Abstract
Since insulin was discovered by Banting and Best in 1921, daily subcutaneous injections have been the only way to administer it to diabetic patients. However, conventional regular insulin does not perfectly mimic the physiological insulin secretion pattern, which results in suboptimal pharmacodynamic actions. Moreover, injections involve inconvenience, poor patient acceptability and adherence, as well as manufacturing constraints related to the sterility requirement of the formulation and the cold chain necessary for storage. Therefore, a non-invasive alternative to injected insulin has continued absorb pharmaceutical scientists in recent decades (Heinemann et al, 2001).
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Vanbever, R. (2003). Optimization of Dry Powder Aerosols for Systemic Drug Delivery. In: Gradoń, L., Marijnissen, J. (eds) Optimization of Aerosol Drug Delivery. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0267-6_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0267-6_5
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