Skip to main content

Research on Elderly Subjects

Striking the Right Balance

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine ((LIME,volume 12))

Abstract

Many chronic and disabling diseases disproportionately or exclusively affect the elderly. Alzheimer’s dementia would be an obvious illustrative example. Unless medical scientists are able to conduct research upon elderly human subjects, prospects for the development of effective therapies will be poor. In the search for reliable diagnostic tests and for effective therapies, animal models are helpful but, ultimately, not adequate (Schafer 1981). Scientific progress in the diagnosis and treatment of such disease requires that procedures and drugs be tested on those who have the disease or who are at high risk of developing it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, T.F. 1982. Why doctors should intervene. Hastings Center Report 12 (4): 14–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ACP (American College of Physicians). 1989. Cognitively impaired subjects. Annals of Internal Medicine 111 (10): 843–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annas, G. J., L. H. Glantz, and B. F. Katz. 1977. The law of informed consent to human experimentation: The subject’s dilemma. Cambridge: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avom, J., and J. Gurwitz. 1990. Principles of pharmacology. In Geriatric medicine, 2d ed., eds, C.K. Cassel, et al., 66–77. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beecher, H. K. 1970. Research and the individual: Human studies. Boston: Little Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.A., F.E. May, and R.B. Stewart. 1987. Clinical research in the elderly: Ethical and methodological considerations. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 21: 1002–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, S. 1978. Informed consent, research, and the elderly. The Gerontologist 18(3): 237–243. Brody, E.M. 1977. Environmental factors in dependency. In Care of the elderly: Meeting the challenge of dependency eds. A.N. Exton-Smith, and J.G.Evans, 81–95. New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassel, C. K. 1988. Ethical issues in the conduct of research in long term care. The Gerontologist 28 (3 Supp): 90–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drane, J. 1985. The many faces of competency. Hastings Center Report 15 (2): 17–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresser, R. 1986. Life, death, and incompetent patients: Conceptual infirmities and hidden values in the law. Arizona Law Review 28 (3): 373–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, R. 1993. Life’s dominion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, B. 1975. A moral theory of informed consent. Hastings Center Report 5 (4): 32–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. 1978. On the right of the institutionalized mentally infirm. Paper prepared for the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Bio-medical and Behavioral Research, Report and recommendations: Research involving those institutionalized as mentally infirm. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78–0006, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halper, T. 1980. The double-edged sword: Paternalism as a policy in the problems of aging. Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly I Health and Society 58 (3): 472–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardwig, J. 1990. What about the family? Hastings Center Report 10 (2): 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, G. 1978. “Clinical research in achieving the right to health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 169: 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cited; R. Q. Marston. Medical science, the clinical trial and society. In Contemporary issues in bioethics, eds. T. L. Beauchamp, and L. Walters, 407–410, (Encino, Calif.: Dickenson Publishing ), 409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaworska, A. 1999. Respecting the margins of agency: Alzheimer’s [sic] patients and the capacity to value. Philosophy and Public Affairs 28 (2): 105–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, H. 1969. Philosophical reflections on experimenting with human subjects. Daedalus 98(2): 219–47. Katz, J. 1984. The silent world of doctor and patient. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leader, M.A., and E. Neuwirth. 1978. Clinical research and the noninstitutionalized elderly: A model for subject recruitment. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 26 (1): 27–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclntyre, A. 1981. After Virtue. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1978. Report and recommendations in research involving those institutionalized as mentally infirm. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78–0006, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. Lindemann. 1992. Taking families seriously. Hastings Center Report 22 (4): 6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratzan, R.M. 1980. “Being old makes you different”: The ethics of research with elderly subjects. Hastings Center Report 10(5): 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, P. 1970. The patient as person. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, G.A., and Christine K. Cassel. 1990. Biomedical research involving older human subjects. Law, Medicine & Health Care 18: 234–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, A. 1981. The ethics of research on human beings: A critical review of the issues and arguments. In Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, eds. Y. Israel, F.B. Glaser, H. Kalant, R.E. Popham, W. Schmidt, R.G. Smart, 475–511. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • The ethics of the randomized clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 307 (12): 719–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civil liberties and the elderly patient. In Ethics and aging: The right to live, the right to die, eds. J.E. Thornton, and E.R. Winkler, 208–14. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strain, L.A., and N.L. Chappell. 1982. Problems and strategies: Ethical concerns in survey research with the elderly. The Gerontologist 22 (6): 526–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, H.A. 1980. Informed consent, memory and age. The Gerontologist 20 (6): 686–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, T., K. Howe, M. Notman, and D. Rossmiller. 1990. An empirical study of proxy consent for elderly persons. The Gerontologist 30 (1): 54–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tymchuk, A., J.G. Ouslander, and N. Rader. 1986. Informing the elderly: A comparison of four methods. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 34 (11): 818–822.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tymchuk, A.J., J.G. Ouslander, B. Bahbar, and J. Fitten. 1988. Medical decision-making among elderly people in long term care. The Gerontologist 28 (3 Suppl): 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlmann, R. F., R. A. Pearlman, and K. Cain. 1988. Physicians’ and spouses’ predictions of elderly patients’ resuscitation preferences. Journal of Gerontology 43: M115–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J. W., J. Sobal, J.H. Tenney, J.M. Hoopes, D. Damron, S. Levenson, B.R. DeForge, H.L. Muncie 1986. Informed consent by proxy: An issue in research with elderly patients. New England Journal of Medicine 315 (18): 1124–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicclair, M. R. 1993. Ethics and the elderly. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M.E., and F.C. Pannill. 1982. Urinary incontinence in the elderly. Annals of Internal Medicine 97: 851–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, E.W.D. 1978. Aging and the aged: Health care and research in the aged. In Encyclopedia of bioethics, ed. Warren T. Reich, 65–9. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, A. W., E. Calkins, E. Hadley, A. Ostfield, J. Kaye, and D. Kaye. 1985. Conducting clinical research in geriatric populations. Annals of Internal Medicine 103 (2): 276–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweibel, N.R., and C.K. Cassel. 1989. Treatment choices at the end of life: A comparison of decisions by older patients and their physician-selected proxies. The Gerontologist 29 (5): 615–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schafer, A. (2001). Research on Elderly Subjects. In: Weisstub, D.N., Thomasma, D.C., Gauthier, S., Tomossy, G.F. (eds) Aging: Decisions at the End of Life. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9682-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9682-4_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5898-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9682-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics