, A.M. (1997). Autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody responses following initial seroconversion in human immunodeficiency virus type-l-infected individuals, J. Virol 71, 3734–3741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., McKeating, J.A., Weiss, R.A. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1990). Dissociation of gp120 from HIV-1 virions induced by soluble CD4, Science 250, 1139–1142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., McKeating, J.A., Norton, W.A. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1991). Direct measurement of soluble CD4 binding to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 virions: gp120 dissociation and its implications for virus-cell binding and fusion reactions and their neutralisation by soluble CD4, J. Virol 65, 1133–1140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. and Nara, P.L. (1991). The role of the V3 loop in HIV infection, AIDS 5 (suppl. 2 ), S21 - S33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., McKeating, J.A., Huang, Y., Ashkenazi, A. and Ho, D.D. (1992). Virions of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates resistant to soluble CD4 (sCD4) neutralization differ in sCD4 binding and glycoprotein gp120 retention from sCD4-sensitive isolates, J. Virol 66, 235–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Thali, M., Jameson, B.A., Vignaux, F., Lewis, G.K., Poon, S.-W., Charles, M., Fung, M.S., Sun, B., Durda, P.J., Akerblom, L., Wahren, B., Ho, D.D., Sattentau, Q.J. and Sodroski, J. (1993a). Immunochemical analysis of the gp120 surface glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: probing the structure of the C4 and V4 domains and the interaction of the C4 domain with the V3 loop, J. Virol 67, 4785–4796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Sattentau, Q.J., Yoshiyama, H., Thali, M., Charles, M., Sullivan, N., Poon, S.W., Fung, M.S., Traincard, F., Pinkus, M., Robey, G., Robinson, J.E., Ho, D.D. and Sodroski, J. (1993b). Probing the structure of the V2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type-I surface glycoprotein gp120 with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies: human immune response to the VI and V2 domains, J. Virol 67, 6136–6151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., McCutchan, F.E., Poon, S.-W., Mascola, J., Liu, J., Cao, Y. and Ho, D.D. (1994a). Exploration of antigenic variation in gp120 from clades A through F of human immunodeficiency virus type I by using monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol 68, 8350–8364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Sattentau, Q.J., Wyatt, R. and Sodroski, J. (1994b). Probing the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus surface glycoprotein gp120 with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol 68, 469–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. and Ho, D.D. (1995). HIV-1 neutralization: the consequences of viral adaptation to growth on transformed T cells, AIDS 9 (suppl. A) S117–S136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. (1995). HIV vaccines. Back to primary school, Nature 376, 115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Trkola, A., Korber, B., Boots, L.J., Kessler, J.A.1., McCutchan, F.E., Mascola, J., Ho, D.D., Robinson, J. and Conley, A.J. (1995a). A human monoclonal antibody to a complex epitope in the V3 region of gpl20 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has broad reactivity within and outside clade B, J. Virol 69, 122–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Cao, Y., Qing, L., Sattentau, Q.J., Pyati, J., Koduri, R., Robinson, J., Barbas, C.F., Burton, D.R. and Ho, D.D. (1995b). Primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are relatively resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies to gp120, and their neutralization is not predicted by studies with monomeric gp120, J. Virol. 69 (1), 101–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. and Sodroski, J. (1996). Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immuno- deficiency virus type-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein, J. Virol 70, 1863–1872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Cao, Y., Leu, J., Qin, L., Korber, B. and Ho, D.D. (1996). Inter-and intraclade neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: genetic clades do not correspond to neutralization serotypes but partially correspond to gp120 antigenic serotypes, J. Virol 70, 427–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P., Trkola, A. and Dragic, T. (1997). Co-receptors for HIV-1 entry, Curr. Opin. Immunol 9, 551–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. and Montefiori, D.C. (1997). Neutralization assays using the BZ167 strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Infect. Dis 175, 764–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. (1998). Clinical trials of HIVIG, J. Infect. Dis 178, 597–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.P. and Binley, J. (1998). Envelope’s letters boxed into shape, Nature 393, 630–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L.N., Davison-Fairburn, N., Montelaro, R.C., Miller, M., West, M., Ohkawa, S., Baskin, G.B., Zhang, J.Y., Putney, S.D., Allison, A.C. and Eppstein, D.A. (1989). A formalin-inactivated whole SIV vaccine confers protection in macaques, Science 246, 1293–1297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muster, T., Steindl, F., Purtscher, M., Trkola, A., Klima, A., Himmler, G., Rüker, F. and Katinger, H. (1993). A conserved neutralizing epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 67, 6642–6647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muster, T., Guinea, R., Trkola, A., Purtscher, M., Klima, A., Steindl, F. and Palese, P. (1994). Cross-neutralizing activity against divergent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates induced by the gp41 sequence ELDKWAS, J. Viral 68, 4031–4034.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muster, T., Ferko, B., Klima, A., Purtscher, M., Trkola, A., Schulz, P., Grassauer, O., Engelhardt, G., Garcia-Sastre, A., Palese, P. and Katinger, H. (1995). Mucosal model of immunization against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a chimeric influenza virus, J. Virol 69, 6678–6686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nara, P.L. and Garrity, R. (1998). Deceptive imprinting: a cosmopolitan strategy for complicating vaccination, Vaccine 16, 1780–1787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby, E. and Matthews, T. (1993). B-cell antigenic sites in the envelope proteins of primate lentiviruses and their role in vaccine development, AIDS 7 (suppl. 1), S127–S133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyambi, P.N., Nkengasong, J., Lewi, P., Andries, K., Janssens, W., Fransen, K., Heyndrickx, L., Piot, P. and Van der Groen, G. (1996). Multivariate analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 neutralization data, J. Virol 70, 6235–6243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyambi, P.N., Lewi, P., Peeters, M., Janssens, W., Heyndrickx, L., Fransen, K., Andries, K., Vanden Haesevelde, M., Heeney, J., Piot, P. and Van der Groen, G. (1997). Study of the dynamics of neutralization escape mutants in a chimpanzee naturally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz-ant, J. Virol 71, 2320–2330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohgimoto, S., Shioda, T., Mori, K., Nakayama, E.E., Hu, H. and Nagai, Y. (1998). Location-specific unequal contribution of the N glycans in simian immunodeficiency virus gp120 to viral infectivity and removal of multiple glycans without disturbing infectivity, J. Virol 72, 8365–8370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overbaugh, J., Rudensey, L.M., Papenhausen, M.D., Benveniste, R.E. and Morton, W.R. (1991). Variation in simian immunodeficiency virus env is confined to VI and V4 during progression to AIDS, J. Virol 65, 7025–7031.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pal, R., Hoke, G.M. and Samgadharan, M.G. (1989). Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3384–3388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J.F., Vaccarezza, M., Graziosi, C., Bansal, G.P., Koenig, S. and Fauci, A.S. (1995). Effect of anti-V3 antibodies on cell-free and cell-to-cell human immunodeficiency virus transmission, Eur. J. Immunol 25, 226–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I., Ditzel, H.J., Gulizia, R.J., Binley, J.M., Barbas, C.F., Burton, D.R. and Mosier, D.E. (1995). Protection against HIV-1 infection in hu-PBL-SCID mice by passive immunization with a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against the gp120 CD4-binding site, AIDS 9, F1 - F6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I., Fisicaro, P., Labrijn, A.F., Binley, J.M., Yang, W.-P., Ditzel, H.J., Barbas, C.F. and Burton, D.R. (1996). In-vitro antigen challenge of human antibody libraries for vaccine evaluation: the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope, J. Virol 70 (12) 9046–9050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I. and Burton, D.R. (1997). Antibodies against HIV-1 from phage display libraries: mapping of an immune response and progress towards anti-viral immunotherapy, Chem. Immunol 65, 18–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I., Sattentau, Q.J. and Burton, D.R. (1997a). HIV-1 antibody–debris or virion?, Nature Med. 3, 367–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I., Sattentau, Q.J. and Burton, D.R. (1997b). Importance of anti-HIV-I antibodies, Nature Med. 3, 591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parren, P.W.H.I., Gauduin, M.-C., Koup, R.A., Poignard, P., Sattentau, Q.J., Fisicaro, P. and Burton, D.R. (1997c). Relevance of the antibody response against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope to vaccine design, Immunol. Lett 58, 125–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan-en, P.W.H.I., Naniche, D., Mondor, I., Ditzel, H.J., Klasse, P.J., Burton, D.R. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1998). Neutralization of 1–1IV-1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity, J. Virol 72 3512–3519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelchen-Matthews, A., Clapham, P. and Marsh, M. (1995). Role of CD4 endocytosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Virol 69, 8164–8168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, E. and Wain-Hobson, S. (1996). AIDS is not caused by the extreme genetic variability of HIV, J. NIH Res 8, 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perelson, A.S., Neumann, A.U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J.M. and Ho, D.D. (1996). HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time, Science 271, 1582–1586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilgrim, A.K., Pantaleo, G., Cohen, O.J., Fink, L.M., Zhou, J.Y., Zhou, J.T., Bolognesi, D.P., Fauci, A.S. and Montefiori, D.C. (1997). Neutralizing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary infection and long-term non-progressive infection, J. Infect. Dis 176, 924–932.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinter, A., Honnen, W.J., Kayman, S.C., Trochev, O. and Wu, Z. (1998). Potent neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates by antibodies directed against epitopes present in the V1/V2 domain of HIV-1 gp120, Vaccine 16, 1803–1811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Planz, O., Ehl, S., Furrer, E., Horvath, E., Brundler, M.-A., Hengartner, H. and Zinkemagel, R.M. (1997). A critical role for neutralizing antibody-producing B cell, CD4’ T cells, and interferons in persistent and acute infections of mice with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus: implications for adoptive immunotherapy of virus carriers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6874–6879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, E.J., Madani, N., Kozak, S.L. and Kabat, D. (1997). Infectious properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 mutants with distinct affinities for the CD4 receptor, J. Virol 71, 883–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poignard, P., Klasse, P.J. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1996a). Antibody neutralization of HIV-1, Immunol. Today 17, 239–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poignard, P., Fouts, T., Naniche, D., Moore, J.P. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1996b). Neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 induce envelope glycoprotein subunit dissociation, J. Exp. Med 183, 473–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poignard, P., Sabbe, S., Picchio, G.R., Wang, M., Gulizia, R.J., Katinger, H., Parren, P.W.H.I., Mosier, D.E. and Burton, D.R. (1999). Neutralizing antibodies have limited effects on the control of established HIV-1 infection (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts, B.J., Field, K.G., Wu, Y., Posner, M., Cavacini, L. and White-Scharf, M. (1993). Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 by CD4-binding domain reagents and V3-directed monoclonal antibodies, Virology 197, 415–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, R.D., Shapiro, J.F., McKinney, N., Kwok, S. and Spector, S.A. (1995). Virologic characterization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in a health care worker following needlestick injury, J. Infect. Dis 172, 851–854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, A.M., Horowitz, B., Baker, L., Shulman, R.W., Ralph, H., Valinsky, J., Cundell, A., Brotman, B., Boehle, W., Rey, F., Piet, M., Reesink, H.W., Lelie, P.N., Tersmette, M., Miedema, F., Barbosa, L., Nemo, G., Nastala, C.L., Allan, J.S., Lee, D.R. and Eichberg, J.W. (1988). Failure of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune globulin to protect chimpanzees against experi-mental challenge with HIV, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6944–6948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, A.M., Reesink, H.W., Pascual, D., Horowitz, B., Hewlett, I., Murthy, K.K., Cobb, K.E. and Eichberg, J.W. (1991). Prevention of HIV infection by passive immunization with HIV immuno-globulin, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 7, 971–973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pu, R., Okada, S., Little, E.R., Xu, B., Stoffs, W.V. and Yamamoto, J.K. (1995). Protection of neonatal kittens against feline immunodeficiency virus infection with passive maternal antiviral antibodies, AIDS 9, 235–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putkonen, P., Thorstensson, R., Ghavamzadeh, L., Albert, J., Hild, K., Biberfeld, G. and Norrby, E. (1991). Prevention of HIV-2 and SIVsm infection by passive immunization in cynomolgus monkeys, Nature 352, 436–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, K.A., Li, J.T., Veazey, R., Halloran, M., Park, I.-W., Karlsson, G.B., Sodroski, J. and Letvin, N.L. (1996a). A chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus expressing a primary patient human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolate env causes an AIDS-like disease after in-vivo passage in rhesus monkeys, J. Virol 70, 6922–6928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, K.A., Li, J.T., Voss, G., Lekutis, C., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., Lin, W., Montefiori, D.C., Lee-Parritz, D.E., Lu, Y.C., Collman, R.G., Sodroski, J. and Letvin, N.L. (1996b). An env gene derived from a primary HIV-1 isolate confers high in-vivo replicative capacity to a chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys, J. Virol 70, 3198–3206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitter, J.N. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1998). Identification of replication-competent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus lacking multiple attachment sites for N-linked carbohydrates in variable regions 1 and 2 of the surface envelope protein, J. Virol 72, 5399–5407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitter, J.N., Means, R.E. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1998). A role for carbohydrates in immune evasion in AIDS, Nature Med. 4, 679–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzuto, C.D. and Sodroski, J.G. (1997). Contribution of virion ICAM-1 to human immunodeficiency virus infectivity and sensitivity to neutralization, J. Virol 71, 4847–4851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzuto, C.D., Wyatt, R., Hernandez-Ramos, N., Sun, Y., Kwong, P.D., Hendrickson, W.A. and Sodroski, J. (1998). A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding, Science 280, 1949–1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roderiquez, G., Oravecz, T., Yanagishita, M., Bou-Habib, D.C., Mostowski, H. and Norcross, M.A. (1995). Mediation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 binding by interaction of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with the V3 region of envelope gp120-gp4l, J. Virol 69, 2233–2239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossio, J.L., Esser, M.T., Suryanarayana, K., Schneider, D.K., Bess Jr., J.W., Vasquez, G.M., Wiltrout, T.A., Chertova, E., Grimes, M.K., Sattentau, Q.J., Arthur, L.O., Henderson, L.E. and Lifson, J.D. (1998). Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infectivity with preservation of conformational and functional integrity of viron surface proteins, J. Virol 72, 7992–8001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudensey, L.M., Kimata, J.T., Long, E.M., Chackerian, B. and Overbaugh, J. (1998). Changes in the extracellular envelope glycoprotein of variants that evolve during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVMne infection affect neutralizing antibody recognition, syncytium formation, and macrophage tropism but not replication, cytopathicity, or CCR-5 coreceptor recognition, J. Virol 72, 209–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safrit, J.T., Fung, M.S.C., Andrews, C.A., Braun, D.G., Sun, W.N.C., Chang, T.W. and Koup, R.A. (1993). Hu-PBL-SCID mice can be protected from HIV-1 infection by passive transfer of monoclonal antibody to the principal neutralizing determinant of envelope gpl 20, AIDS 7, 1521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J. and Moore, J.P. (1991). Conformational changes induced in the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein by soluble CD4 binding, J. Exp. Med 174, 407415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J., Moore, J.P., Vignaux, F., Traincard, F. and Poignard, P. (1993). Conformational changes induced in the envelope glycoproteins of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses by soluble receptor binding, J. Virol 67, 7383–7393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J. (1995). Conservation of HIV-1 gp120 neutralization epitopes after formalin inactivation, AIDS 9, 1383–1385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J., Zolla-Pazner, S. and Poignard, P. (1995). Epitope exposure on functional, oligomeric HIV-1 gp41 molecules, Virology 206, 713–717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J. and Moore, J.P. (1995). Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 neutralization is determined by epitope exposure on the gp120 oligomer, J. Exp. Med 182, 185–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J. (1996). Neutralization of HIV-1 by antibody, Curr. Opin. Immunol 8, 540–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q.J. (1998). HIV gp120: double lock strategy foils host defences, Structure 6, 945–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenning, K., Jansson, B., Olofsson, S. and Hansen, J.-ES. (1996a). Rapid selection for an N-linked oligosaccharide by monoclonal antibodies directed against the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Gen. Virol 77, 753–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schenning, K., Jansson, B., Olofsson, S., Nielsen, J.O. and Hansen, J.-E.S. (1996b). Resistance to V3-directed neutralization caused by an N-linked oligosaccharide depends on the quaternary structure of HIV-1 envelope oligomer, Virology 218, 134–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schenning, K., Bolmstedt, A., Novotny, J., Segaard Lund, O., Olofsson, S. and Hansen, J.-E.S. (1998). Induction of antibodies against epitopes inaccessible on the HIV type-1 envelope oligomer by immunization with recombinant monomeric glycoprotein 120, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 16, 1451–1456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A.M. and Hu, S.L. (1993). Primate models for HIV vaccines, AIDS 7, 5161 - S170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schutten, M., Andeweg, A.C., Bosch, M.L. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (1995). Enhancement of infectivity of a non-syncytium-inducing HIV-1 by sCD4 and by human antibodies that neutralize syncytium-inducing HIV-1, Scand. J. Immunol 41, 18–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutten, M., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., Van Bekkum, D.W. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (1996). Human antibodies that neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro do not provide protection in an in-vivo model, J. Gen. Viral 77, 1667–1675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutten, M., Andeweg, A.C., Rimmelzwaan, G.F. and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (1997). Modulation of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated entry by human antibodies, J Gen Virol. 78, 999–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott Jr., C.F., Silver, S., Profy, A.T., Putney, S.D., Langlois, A., Weinhold, K. and Robinson, J.E. (1990). Human monoclonal antibody that recognizes the V3 region of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 and neutralizes the human T-lymphotropic virus type IIIMN strain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8597–8601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata, R., Igarashi, T., Haigwood, N., Buckler-White, A., Ogert, R., Ross, W., Willey, R., Cho, M.W. and Martin, M.A. (1999). Neutralizing antibodies directed against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein can completely block HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus infections of macaque monkeys, Nature Med. 5, 205–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shotton, C., Arnold, C., Sattentau, Q.J., Sodroski, J. and McKeating, J.A. (1995). Identification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for polymorphic antigenic determinants within the V2 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein, J. Virol 69, 222–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, M.A., Langlois, A.J., McDanal, C.B., McDougal, J.S., Bolognesi, D.P. and Matthews, T.J. (1988). Neutralising antibodies to an immunodominant envelope sequence do not prevent gpl 20 binding to CD4, J. Virol 62, 4195–4200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.J., Chase, E.S., Schmidt, T.J., Olson, N.H. and Baker, T.S. (1996). Neutralising antibody to human rhinovirus 14 penetrates the receptor-binding canyon, Nature 383, 350–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, G.T., Takefman, D.M., Sharpe, S., Ghassemi, M. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1994). Antibodies to the HIV-1 V3 loop in serum from infected persons contribute a major proportion of immune effector functions including complement activation, antibody binding and neutralization, Virology 204, 609–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spenlehauser, C., Saragosti, S., Fleury, H.J., Kim, A., Aubertin, A.-M. and Moog, C. (1998). Study of the V3 loop as a target epitope for antibodies involved in the neutralization of primary isolates versus T-cell-line-adapted strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol 72, 9855–9864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatatos, L. and Cheng-Mayer, C. (1995). Structural modulations of the envelope gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon oligomerization and differential V3-loop epitope exposure of isolates displaying distinct tropism upon virion-soluble receptor binding, J. Virol 69, 6191–6198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatatos, L., Zolla-Pazner, S., Gorny, M.K. and Cheng-Mayer, C. (1997). Binding of antibodies to virion-associated gp120 molecules of primary-like human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) isolates: effect on HIV-1 infection of macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Virology 229, 360–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatos, N.M., Mascola, J.R., Kalyanaraman, V.S., Louder, M.K., Frampton, L.M., Birx, D.L. and VanCott, T.C. (1998). Neutralizing antibodies from the sera of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 -infected individuals bind to monomeric gp120 and oligomeric gp140, J. Virol 72, 9656–9667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, N., Sun, Y., Li, J., Hofmann, W. and Sodroski, J. (1995). Replicative function and neutralization sensitivity of envelope glycoproteins from primary and T-cell line-passaged human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates, J. Virol 69, 4413–4422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, N., Sun, Y., Binley, J., Lee, J., Barbas III, C.F., Parren, P.W.H.I., Burton, D.R. and Sodroski, J. (1998). Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein activation by soluble CD4 and monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol 72, 6332–6338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, N.-C., Ho, D.D., Sun, C.R.Y., Liou, R.-S., Gordon, W., Fung, M.S.C., Li, X.-L., Ting, R.C., Lee, T.H., Chang, N.T. and Chang, T.-W. (1989). Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to the putative CD4-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120, J. Virol 63, 3579–3585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thali, M., Olshevshy, U., Furman, C., Gabuzda, D., Posner, M. and Sodroski, J. (1991). Characterization of a discontinuous human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 epitope recognised by a broadly reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, J. Virol 65, 6188–6193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thali, M., Moore, J.P., Furman, C., Charles, M., Ho, D.D., Robinson, J. and Sodroski, J. (1993). Characterization of conserved human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 neutralization epitopes exposed upon gp120-CD4 binding, J. Virol 67, 3978–3988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, S.A., Honnen, W.J., Racho, M.E., Hilgartner, M. and Pinter, A. (1991). A human monoclonal antibody against the CD4-binding site of HIV-1 gp120 exhibits potent, broadly neutralizing activity, Res. Virol 142, 247–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, S.A., Honnen, W.J., Racho, M.E., Chou, T.C. and Pinter, A. (1992). Synergistic neutralization of HIV-1 by human monoclonal antibodies against the V3 loop and the CD4-binding site of gp120, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 8, 461–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trkola, A., Dragic, T., Arthos, J., Binley, J.M., Olson, W.C., Allaway, G.P., Cheng-Mayer, C., Robinson, J., Maddon, P.J. and Moore, J.P. (1996a). CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5, Nature 384, 184–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trkola, A., Purtscher, M., Muster, T., Ballaun, C., Buchacher, A., Sullivan, N., Srinivasan, K., Sodroski, J., Moore, J.P. and Katinger, H. (1996b). Human monoclonal antibody 2G12 defines a distinctive neutralization epitope on the gpl 20 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Virol. 70, 1100–1108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trkola, A., Ketas, T., Kewalramani, V.N., Endorf, F., Binley, J.M., Katinger, H., Robinson, J., Littman, D.R. and Moore, J.P. (1998). Neutralization sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 primary isolates to antibodies and CD4-based reagents is independent of coreceptor usage, J. Virol 72, 1876–1885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugolini, S., Mondor, I., Parren, P.W.H.I., Burton, D.R., Tilley, S.A., Klasse, P.J. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1997). Inhibition of attachment to CD4’ target cells is a major mechanism of T-cell line-adapted H1V-1 neutralization, J. Exp. Med 186, 1287–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugolini, S., Mondor, I. and Sattentau, Q.J. (1999). HIV-1 attachment: another look, Trends Microbiol (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, A., Blanco, J., Krust, B., Franco, R. and Hovanessian, A.G. (1997). Neutralizing antibodies against the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 block the CD4-dependent and -independent binding of virus to cells, J. Virol 71, 8289–8298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanCott, T.C., Polonis, V.R., Loomis, L.D., Michael, N.L., Nara, P.L. and Birx, D.L. (1995a). Differential role of V3-specific antibodies in neutralization assays involving primary and laboratory-adapted isolates of HIV type 1, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 11, 1379–1391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanCott, T.C., Bethke, F.R., Burke, D.S., Refield, R.R. and Birx, D.L. (1995b). Lack of induction of antibodies specific for conserved, discontinuous epitopes of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein by candidate AIDS vaccines, J. Immunol 155, 4100–4110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanCott, T.C., Mascola, J.R., Kaminski, R.W., Kalyanaraman, V., Hallberg, P.L., Burnett, P.R., Ulrich, J.T., Rechtman, D.J. and Birx, D.L. (1997). Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralization activity against primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 isolates elicited by immunization with oligomeric gp160, J. Virol 71, 4319–4330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijh-Warrier, S., Pinter, A., Honnen, W.J. and Tilley, S.A. (1996). Synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody against the V2 domain of gp120 in combination with monoclonal antibodies against the V3 loop and the CD4-binding site, J. Virol 70, 4466–4473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vittecoq, D., Chevret, S., Morand-Joubert, L., Heshmati, F., Audat, F., Bary, M., Dusautoir, T., Bismuth, A., Viard, J.P., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Bach, J.F. and Lefrère, J.J. (1995). Passive immunotherapy in AIDS: a double-blind randomized study based on transfusions of plasma rich in anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibodies versus transfusions of seronegative plasma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1195–1199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, T., Kurth, R. and Norley, S. (1994). The majority of neutralizing abs in HIV-1-infected patients recognize linear V3-loop sequences. Studies using HIV-1MN multiple antigenic peptides, J. Immunol 153, 1895–1904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J., Fenyö, E.-M., Beddows, S., Kaleebu, P., Bjorndal, A. and the WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization (1996). Neutralization serotypes of human immunodeficiency virus type-I field isolates are not predicted by genetic subtype, J. Virol 70, 7827–7832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, X., Ghosh, S.K., Taylor, M.E., Johnson, V.A., Emini, E.A., Deutsch, P., Lifson, J.D., Bonhoeffer, S., Nowak, M.A., Hahn, B.H., Saag, M.S. and Shaw, G.M. (1995). Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection, Nature 373, 117–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenhom, W., Dessen, A., Harrison, S.C., Skehel, J.J. and Wiley, D.C. (1997). Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41, Nature 387, 426–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White-Scharf, M.E., Potts, B.J., Smith, L.M., Sokolowski, K.A., Rusche, J.R. and Silver, S. (1993). Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the V3 region of HIV-1 can be elicited by peptide immunization, Virology 192, 197–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willey, R.L., Shibata, R., Freed, E.O., Cho, M.W. and Martin, M.A. (1996). Differential glycosylation, virion incorporation, and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope produced from infected primary T-lymphocyte and macrophage cultures, J. Virol 70, 6431–6436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H., Kwong, P.D. and Hendrickson, W.A. (1997). Dimeric association and segmental variability in the structure of human CD4, Nature 387, 527–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L., Gerard, N., Wyatt, R., Choe, H., Parolin, C., Ruffing, N., Borsetti, A., Cordoso, A., Desjardin, E., Newman, W., Gerard, C. and Sodroski, J. (1996). CD4-induced interaction of primary HIV-1 gp120 glycoproteins with the chemokine receptor CCR-5, Nature 384, 179–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R., Moore, J., Accola, M., Desjardin, E., Robinson, J. and Sodroski, J. (1995). Involvement of the VIN2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding, J. Virol 69, 5723–5733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R., Kwong, P.D., Desjardin, E., Sweet, R.W., Robinson, J., Hendrickson, W.A. and Sodroski, J.G. (1998). The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein, Nature 393, 705711

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. and Sodroski, J. (1998). The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens and immunogens, Science 280, 1884–1888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J.-Y., Gorny, M.K., Palker, T., Karwowska, S. and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1991). Epitope mapping of two immunodominant domains of gp41, the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, using ten human monoclonal antibodies, J. Virol 65, 4832–4838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, J.Y. and Montefiori, D.C. (1997). Antibody-mediated neutralization of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type I in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is not affected by the initial activation state of the cells, J. Virol 71, 2512–2517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zolla-Pazner, S. and Sharpe, S. (1995). A resting cell assay for improved detection of antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV type-1 primary isolates, AIDS Res. Human Retrovir 11, 1449–1457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Quentin J. Sattentau

    Present address: The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Paul W. H. I. Parren & Dennis R. Burton

  2. The Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France

    Quentin J. Sattentau

Authors
  1. Paul W. H. I. Parren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dennis R. Burton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Quentin J. Sattentau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CLB and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Hanneke Schuitemaker  & Frank Miedema  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Parren, P.W.H.I., Burton, D.R., Sattentau, Q.J. (2000). Mechanisms and in-vivo Significance of HIV-1 Neutralisation. In: Schuitemaker, H., Miedema, F. (eds) AIDS Pathogenesis. Immunology and Medicine Series, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0685-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0685-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5407-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0685-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation