Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polymer Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

  • Chapter
Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization

Abstract

It is current opinion of most of the people involved in supercritical fluids (SCFs) technology that as the end of the twentieth century has been devoted to enlarge exploitation of compressed gases in separation processes the beginning of the twenty-first will be mainly aimed to improve their utilisation as solvents for reactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Shaffer, K.A., DeSimone, J.M. “Chain Polymerizations in Inert Near- and Supercritical Fluids” Trends Polymer Science, 3, 146–153, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cooper, A.I., DeSimone, J.M. “Polymer synthesis and characterization in liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide” Materials Science (Current Opinion in Solid State), 1, 761–768, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Canelas, D.A., DeSimone, J.M. “Polymerizations in Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Advances in Polymer Science, 133,103–140, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kendall, J.L., Canelas, D.A., Young, J.L., DeSimone, J.M. “Polymerizations in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Chem. Rev., 99, 543–563, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kirby, C.F., McHugh, M.A. “Phase Behaviour of Polymers in Supercritical Fluid Solvents” Chem. Rev., 99, 565–602, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sarbu, T., Styranec, T., Beckman, E.J. “Non-fluorous polymers with very high solubility in supercritical CO2 down to low pressures” Nature, 405, 165–168, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sarbu, T., Styranec, T., Beckman, E.J. “Design and Synthesis of Low Cost, Sustainable CO2-philes” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4678–4683, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. DeSimone, J.M., Guan, Z., Elsbernd, C.S. “Synthesis of Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Science, 257, 945–947, 1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Romack, T.J., DeSimone, J.M., Treat, T.A. “Synthesis of Tetratluoroethylene-Basea Nonaqueous Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 28, 8429–8431, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dolbier, W.R. Jr. “Structure, Reactivity, and Chemistry of Fluoroalkyl Radicals” Chem. Rev., 96, 1557–1584, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Guan, Z., Elsbernd, C.S., DeSimone, J.M. “Homogeneous Free Radical Polymenzations of Fluorinated Monomers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 33, 329–330, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Guan, Z., Combes, J.R., Elsbernd, C.S., DeSimone, J.M. “Synthesis of Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 34, 447–448, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ryan, J., Erkey, C., Shaw, M. “Kinetics of Polymerization of 1 H,1 H,5H Octafluoropentyl Acrylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 38, 428–429, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Romack, T.J., Kipp, B.E., DeSimone, J.M. “Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene in a Hybrid Carbon Dioxide/Aqueous Medium” Macromol., 28, 8432–8434, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Romack, T.J., Combes, J.R., DeSimone, J.M. “Free-Radical Telomerization of Tetrafluoroethylene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 28, 1724–1726, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Charpentier, P.A., Kennedy, K.A., DeSimone, J.M., Roberts, G.W. “Continuous Polymerizations in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Chain-Growth Precipitation Polymerizations” Macromol., 32, 18, 5973–5975, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Charpentier, P.A., DeSimone, J.M., Roberts, G.W. “Continuous Precipitation Polymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Modeling the Rate of Polymerization” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4588–4596, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Galia, A., Caputo, G., Spadaro, G., Filardo, G. “Gamma-radiation initiated polymerization of vinylidene fluoride in dense carbon dioxide” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41(24), 5934–5940, 2002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. De Young, J.P., Romack, T.J., DeSimone, J.M. “Fluoroolefin Polymerization in Carbon Dioxide: Synthesis and Characterization of TFE Based Fluoropolymers” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 38, 424–425, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lousenberg, R.D., Shoichet, M.S. “Synthesis of Linear Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-vinyl acetate) in Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 33, 1682–1685, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hagiwara, M., Mitsui, H., Machi, S., Kagiya, T. “Liquid Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent tor the Radiation Polymerization of Ethylene” J. Polymer Science: Part A-1, 6, 603–608, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hagiwara, M., Mitsui, H., Machi, S., Kagiya, T. “Two-stage Irradiation Study on Propagation and Termination in the γ-radiation-induced Polymerization of Ethylene in Liquid Carbon Dioxide” J. Polymer Science: Part A-1, 6, 721–728, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Romack, T.J., Maury, E.E., DeSimone, J.M. “Precipitation Polymerization ot Acrylic Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 28, 912–915, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fukui, K., Kagiya, T., Yokota, H., Toriuchi, Y., Kuniyoshi, F. US Patent 3,522,228, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Consani, K.A., Smith, R.D. “Observations on the Solubility of Surfactants and Related Molecules in Carbon Dioxide at 50°C” J. Sup. Fluids, 3, 51–65, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. DeSimone, J.M., Maury, E.E., Mengeloglu, Y.Z., Mc Clain, J.B., Romack, T.J., Combes, J.R. “Dispersion Polymerizations in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Science, 265, 356–359, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu-Ling, H., Maury, E.E., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Stabilized with Poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 28, 8159–8166, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lepilleur, C., Beckman, E.J. “Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Supercritical CO2” Macromol., 30, 745–756, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Carson, T., Lizotte, J., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone n Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 33, 1917–1920, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shiho, H., DeSimone, J.M. “Preparation of Micron-Size Particles in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” J. Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 27, 2429–2437, 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Canelas, D.A., Betts, D.E., DeSimone, J.M., Yates, M.Z., Johnston, K.P. “Poly(vinyl acetate) and Poly(vinyl acetate-co-ethylene) Latexes via Dispersion Polymerizations in Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 31, 6794–6805, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. O’Neill, M.L., Yates, M.Z., Harrison, K.L., Johnston, K.P. “Emulsion Stabilization and Flocculation in CO2. 1. Turbidimetry and Tensiometry” Macromol., 30, 5050–5059, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mc Clain, J.B., Betts, D.E., Canelas, D.A., Samulski, E.T., DeSimone, J.M., Londono, J.D., Cochran, H.D., Wignall, G.D., Chillura-Martino, D., Triolo, R. “Design of Nonionic Surfactants for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Science, 274, 2049–2052, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Berger, T., Mc Ghee, B., Scherf, U., Steffen, W. “Polymerization of Vinylpyrrolidone in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with a Diblock Copolymer Stabilizer” Macromol., 33, 3505–3507, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Canelas, D.A., Betts, D.E., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Importance of Effective Surfactants” Macromol., 29, 2818–2821, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Canelas, D.A., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in Carbon Dioxide Stabilized with Poly(styrene-b-dimethysiloxane)” Macromol., 30, 5673–5682, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Shiho, H., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Utilizing Random Copolymers Containing a Fluorinated Acrylate for Preparing Micron-Size Polystyrene Particles” J. Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chem., 38, 1146–1153, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Giles, M.R., O’Connor, S.J., Hay, N.J., Winder, R.J., Howdle, C.M. “Novel Graft Stabilizers for the Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 33, 1996–1999, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shiho, H., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Acrylonitrile in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 33, 1565–1569, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shiho, H., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of Glycidyl Methacrylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 34, 1198–1203, 2001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Shiho, H., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methaciylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” J. Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 38, 3783–3790, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Shaffer, K.A., Jones, T.A., Canelas, D.A., DeSimone, J.M. “Dispersion Polymerizations in Carbon Dioxide Using Siloxane-Based Stabilizers” Macromol., 29, 2704–2706, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. O’Neill, M.L., Yates, M.Z., Johnston, K.P., Smith, C.D., Wilkinson, S.P. “Dispersion Polymerization in Supercritical CO2 with a Siloxane-Based Macromonomer: 1. The Particle Growth Regime” Macromol., 31, 2838–2847, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. O’Neill, M.L., Yates, M.Z., Johnston, K.P., Smith, C.D., Wilkinson, S.P. “Dispersion Polymerization in Supercritical CO2 with a Siloxane-Based Macromonomer: 2. The Particle Formation Regime” Macromol., 31, 2848–2856, 1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Christian, P., Howdle, S.M., Irvine, D.J. “Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with a Monofunctional Pseudo-Graft Stabilizer” Macromol., 33, 237–239, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Christian, P., Giles, M.R., Griffiths, M.T., Irvine, D.J., Major, R.C., Howdle, S.M. “Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using a Pseudo-Graft Stabilizer : Effect of Monomer, Initiator, and Stabilizer Concentrations” Macromol., 33, 9222–9227, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Meredith, J.C., Johnston, K.P. “Theory of Polymer Adsorption and Colloid Stabilization in Supercritical Fluids. 2. Copolymer and End-Grafted Stabilizers” Macromol., 31, 5518–5528, 1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cooper, A.I., Hems, W.P., Holmes, A.B. “Synthesis of Highly Cross-Linked Polymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Heterogeneous Polymerization” Macromol., 32, 2156–2166, 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Adamsky, F.A., Beckman, E.J. “Inverse Emulsion Polymerization of Acrylamide in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 27, 312–314, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee, C.T., Psathas, P.A., Johnston, K.P., deGrazia, J., Randolph, WT. “Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Emulsions: Format ion and Stability Langmuir”, 15, 6 781–6 791, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Psathas, P.A., daRocha, S.R.P., Lee, C.T., Johnston, K.P., Lim, K.T., Webber, S. “Waterin-Carbon Dioxide Emulsions with Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based Bolck Copolymer Ionomers” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 2655–2664, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Psathas, P.A., Janowiak, M.L., Garcia-Rubio, L.H., Johnston, K.P. “Formation of Carbon Dioxide in Water Miniemulsions Using the Phase Inversion Temperature Method” Langmuir, 18, 3039–3046, 2002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Clark, M.R., DeSimone, J.M. “Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl and Cyclic Ethers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Macromol., 28, 3002, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Biddulph, R.H., Plesch, P.H. “The Two-temperature Polymerization of Isobutene. IV. Exploratory Experiments” J. Chem. Soc., 3913–3920, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Pernecker, T., Kennedy, J.P. “Carbocationic Polymerisation in Supercritical CarbonDioxide .1. Exploratory Experiments with Isobutylene” Polym. Bull. (Berlin), 32, 537–543, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Deäk, G., Pernecker, T., Kennedy, J.P. “Carbocationic Polymerization in Supercritical CO2 .3. The Ceiling Temperature of and the Effect of Temperature on the Polymerization of Isobutylene” Polym. Bull. (Berlin), 33, 259–265, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Odell, P.G., Hamer, G.K. “Polycarbonates via Melt Transesterification in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 38, 470–471, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Odell, P.G., United States Patent 5,698,665. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Burke, A.L.C., Givens, R.D., Jikei, M., DeSimone, J.M. “Use of CO2 in Step-Growth Polymerizations: From Plasticized Polymer Melts to Solid State Polymerizations” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 38, 387–388, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Givens, R.D., Jikei, M., DeSimone, J.M. “Synthesis of Polyamides and Polycarbonates using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide” Polym. Prepr. (Americam Chemical Society), 38, 468–469, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Italy

    Giuseppe Filardo, Alessandro Galia & Alberto Giaconia

Authors
  1. Giuseppe Filardo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alessandro Galia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alberto Giaconia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    Michele Aresta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Filardo, G., Galia, A., Giaconia, A. (2003). Polymer Synthesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. In: Aresta, M. (eds) Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0245-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0245-4_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6335-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0245-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation