Abstract
Kerogen has been attracting interest of many geochemists and geologists and intensively investigated for over 40 years, because kerogen is regarded as important precursor of petroleum and as a carrier of information of evolution of life and of biological environment throughout the earth’s history (e.g. Blumer, 1973; Hunt, 1996; Tissot and Weite, 1984). Kerogen classifications and its thermal alterations leading to liquid and gaseous products have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (e.g. Tissot and Weite, 1984; Hunt, 1996). These investigations enriched greatly the knowledge of chemistry and geochemistry of kerogen.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abelson P. H. (1963). Organic Geochemistry and the formation of petroleum. 6th World Petroleum Congress, pp. 397–407.
Abelson P. H. (1978). Organic matter in the earth’s crust. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 6, 325–351.
Abelson P. H. and Hare P. E. (1971). Uptake of amino acids by kerogen. Annual report of the director of the geophysical laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 62, 297–303.
Blumer M. (1973). Chemical fossils: trends in organic geochemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. 34, 591–609.
Bordovskiy O. K. (1965). Accumulation and transformation of organic substances in marine sediments. Marine Geol. 3, 3–114.
de Leeuw J. W. and Largeau C. (1993). A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation. In: M. H. Engel and S. A. Macko (eds), Organic Geochemistry. Plenum Publishing Group, pp. 23–72.
Durand B. (1980). Sedimentary organic matter and kerogen. Definition and quantitative importance of kerogen. In: B. Durand (ed.), Kerogen. Editions Technip, pp. 13–34.
Eriksson C. (ed.). (1981). Progress in Food and Nutrition Science. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 501 pp.
Evershed R. P., Bland H. A., Bergen P. F. v., Carter J. F., Horton M. C. and Rowley-Conwy P. A. (1997). Volatile compounds in archaeological plant remains and the Maillard reaction during decay of organic matter. Science 278, 432–433.
Fujimaki M., Namiki M. and Kato H. (eds). (1986). Amino-carbonyl Reactions in Food and Biological Systems. Elsevier, Kodansha Ltd., Amsterdam, 583 pp.
Handa N. (1972). Organogeochemical studies of a 200 meters core sample from Lake Biwa. The determination of carbohydrate and organic carbon. Proc. Japan Acad. 48, 510–515.
Handa N. (1973). Organogeochemical studies of a 200-meter core sample from Lake Biwa II. The determination of protein and lipid. Proc. Japan Acad. 49, 265–270.
Hedges J. I. (1978). The formation and clay mineral reaction of melanoidins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 69–76.
Hedges J. I. (1988). Polymerization of Humic Substances in Natural Environments. In: F. H. Frimmel and R. F. Christman (eds), Humic Substances and Their Role in the Environment. John Wiley, pp. 45–58.
Hedges J. I., Eglinton G, Hatcher P. G, Kirchman D. L., Arnosti C., Derenne S., Evershed R. P., Kogel-Knabner I., de Leeuw J. W., Littke R., Michaelis W. and Rullkotter J. (2000). The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments. Org. Geochem. 31, 945–958.
Hoering T. C. (1973). A comparison of melanoidin and humic acid. Annual Report of the Director of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 72, 682–690.
Horsfield B. (1997). The bulk composition of first-formed petroleum in source rocks. In: D. Weite, B. Horsfield and D. R. Baker (eds), Petroleum and Basin Evolution. Springer, pp. 337–402.
Hunt J. M. (1996) Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company.
Ishiwatari R. (1975). Transformation of sedimentary humic acid, facts and speculations. In: D. Povoledo and H. L. Golterman (eds), Humic Substances. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 109–121.
Ishiwatari R. (1985). Geochemistry of humic substances in lake sediments. In: G R. Aiken, D. M. McKnight, R. L. Wershaw and P. MacCarthy (eds), Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment, and Water. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 147–180.
Ishiwatari R. and Kawamura K. (1981). Abundance of humic compounds in the 200-meter sediment core sample from Lake Biwa. In: S. Horie (ed.), Paleolimnology of Lake Biwa and the Japanese Pleistocene, Vol. 9. Kyoto University, pp. 103–111.
Ishiwatari R. and Machihara T. (1982). Algal lipids as a possible contributor to the polymethylene chains in kerogen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 46, 1459–1464.
Ishiwatari R. and Machihara T. (1983). Early stage incorporation of biolipids into kerogen in a lacustrine sediment: evidence from alkaline potassium permanganate oxidation of sedimentary lipids and humic matter. Org. Geochem. 4, 179–184.
Ishiwatari R., Ishiwatari M., Rohrback G B. and Kaplan I. R. (1977). Thermal alteration experiments on organic matter from recent marine sediments in relation to petroleum genesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 41, 815–828.
Ishiwatari R., Rohrback B. G and Kaplan I. R. (1978). Hydrocarbon generation by thermal alteration of kerogen from difference sediments. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 62, 687–692.
Ishiwatari R., Morinaga S., Yamamoto S., Machihara T., Rubinsztain Y., Ioselis P., Aizenshtat Z. and Ikan R. (1986). A study of formation mechanism of sedimentary humic substances. I. Characterization of synthetic humic substances (melanoidins) by alkaline potassium permanganate oxidation. Org. Geochem. 9, 11–23.
Ishiwatari R., Morinaga S., Yamamoto S. and Machihara T. (1991). Characteristics of kerogens from Recent marine and lacustrine sediments: GC/MS analysis of alkaline permanganate oxidation products. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 5, 53–60.
Kemp A. L. W. and Johnston L. M. (1979). Diagenesis of organic matter in the sediments of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron. J. Great Lakes Res. 5, 1–10.
Knicker H. and Hatcher P. G. (1997). Survival of protein in an organic-rich sediment. Possible protection by encapsulation in organic matter. Naturwissenschaftern 84, 231–234.
Larter S. R. and Douglas A. G. (1980). Melanoidins-kerogen precursors and geochemical lipid sinks: a study using pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 2087–2095.
Mauron J. (1981). The Maillard reaction in food; a critical review from the nutritional standpoint. Prog. Fd. Nutr. Sci. 5, 5–35.
Mongenot T., Riboulleau A., Garcette-Lepecq A., Derenne S., Pouet Y., Baudin F. and Largeau C. (2001). Occurrence of proteinaceous moieties in S- and O-rich Late Tithonian kerogen (Kashpir oil shales, Russia). Org. Geochem. 32, 199–203.
Morinaga S. and Ishiwatari R. (1998). Contribution of carbohydrate and amino acids to the formation of aromatic structure of synthetic melanoidin (model sedimentary humic substance): a study using relabeled glucose. Chikyukagaku (Geochemistry) 32, 97–104 (in Japanese).
Morinaga S., Ishiwatari R. and Machihara T. (1996). Chemical characterization of insoluble macromol-ecules (kerogen) from marine and lacustrine sediments. Molecular distribution of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in alkaline KM04 oxidation products. Chikyukagaku (Geochemistry) 30, 35–45 (in Japanese).
Nguyen R. T. and Harvey H. R. (2001). Preservation of protein in marine systems: hydrophobic and other noncovalent associations as major stabilizing forces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 1467–1480.
Nip M., Tegelaar E. W., de Leeuw J. W. and Schenk P. A. (1986). A new non-saponifiable highly aliphatic and resistant biopolymer in plant cuticles. Evidence from pyrolysis and 13C -NMR analysis of present-day and fossil plants. Naturwissenschaften 73, 579–585.
Nissenbaum A. and Kaplan I. R. (1972). Chemical and isotopic evidence for the in situ origin of marine humic substances. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 570–582.
O’Brien J., Nursten H. E., Crabbe J. C. and Ames J. M. (eds). (1998). The Maillard Reaction in Foods and Medicine. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 464 pp.
Peters K. E., Rohrback B. G. and Kaplan I. R. (1981). Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope variations in kerogen during laboratory-simulated thermal maturation. AAPG Bull. 65, 501–508.
Philp R. P. and Calvin M. (1976). Possible origin for insoluble organic (kerogen) debris in sediments from insoluble cell-wall materials of algae and bacteria. Nature 262, 134–136.
Poinar H. N., Hofreiter M., Spaulding W. G, Martin P. S., Strankiewicz B. A., Bland H., Evershed R. P., Possnert G. and Pääbo S. (1998). Molecular coproscopy: dung and diet of the extinct ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. Science 281, 402–406.
Pokorny J. (1981). Browning from lipid-protein interactions. Prog. Fd. Nutr. Sci. 5, 421–428.
Riboulleau A., Mongenot T., Baudin F., Derenne S. and Largeau C. (2002). Factors controlling the survival of proteinaceous material in Late Tithonian kerogens (Kashpir oil shales, Russia). Org. Geochem. 33, 1127–1130.
Romankevich E. A. (1976). Organic matter of bottom sediments east off Japan and its influence on the oxidation-reduction processes. In: I.I. Volkov (ed.), The Bio geochemistry of the Diagenesis of Oceanic Sediments (in Russian). Nauka, pp. 5–19.
Shioya M. and Ishiwatari R. (1983). Laboratory thermal conversion of sedimentary lipids to kerogen-like matter. Org. Geochem. 5, 7–12.
Standen G, Boucher R. J., Eglinton G, Hansen G, Eglinton T. I. and Larter S. R. (1992). Differentiation of German Tertiary brown coal lithotypes (“amorphous” and “woody” kerogens) using ruthenium tetroxide oxidation and pyrolysis-g.c.-m.s. Fuel 71, 31–36.
Standen G, Boucher R. J., Rafalska-Bloch J. and Eglinton G (1991). Ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of natural organic macromolecules: messel kerogen. Chem. Geol. 91, 297–313.
Suyama K. (1981). Amino-carbonyl reaction in fatty aldehyde-primary amine system. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 55, 1131–1138 (in Japanese).
Tegelaar E. W., de Leeuw J. W., Derenne S. and Largeau C. (1989). A reappraisal of kerogen formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 3103–3106.
Tissot B. and Weite D. (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/ New York/Tokyo, 699 pp.
van de Meent D., Brown S. C., Philp R. P. and Simoneit B. R. T. (1980). Pyrolysis-high resolution gas chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of kerogens and kerogen precursors. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 999–1013.
Vandenbroucke M., Pelet R. and Debyser Y. (1985). Geochemistry of humic substances in marine sediments (Chapter 10). In: G. R. Aiken, D. M. McKnight, R. L. Wershaw and P. MacCarthy (eds), Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment and Water. Wiley-Interscience, pp. 249–273.
Yamamoto S. and Ishiwatari R. (1989). A study of the formation mechanism of sedimentary humic substances. II. Protein-based melanoidin model. Org. Geochem. 14, 479–489.
Yamamoto S. and Ishiwatari R. (1992). A study of the formation mechanism of sedimentary humic substances. III. Evidence for the protein-based melanoidin model. Sci. Total Environ. 117/118, 279–292.
Yamamoto S., Ishiwatari R. and Philip R. P. (1986). Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of insoluble organic matter (kerogen) from a Recent lacustrine sediment. Chikyukagaku (Geochemistry) 20, 39–50 (in Japanese).
Zang X., Nguyen R. T., Harvey H. R., Knicker H. and Hatcher P. G. (2001). Preservation of proteinaceous material during the degradation of the green alga Botryococcus braunii: a solid-state 2D 15N13C NMR spectroscopy study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 3299–3305.
Zang X., van Heemst J. D. H., Dria K. J. and Hatcher P. G (2000). Encapsulation of protein in humic acid from a histosol as an explanation for the occurrence of organic nitrogen in soil and sediment. Org. Geochem. 31, 679–695.
Zegouagh Y, Derenne S., Largeau C., Bertrand P., Sicre M.-A., Saliot A. and Rousseau B. (1999). Refractory organic matter in sediments from the North-West African upwelling system: abundance, chemical structure and origin. Org. Geochem. 30, 101–117.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ishiwatari, R., Yamamoto, S. (2003). Formation of Young Kerogen: Protein-Based Melanoidin Hypothesis and Heating Experiments Under Mild Conditions. In: Ikan, R. (eds) Natural and Laboratory-Simulated Thermal Geochemical Processes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0111-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0111-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6306-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0111-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive