Abstract
In this section the developed models presented in Part II are applied to calculate the impacts of the scenarios as described in Section IV.2. In IV.3.1 the FLUX — Dynabox combination in its dynamic mode is applied to the flows and stocks of copper and zinc in the Netherlands. Section IV.3.2 is dedicated mainly to the issue of stock modelling, which appears to be quite complicated and also very important for dynamic modelling. In Section IV.3.3 MPC modelling is applied to a specific materials-product chain: zinc gutters. This serves as an illustration of issues of costs and implementation, which are ignored by FLUX. Finally, in Section IV.3.4, the D[SC]B model is applied to calculate the copper and zinc concentrations in agricultural soils resulting from the assumed changes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ayres, R.U. (1978). Resources, Environment, and Economics, Applications of the Materials/Energy Balance Principle. John Wiley and Sons, New York/Chichester/Brisbane/Toronto.
Baccini P. and H.-P. Bader (1996). Regionaler Stoffhaushalt, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berl in Oxford.
Bergbäck, B. and U. Lohm (1997). Metals in Society. In: D. Brune and V. Chapman (Editors.): The global environment–science, technology and management. Scandinavian Scientific Press, Oslo, pp. 276–289.
Finkbeiner, M., M. Wiedemann and K. Saur. 1998. A comprehensive approach towards product and organisation related environmental management tools. Life cycle assessment (ISO 14040) and environmental management systems (ISO 14001). International Journal of LCA 3: 169–178.
Fraanje, P.J., and E. Verkuijlen (1996). Balansen van non-ferro metalen in de Nederlandse woningbouw in 1990. IVAM-onderzoeksreeks no. 76, Amsterdam.
Frosch, R.A. and N.E. Gallopoulos. 1989. Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American 261: 144–152.
Gilbert, A.J. and J.F. Feenstra. 1994. A sustainability indicator for the Dutch environmental policy theme Diffusion’: Cadmium accumulation in soil. Ecological Economics 9: 253–265.
Guinée, J.B., J.C.J.M. van den Bergh, J. Boelens, P.J. Fraanje, G. Huppes, P.P.A.A.H. Kandelaars, Th. M. Lexmond, S.W. Moolenaar, A.A. Olsthoorn, H.A. Udo de Haes, E. Verkuijlen and E. van der Voet. 1999. Evaluation of risks of metal flows and accumulations in economy and environment Ecological Economics (forthcoming).
Ishikawa, M., R. Huele, R. Kleijn and E. van der Voet (in prep.). Predicting future emissions based on characteristics of stocks.
Jarvis, S.C. 1981. Copper concentrations in plants and their relationship to soil properties. In: J.F. Loneragan, A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham (Eds.); Copper in soils and plants. Academic Press Australia, pp. 265–285.
Kleijn, R., R. Huele and E. van der Voet (1998). Dynamic Substance Flow Analysis: the delaying mechanism of stocks, with the case of PVC in Sweden. Ecological Economics, in press.
Lambert, A.J.D. 1994. Chain description of production systems. Milieu 1: 12–22.
Lohm, U., B. Bergbäck, J. Hedbrant, A. Jonsson, J. Svidén, L. Sörme and C. Östlund (1997). Databasen Stockhome. Flöden och ackumulation av metaller i Stockholms teknosfär. Tema V Rapport 25. Linköpings Universitet. ( In Swedish ).
McLaughlin, M.J., C.M.J. Williams, A. McKay, R. Kirkham, J. Gunton, K.J. Jackson, R. Thompson, B. Dowling, D. Partington, M.K. Smart and K.G. Tiller. 1994. Effect of cultivar on uptake of cadmium by potato tubers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45: 1483–1495.
McLaughlin, M.J., N.A. Maier, K. Freeman, K.G. Tiller, C.M.J. Williams and M.K. Smart. 1995. Effect of potassic and phosphatic fertiliser type, fertiliser Cd concentration and zinc rate on cadmium uptake by potatoes. Fertiliser Research 40: 6370.
Mengel, K. and E.A. Kirkby. 1982. Principles of plant nutrition. International Potash Institute, Switzerland, 655 p.
Moolenaar, S.W. 1999. Heavy-metal balances. II: Management of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in European agro-ecosystems. Journal of Industrial Ecology 3 (1).
Moolenaar, S.W., S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee and Th.M. Lexmond. 1997a. Indicators of the sustainability of heavy metal management in agro-ecosystems. The Science of the Total Environment 201: 155–169.
Oliver, D.P., J.E. Schultz, K.G. Tiller and R.H. Merry. 1993. The effect of crop rotations and tillage practices on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44: 1221–34.
Oliver, D.P., R. Hannam, K.G. Tiller, N.S. Wilhelm, R.H. Merry and G.D. Cozens. 1994. The effects of zinc fertilisation on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 705–711.
Olsthoorn, A.A. (1991). Sources of persistent micropollutants: analysis with dynamic materials balances. In: J.B. Opschoor and D. Pearce (eds.): Persistent pollutants: economics and policy. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Udo de Haes, H.A. and G.R. de Snoo. 1996. Environmental certification. Companies and products: two vehicles for a life cycle approach? International Journal of LCA 1: 168170.
Udo de Haes, H.A. and G.R. de Snoo. 1997. The Agro-Production Chain: Environmental management in the agricultural production consumption chain. International Journal of LCA 2: 33–38.
Van Luit, D. and C.H. Henkens. 1967. Effect of the copper status of the soil on the copper content of grass and clover (in Dutch with English and German summary). Verslagen van landbouwkundige onderzoekingen. Centrum voor landbouwpublikaties en land-bouwdocumentatie Wageningen, 33 pp.
Voet, E. van der, R. Kleijn and G. Huppes (1995). Economic characteristics of chemicals as a basis for pollutants policy. Ecological Economics 13 pp 11–26.
Wagenet, R.J. 1996. Description of soil processes and mass fluxes at the regional scale. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, S.P. Evans and M. Trevisan (Eds.); The environmental fate of xenobiotics. Proceedings of the X symposium pesticide chemistry, September 30-October 2, Piacenza, pp. 1–18.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Oers, L. et al. (2000). Results of the scenario calculations. In: van der Voet, E., Guinée, J.B., de Haes, H.A.U. (eds) Heavy Metals: A Problem Solved?. Environment & Policy, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9610-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9610-7_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5406-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9610-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive