Abstract
Iron supplementation is an important component of anemia treatment for patients on hemodialysis. Iron deficiency develops in these patients for three primary reasons. First, chronic blood loss related to dialysis apparatus blood retention, accidental and surgical blood loss and blood testing [1–3]. Second, the use of phosphate binders interferes with dietary iron absorption [3]. Third, epoetin alfa treatment stimulates rapid production of red blood cells, creating a deficiency of immediately available circulating iron [4–5]. The net result is that iron deficiency is common in hemodialysis patients, and is an important factor that may hinder the achievement of target hemoglobin levels [6].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bone JM. Blood loss and iron requirements in patients on haemodialysis. Scott Med J. 1972;17(8):264–5.
Akmal M, Sawelson S, Karubian F, Gadallah M. The prevalence and significance of occult blood loss in patients with predialysis advanced chronic renal failure (CRF), or receiving dialytic therapy. Clin Nephrol. 1994;42(3):198–202.
Fishbane S, Maesaka JK. Iron management in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29(3):319–33.
Brugnara C, Colella GM, Cremins J, Langley RC Jr, Schneider TJ, Rutherford CJ, Goldberg MA. Effects of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in normal subjects: development of decreased reticulocyte hemoglobin content and iron-deficient erythropoiesis. J Lab Clin Med. 1994;123(5):660–7.
Rutherford CJ, Schneider TJ, Dempsey H, Kirn DH, Brugnara C, Goldberg MA. Efficacy of different dosing regimens for recombinant human erythropoietin in a simulated perisurgical setting: the importance of iron availability in optimizing response. Am J Med. 1994;96(2):139–45.
Richardson D, Bartlett C, Will EJ. Optimizing erythropoietin therapy in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(1):109–17.
Fishbane S, Frei GL, Maesaka J. Reduction in recombinant human erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;26(1):41–6.
Sepandj F, Jindal K, West M, Hirsch D. Economic appraisal of maintenance parenteral iron administration in treatment of anaemia in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1996;11(2):319–22.
Sunder-Plassmann G, Horl WH. Importance of iron supply for erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1995;10(11):2070–6.
Markowitz GS, Kahn GA, Feingold RE, Coco M, Lynn RI. An evaluation of the effectiveness of oral iron therapy in hemodialysis patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin. Clin Nephrol. 1997;48(1):34–40.
Fudin R, Jaichenko J, Shostak A, Bennett M, Gotloib L. Correction of uremic iron deficiency anemia in hemodialyzed patients: a prospective study. Nephron. 1998; 79(3):299–305.
Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, Tomson CR, Baker LR, Raine AE. A randomized controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney Int. 1996;50(5):1694–9.
Macdougall IC. Strategies for iron supplementation: oral versus intravenous. Kidney Int. 1999;69:S61–6.
NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure. National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30(4 supplement 3):S192–240.
Cameron JS. European best practice guidelines for the management of anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1999;14 (supplement 2):61–5.
Cowley JM, Janney DE, Gerkin RC, Buseck PR. The structure of ferritin cores determined by electron nanodiffraction. J Struct Biol. 2000;131(3):210–6.
Geisser P, Baer M, Schaub E. Structure/histotoxicity relationship of parenteral iron preparations. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992;42(12):1439–52.
Bailey G, Strub RL, Klein RC, Salvaggio J. Dextran-induced anaphylaxis. JAMA. 1967;200(10):889–91.
Fishbane S, Ungureanu VD, Maesaka JK, Kaupke CJ, Lim V, Wish J. The safety of intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28 (4):529–34.
Hamstra RD, Block MH, Schocket AL. Intravenous iron dextran in clinical medicine. JAMA. 1980;243(17):1726–31.
Faich G, Strobos G. Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose: safer intravenous iron therapy than iron dextrans. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33(3):464–70.
Novey HS, Pahl M, Haydik I, Vaziri ND. Immunologic studies of anaphylaxis to iron dextran in patients on renal dialysis. Ann Allergy. 1994;72(3):224–8.
Fishbane S, Lynn RL The efficacy of iron dextran for the treatment of iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1995;44(4):238–40.
Bailie GR, Johnson CA, Mason NA. Parenteral iron use in the management of anemia in end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(1):1–12.
Navarro JF, Teruel JL, Liano F, Mareen R, Ortuno J. Effectiveness of intravenous administration of Fe-gluconate-Na complex to maintain adequate body iron stores in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 1996;16:268–72.
Taylor JE, Peat N, Porter C, Morgan AG. Regular low-dose intravenous iron therapy improves response to erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1996;11(6):1079–83.
Braun J, Lindner K, Schreiber M, Heidler RA, Hörl WH. Percentage of hypochromic red blood cells as predictor of erythropoietic and iron response after i.v. iron supplementation in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1997;12:1173–81.
Cortes MJC, Perales MCS, Utiel FJB, Serrano P, Del Barrio PP, Liebana A, Hinojosa JB, Marcos SG, Banasco VP. Effect of intravenous Na-Fe-gluconate in hemodialysis patients treating with rHuEPO. Nefrologia. 1997;17:424–9.
Pascual J, Teruel JL, Liano F, Sureda A, Ortuno J. Intravenous Fe-gluconate-Na for iron-deficient patients on hemodialysis. Nephron. 1992;60:121 (letter).
Nissenson AR, Lindsay RM, Swan S, Seligman P, Strobos J. Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose is safe and effective in hemodialysis patients. N Am Clin Trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:471–82.
Zanen AL, Adriaansen HJ, van Bommel EF, Posthuma R, Th de Jong GM. ‘Oversaturation’ of transferrin after intravenous ferric gluconate (Ferrlicet(R)) in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 1996;11:820–4.
Seligman PA, Schleicher RB. Comparison of methods used to measure serum iron in the presence of iron gluconate or iron dextran. Clin Chem. 1999;45(6 Pt 1):898–901.
Charytan C, Levin N, Al-Saloum M, Hafeez T, Gagnon S, Van Wyck DB. Efficacy and safety of iron sucrose for iron deficiency in patients with dialysis-associated anemia: North American clinical trial. Am] Kidney Dis. 2001;37(2):300–7.
Van Wyck DB, Cavallo G, Spinowitz BS, Adhikarla R, Gagnon S, Charytan C, Levin N. Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(1):88–97.
Silverberg DS, Blum M, Peer G, Kaplan E, Iaina A. Intravenous ferric saccharate as an iron supplement in dialysis patients. Nephron. 1996;72(3):41 3–7.
Stoves J, Inglis H, Newstead CG. A randomized study of oral vs intravenous iron supplementation in patients with progressive renal insufficiency treated with erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 2001;16(5):967–74.
Hoigne R, Breymann C, Kunzi UP, Brunner F. Parenteral iron therapy: problems and possible solutions. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1998;128(14):528–35.
Sato K, Shiraki M. Saccharated ferric oxide-induced osteomalacia in Japan: iron-induced osteopathy due to nephropathy. Endocr J. 1998;45(4):431–9.
Suzuki A, Ohoike H, Matsuoka Y, Irimajiri S. Iatrogenic osteomalacia caused by intravenous administration of saccharated ferric oxide. Am J Hematol. 1993;43 (1):75–6.
Okada M, Imamura K, Iida M, Fuchigami T, Omae T. Hypophosphatemia induced by intravenous administration of Saccharated iron oxide. Klin Wochenschr. 1983;61(2):99–102.
Parkkinen J, von Bonsdorff L, Peltonen S, Gronhagen-Riska C, Rosenlof K. Catalytically active iron and bacterial growth in serum of haemodialysis patients after i.v. iron-saccharate administration. Nephrol Dial Transplantation. 2000;15 (11):1827–34.
Vychytil A, Haag-Weber M. Iron status and iron supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1999;69:S71–8.
Sunder-Plassmann G, Horl WH. Comparative look at intravenous iron agents: Pharmacology, efficacy, sand safety of iron dextran, iron saccharate and ferric gluconate. Semin Dial. 1999;12(4):243–8.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fishbane, S. (2002). Intravenous iron treatment: a comparison of available drugs. In: Ifudu, O. (eds) Renal Anemia. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9998-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9998-6_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6045-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9998-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive