Abstract
Redox reactions are present in many physiological processes. Chemical and heat energy are provided by the oxidation of molecules by oxygen in many species. Although necessary to life, oxygen molecules can produce reactive molecules leading to diseases. Other reactive species including free radicals are also responsible for pathological states. The present chapter will only describe the basic redox reactions explaining the formation of reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, alkoxyl radical, hydroperoxyl radical), of reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide radical, nitrogen dioxide, peroxinitrite ion, nitrous acid) and of the very important lipid peroxides. The Fenton reaction plays an important role in the formation of reactive species and the mechanisms will be discussed. The organisms are equipped with defence mechanisms; both enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) and non-enzymatic reactions, some of them including the scavengers are summarized here.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Abbreviations
- ATP:
-
adenosine-5’-triphosphate
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- FMN:
-
flavin mononucleotide
- GSH:
-
glutathione reduced form
- GSSG:
-
glutathione disulfide
- NADH:
-
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form
- NADPH:
-
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form
- NAD(P)H:
-
NADH or NADPH
- NAD+ :
-
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized
- NADP+ :
-
β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NOS:
-
nitric oxide synthase
- RNS:
-
reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- Se-GPx:
-
selenium-glutathione peroxidase
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
References
Armstrong D., ed. (1994) Free radicals in diagnostic and medicine. Plenum Press, New York
Asmus K.D., Gobl M., Hiller K. O., Mahling S. and Monig J. (1985) Three-electron-bonded radicals and radicalcations in aqueous solutions. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. II, 641–6
Balasubramanian B., Pogozelski W.K. and Tullius T.D. (1998) DNA strand breaking by the hydroxyl radical is governed by the accessible surface areas of the hydrogen atoms of the DNA bakbone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9738–43
Blackledge M., Guerlesquin F. and Marion D., (1995) Variations of methionine ligand position in class I cytochrome c: its implications for sequence homology. Nature Struct. Biol. 2, 532–535
Blanchard L. and Guerlesquin F., (1995) Propriétés d’oxydo-réduction dans les chaînes de transfert d’électrons. Regards sur la Biochimie, 4, 41–48
Bobrowski K. and Holcman J. (1987) Formation of three-electron-bonds in one-electron oxidized methionine dipeptides: a pulse radiolysis study. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 52, 139–44.
Cadenas E. (1989) Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 58, 79–110
Chaudière J. (1994) Some chemical and biochemical constraints of oxidative stress in living cells. In Free radical damage and its control. Rice-Evans C.A. and Burdon R.H. (Eds), Elsevier Science B.V.Ch 2.
Chow C.K. (1988) Vitamins and related dietary antioxidants. In Trace elements, micronutrients, and free radicals. I.E.Dreosti ed., humana press, Totowa, New jersey, 129147
Cino M. and Del Maestro R.F. (1989) Generation of hydrogen peroxide by brain mitochondria: the effects of reoxygenation following postdecapitative ischemia. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269, 623–638
Del Maestro R. (1991) Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury. In Trace elements, micronutrients and free radicals.
Dreosti I.E. (Ed). Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. Demple B. (1998) A bridge to control. Science 279, 1655–1657
Diplock A.T. (1994) Antioxidants and free radical scavengers. In Free radical damage and its control. Rice-Evans C.A. and Burdon R.H. (Eds), Elsevier Science B.V.Ch 4
Dreosti I.E. (Ed) (1991) Trace elements, micronutrients and free radicals. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.
Gilad E., Cuzzocrea S., Zingarelli B., Salzman A. and Szabo C. (1997) Melatonin is a scavenger of peroxinitrite. Life Sciences 60, 169–174
Gilbert H.F. (1990) Molecular and cellular aspects of thiol-disulfide exchange. Adv. In Enzymol. 63, 69–172
Gutteridge J.M.C. (1995) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage. Clin. Chem. 41, 1819–1828
Halliwell B. and Gutteridge J.M.C. (1989) Free radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press, 543 pp.
Halliwell B. and Gutteridge J.M.C. (1990) Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. In Oxygen radicals in biological systems part B in Methods in Enzymol. Packer L. and Glazer A.N. (eds) 186, Ch. 1
Hardeland R., Reiter R.J., Poeggeler B. and Tan D.X. (1993) The significance of the metabolism of the neurohormone melatonin: antioxidative protection and formation of bioactive substances. Neuroscience and behavioral reviews, 17, 347–353
Henle E.S., Han Z., Tang N., Rai P., Luo Y. and Linn S. (1999) Sequence-specific DNA cleavage by Fez+ -mediated Fenton reactions has possible biological implications. J.Biol.Chem. 274, 962–71
Higuchi H., Granger D.N., Saito H. and Kurose I. (1999) Assay of antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of nitric oxide. In Methods in Enzymol., Packer L. (Ed.) Academic Press, London, New York, 301, 424–436.
Hildebrand K and Schulte-Frohlinde D (1989) E.S.R. studies on the mechanism of hydroxyl radical-induced strand breakage of polyuridylic acid. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 55, 725–738.
Kawanishi S, Inoue S, Sano S and Aiba H (1986) Photodynamic guanine modification by haematoporphyrin is specific for single-stranded DNA with singlet oxygen as mediator. J. Biol. Chem., 261, 6090–5.
Kobuchi H., Virgili F. and Packer L. (1999) Assay of inducible form of nitric oxide synthase activity: effect of flavonoids and plant extracts. In Methods in Enzymol., Packer L. (Ed.) Academic Press, London, New York, 301, 504–513
Koppenol W.H. and Traynham J.G. (1996) Say NO to nitric oxide: nomenclature for Nitrogen and Oxygen-containing compounds. In Meth. In Enzymol., 268, 3–31, Academic Press
Koppenol W.H. (1994) Chemistry of iron and copper in radical reactions. In Free radical damage and its control.
Rice-Evans C.A. (1994) and Burdon R.H. (Eds), Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam, Ch 1.
Krinsky N.I. (1992) Mechanism of action of biological antioxidants, P.E.S.B.M., 200, 24825 )
Lass A. and Sohal R.S. (1998) Electron transport-linked ubiquinone-dependent recycling of a-tocopherol inhibits autooxidation of mitochondrial membranes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 352, 229–36
Lloyd R.V. and Mason R.P. (1990) Evidence against transition metal-independent hydroxyl radical generation by xanthine oxidase J. Biol. Chem. 265, 16733–6
Mc Cord J.M. and Fridovitch I. (1969) Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem. 244, 6049–6055.
Mitchell P. (1961) Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemic-osmotic type of mechanism; Nature 191, 144–148
Morehouse K.M. and Mason R.P. (1988) The transition-metal — mediated formation of the hydroxyl free radical during the reduction of molecular oxygen by ferredoxin-ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1204–11
Moslen M.T. (1994) Reactive oxygen species in normal physiology, cell injury and phagocytosis. In Free radicals in diagnostic and medicine. Armstrong D. (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 17–27
Nappi A.J. and Vass E. (1998) Hydroxyl radical formation resulting from the interaction of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1380, 55–63
Oshiro S. and Nakajima H. (1988) Intrahepatocellular site of the catabolism of haem and globin moiety of haemoglobin — haptoglobin after intravenous administration to rats. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16032–16038
Packer L. (Ed.) Nitric oxide, Methods in Enzymol. (1999), Academic Press, London, New York, vol 301
Parks D.A. and Granger D.N. (1989) Xanthine oxidase: Biochemistry, distribution and physiology. Acta Physiol. Scand., Suppl. 548, 87–99
Piette J. (1991) Biologicalconsequences associated with DNA oxidation mediated by singlet oxygen. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B: Biol., 11, 241–260.
Reiter R.J., ChenL.D., Poeggeler B., Barlow-Walden L., Sewerynek E. and Melcchiorri D. (1996) Antioxidants actions of melatonin and structurally related compouds. In: Handbook of Antioxidants. Cadenas E. and Packer L. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 513–541
Reiter R.J. (1998) Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: protection by melatonin. Progr. In Neurobiol. 56, 359–384
Rice-Evans C.A. and Burdon R.H. (Eds) Free radical damage and its control. (1994) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Schraufstatter I., Hyslop P.A., Jackson J.H. and Cochrane C.G. (1988) Oxidant-induced DNA damage of target cells. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 1040–1050
Schreck R. and Bauerle P.A. (1991) A role of oxygen radical as second messenger. Trends Cell Biol. 1, 39–42
Schürmann P. (1995) Ferredoxin: thioredoxin system. Methods in Enzymol., Packer L. (Ed.) Academic Press, London, New York, 252, 274–283
Sies H., de Groot H. (1992) Role of reactive oxygen species in cell toxicity, Toxicoll. Lett. Dec 64–65 Spec No 547–551
Sies H. (1993) Strategies of antioxidative defence. Eur. J. Biochem. 215, 213–219
Tan D.X., Chen L.D., Poeggeler B., Manchester L.C. and Reiter R.J. (1993a) Melatonin: a potent endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine J. I, 57–60
Tan D.X., Manchester L.C., Reiter R.J., Plummer B.F., Hardies R.J., Weintraub S.T., Vijayalaxmi, Shepherd A.M.M. (1998) A novel melatonin metabolite: cyclichydroxymelatonin: a biomarker of in vivo hydroxyl radical generation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253, 614–620
Temple B. (1998) A bridge to control, Science, 279, 1655–1656
Thomas J.P., Geiger P.G., Maiorino M., Ursini F. and Girotti A.W. (1990) Enzymatic reduction of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides in artificial bilayers and lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1045, 252–260
Vaz A.D. and Coon M.J. (1990) Reductive cleavage of hydroperoxides by cytochrome P-450. In Meth. in Enzymol. 186, 278–282, Academic Press
Wikström M. and Saraste M. (1984) The mitochondrial respiratory chain. In Bioenergetics, L. Ernster, ed., New Comprehensive Biochemistry, vol 19, Elsevier, pp. 49–92.
Winterbourn C.C. (1991) Free radical biology of iron. In Trace elements, micronutrients and free radicals. Dreosti I.E. (Ed). Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Petiau - de Vries, G.M., Baeyens - Volant, D. (2000). The Biochemistry of Redox Reactions. In: Driessche, T.V., Guisset, JL., Petiau-de Vries, G.M. (eds) The Redox State and Circadian Rhythms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9556-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9556-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5516-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9556-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive