Abstract
Scientific studies generally belong to one of three categories: designed experiments, sample surveys, and observational studies. Most research on the cold hardiness of conifers is based on designed experiments where the scientist wishes to compare two or more treatments. The design and/or analysis of experiments is the topic of numerous books among which are classics such as Cochran and Cox (1957) and Cox (1958). More recently, Mead (1988) has offered an excellent and refreshing view of the subject. For readers who are less mathematically inclined, Little and Hills (1978) give a fairly good introduction to both design and analysis, but they stop short of covering the general linear mixed model which is so often needed in research on cold hardiness. The analysis of such models is covered quite thoroughly by Milliken and Johnson (1984) and Littell et al. (1996), the latter being specifically concerned with recent SAS procedures (SAS Institute Inc. 1989, 1997). In this chapter, we will focus on some important aspects of the design and analysis of data from cold hardiness experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Altman, D.G., Gore, S.M., Gardner, M.J., and Pocock, S.J. 1983. Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. Br. Med. J. 286: 1489–1493.
Bailar, J.C. III, and Mosteller, F. 1988. Guidelines for statistical reporting in articles for medical journals: amplifications and explanations. Ann. Intern. Med. 108: 266–273.
Bigras, F. 1997. Root cold tolerance of black spruce seedlings: viability tests in relation to survival and regrowth. Tree Physiol. 17: 311–318.
Cape, J.N., Leith, I.D., Fowler, D., Murray, M.B., Sheppard, L.J., Eamus, D., and Wilson, R.H.F. 1991. Sulphate and ammonium in mist impair the frost hardening of red spruce seedlings. New Phytol. 118: 119–126.
Cochran, W.G., and Cox, G.M. 1957. Experimental design. 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York.
Cox, D.R. 1958. Planning of experiments. John Wiley Sons Ltd., London.
Ellison, A.M. 1993. Exploratory data analysis and graphic display. In Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Edited by S.M. Schemer and J. Gurevitch. Chapman Hall, New York. pp. 14–45.
Finney, D.J. 1971. Probit analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Finney, D.J. 1986. On presenting tables and diagrams. Scholarly Publishing, 17: 327–342.
Fisher, R.A., and Yates, F. 1963. Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. 6th ed. Oliver Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh.
Hall, J.W. 1998. The presentation of statistical results in journal articles. Can. J. Plant Sci. 77: 11–14.
Hammer, P.A., and Urquhart, N.S. 1979. Precision and replication: critique II. In Controlled environment guidelines for plant research. Proceedings of the Controlled Environments Working Conference, 12–14
March 1979, Madison, Wisconsin. Edited by T.W. Tibbitts and T.T. Kozlowski. Academic Press, Inc., New York. pp. 343–363.
Lee, C.-S., and Rawlings, J.O. 1982. Design of experiments in growth chambers–Uniformity trials in the North Carolina State University phytotron. Crop Sci. 22: 551–558.
Littell, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. 1996. SAS® system for mixed models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.
Little, T.M. 1981. Interpretation and presentation of results. HortScience, 16: 637–640.
Little, T.M., and Hills, F.J. 1978. Agricultural experimentation: design and analysis. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York.
Mead, R. 1988. The design of experiments: statistical principles for practical applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Milliken, G.A., and Johnson, D.E. 1984. Analysis of messy data. Vol. 1. Designed experiments. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., New York.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M.H. 1985. Applied linear statistical models. 2nd ed. Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL.
Potvin, C. 1993. ANOVA: experiments in controlled environments. In Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Edited by S.M. Schemer and J.Gurevitch. Chapman Hall, New York. pp. 46–68.
Potvin, C., and Tardif, S. 1988. Sources of variability and experimental designs in growth chambers. Funct. Ecol. 2: 123–130.
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT® user’s guide. Vers. 6. Vol. 2. 4nd ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.
SAS Institute Inc. 1997. SAS/STAT® software: changes and enhancements through release 6. 12. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.
Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. 1989. Statistical methods. 8th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.
Warren, W.G. 1986. On the presentation of statistical analysis: reason or ritual. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 1185–1191.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernier-Cardou, M., Bigras, F.J. (2001). The Analysis of Cold Hardiness Experiments. In: Bigras, F.J., Colombo, S.J. (eds) Conifer Cold Hardiness. Tree Physiology, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5587-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9650-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive