Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Insect Pathogenic Fungi: From Genes to Populations

  • Chapter
Book cover Fungal Pathology

Abstract

Despite many advances in pest control, including the transgenic expression of insect toxic proteins in crop plants, insects continue to represent serious competition for food globally. Furthermore, insect resistance to chemical insecticides (Charlesworth, 1998), to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; Tabashnik et al., 1997) and to Bt-transgenic crops (Tabashnik, 1997) suggests that crop protection alternatives should be exploited. One of these alternatives is the utilization of entomopathogenic fungi, one of the most important factors regulating insect populations in nature. Spectacular epizootics produced by entomopathogenic fungi are known to decimate grasshoppers, aphids, leafhoppers, soil-dwelling larvae and other insects whose populations have the potential for explosive growth (Tanada and Kaya, 1993).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alves, R. T., Bateman, R.P., Prior, C., and Leather, S.R. (1998) Effects of simulated solar radiation on conidial germination of Metarhizium anisopliae in different formulations, Crop Protection 17, 675–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arkhipova, V.D. (1965) Fungus diseases of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella L. (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae), Entomol. Rev 44, 432–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J. (in review) Monitoring the Fate of Biocontrol Fungi. CAB Press, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J. and Hajek, A.E. (1996) Protoplast plasma membrane glycoproteins in two species of entomophthoralean fungi, Mycol. Res. 100, 1094–1098.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J. and Khachatourians, G.G. (1994) Basic proteases of entomopathogenic fungi differ in their absorptive properties to insect cuticle, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64, 26–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M. J., Kasperski, J.E. and Wild, G.A.M. (1998) Occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in soils from temperate and near-northern habitats, Can. J. Bot. 76, 1198–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J., Melzer, M.J., Lavender, T.M., and Kamp, A.M. (2000) Genetically related isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae harbor homologous dsRNA viruses. Mycological Research (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J., Walsh, S.R.A., Ramos, M.E., St.Leger, R.J., Silver, J.C. and Roberts, D.W. (1996) Fate of biological control introductions: Monitoring an Australian fungal pathogen of grasshoppers in North America, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93, 918–921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J., St. Leger, R.J., Joshi, L. and Roberts, D.W. (1995a) The rodlet layer from aerial and submerged conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana contains hydrophobin, Mycol. Res. 99, 403–406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J., Walsh, S.R.A., Ramos, M.E., St.Leger, R.J., Silver, J.C. and Roberts, D.W. (1995b) Pathotypes in the Entomophaga grylii species complex of grasshopper pathogens differentiated with random amplified of polymorphic DNA and cloned-DNA probes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 556–560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M.J., McDonald, M.A., St Leger, R.J. and Roberts, D.W. (1994) Differentiation of species and strains of entomopathogenic fungi by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Curr. Gen., 25, 107–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D.G., Pendland, J.C. and Latge, J.P. (1988) Nonspecific factors involved in attachment of entomopathogenic Deuteromycetes to host insect cuticle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 1795–1805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, P.D., Prior, C., Sagbohan, J., Lomer, C.J., Carey, M. and Buddie, A. (1997) Molecular characterization of isolates of Metarhizium from locusts and grasshoppers. Biodiver. Conserv. 6, 177–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butt, T.M., Segers, R., Leal, S.C. and Kerry, B.R. (1998) Variation in the subtilisins of fungal pathogens of insects and nematodes, in P. Bridge, Y. Couteaudier and J. Clarkson, (eds.), Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens, CAB International, New York, pp. 149–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, R.I., Ramos, M.E., Larkin, T.S., Hostetter, D.L. and Soper, R.S. (1997) The Entomophaga grylii (Fresenius) Batko species complex: Its biology, ecology, and use for biological control of pest grasshoppers, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171, 329–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, R. I., Feng, Z., Ramos, M.E. and Soper, R.S. (1988) The effect of solar radiation on the survival of Entomophaga grylli (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) conidia, J. Invertebr.Pathol. 52, 154–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerenius, L., Thornqvist, P-O., Vey, A., Johansson, M.W. and Soderhall, K. (1990) The effect of the fungal toxin destruxin E on isolated crayfish haemocytes, J. Insect Physiol. 36, 785–789.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, B. (1998) Adaptive evolution: The struggle for dominance, Curr. Biol. 8, 502–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, G. H., Marek, E.T., Schardl, C.L., Richey, M.G., Chang, S. and Smith, D.A. (1990) sti35, a stress-responsive gene in Fusarium spp. J. Bacteriol. 179, 4522–4528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, R.C. and Whipps, J.M. (1993) Ecophysiology of Fungi, Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, U.K. pp. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Croos, J. N. A. and Bidochka, M.J. (1999) Effects of low temperature on growth parameters in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, Can. J. Microbial., 45: 1055–1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickman, M.B., Buhr, T.L., Warwar, V., Truesdell, G.M., and Huang, C.X. (1995) Molecular signals during the early stages of alfalfa anthracnose, Can. J. Bot. 73, Supplement 1, 51169–S1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dukan, S., Dudon, S., Smulski, D.R. and Belkin, S. (1996) Hypochlorous acid activates the heat shock response and saxRS systems of Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4004–4008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Goetel, M.S., Smits, N., Ouedraogo, A. and Rougier, M.. (1997) Effect of temperature on vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana isolates from different origins, Mycologia 89, 383–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenice, M., Selbmann, L., Di Giambattista, R. and Federici, F. (1998) Chitinolytic activity at low temperature of an Antarctic strain (A3) of Verticillium lecanii, Res. Microbiol. 149, 289–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M. J. and Pell, J.K. (1997) The influence of environmental factors on the persistence of Zoophthora radicans conidia, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 223–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, A.T. and Claydon, N. (1989) The use of entomogenous fungi for pest control and the role of toxins in pathogenesis, Pesticide Science 27, 203–215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, J.P., Kanost, M.R. and Trenczek, R. (1997) Biological mediators of insect immunity, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 42, 611–643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottwald, T. R. and Tedder, W.L. (1982) Studies on conidia release by the entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) from adult pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curiculionidae) cadavers, Environ.Entomol. 11, 1274

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A.E. (1997) Entomophaga maimaiga reproductive output is determined by the spore type initiating an infection, Mycol. Res. 101, 971–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E. and Humber, R.A. (1997) Formation and germination of Entomophaga maimaiga azygospores, Can. J. Bot. 75, 1739–1747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A.E. and St. Leger, R.J. (1994) Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 39, 293–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A.E., Humber, R.A., Elkington, J.S., May, B., Walsh, S.R.A. and Silver, J.C. (1990) Allozyme and restriction length polymorphism analyses confirm Entomophaga maimaiga responsible for 1989 epizootics in North American gypsy moth populations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6979–6982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinnebusch, A.G. (1988) Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiol. Rev. 52, 248–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, M.C., Knight, S.J.L., Bell, M.V., Super, M., and Davies, K.E. (1992) The fragile X syndrome, Clin. Sci. 83, 255–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, K.T., Sawyer, A.J. and Humber, R.A. (1995) RAPD-PCR for identification of Zoopthora radicans isolates in biological control of the potato leafhopper, J. Invertebr.Pathol. 65, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao, W.-F., Bidochka, M.J. and Khachatourians, G.G. (1992) Effects of diphenols on the growth of three entomopathogenic fungi, Can. J. Microbiol. 38, 1000–1003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humber, R.A. (1992) Collection of entomopathogenic fungal cultures: Catalog of strains. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services. ARS-110, 177 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G.D., Johnson, D.L. and Goettel, M.S. (1996) Effects of temperature and thermoregulation on mycosis by Beauveria bassiana in grasshoppers, Biol. Control 7, 131–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. (1987) A model fungal gene regulatory mechanism: the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiol. Rev. 51, 458–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, L., St. Leger, R.J. and Bidochka, M.J. (1995) Cloning of a cuticle-degrading protease from the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana FEMS Microbial. Lett. 125, 211–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, A.M. (1999) Habitat associated clonal lineages in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in Ontario. B.Sc. (hons) thesis., Trent University, 56 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanost, M.R. and Jiang, H. (1996) Proteinase inhibitors in invertebrate immunity, in K. Soderhall, S. Iwanaga and G.R. Vasta (eds.), New Directions in Invertebrate Immunology, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leal, S.C.M., Bertioli, D.J., Butt, T.M., Carder, J.H., Burrows, P.R. and Peberdy, J.F. (1997) Amplification and restriction endonuclease digestion of the Pr genes for the detection and characterization of Metarhizium strains, Mycol. Res. 101, 257–265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal, S.C.M., Bertioli, D.J., Butt, T.M. and Peberdy, J.F. (1994) Characterization of isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae by RAPD-PCR, Mycol. Res. 98, 1077–1081.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levashina, E.A., Langley, E., Green, C., Gubb, D., Ashburner, M., Hoffmann, J.A. and Riechhart, J-M. (1999) Constitutive activation of Toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila, Science 285, 1917–1919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, S. (1986) The heat shock response, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 1151–1191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingg, A. J. and Donaldson, M.D. (1981) Biotic and abiotic factors affecting stability of Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 191–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mach, R. L., Peterbauer, C.K., Payer, K., Jaksits, S., Woo, S.L., Zeilinger, S., Kullnig, C.M., Lorito, M. and Kubicek, C.P. (1999) Expression of two major chitinase genes of Trichoderma atroviride (T. harzianum P1) is triggered by different regulatory signals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. y 65, 1858–1863.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, D. M. (1963) Entomophthorales Infections, in E. A. Steinhaus (ed.), Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise. 189–231. Academic Press, London and New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes, B. P., Humber, R.A., Shields, E.J. and Roberts, D.W. (1991) Effects of environment and nutrition on conidium germination and appressoria formation by Zoophthora radicans (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales): a pathogen of the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), Entomol. Soc. Am. 20, 1460–1468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P., Conteaudier, Y., Girard, P.A., Bridge, P.D. and Riba, G. (1997) Genetic diversity of Beauveria bassiana and relatedness to host range, Mycol.Res. 101, 159–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melzer, M.J. and Bidochka, M.J. (1998) Diversity of double-stranded RNA viruses within populations of entomopathogenic fungi and potential implications for fungal growth and virulence, Mycologia 90, 586–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millstein, J. A., Brown G.C. and Nordin, G.L. (1983) Microclimate moisture and conidial production in Erynia sp. (Entomophthorales: Entomopthoraceae): In vivo production rate and duration under constant and fluctuating moisture regimes, Environ. Entomol. 12, 1344–1349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. (1978) On the occurrence of Entomophthora grylli, a fungal pathogen of grasshoppers in Australia, J. Australian Entomol. Soc. 17, 293–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J., Soper, R.S., Lutton, G.G. (1982) Field release of an Israeli strain of the fungus Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko for the biological control of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f maculata, J. Australian Entomol. Soc. 21, 113–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. and G. G. Lutton, G.G. (1986) Dependence of Verticillium lecanii (fungi: Hyphomycetes) on high humidities and sporulation using Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) as hosts, Environ.Entomol. 15, 380–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J., Staples, J.A. and Lutton, G.G. (1997) The effect of humidity on germination and infection of termites by the hyphomycete, Metarhizium anisopliae, J. Inverterbr. Pathol.69, 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogarkova, G.R., and Ogarkov, B.N. (1986) [Occurence and distribution of entomogenous fungi in forest and agricultural biocoenoses], Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya 20, 170–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendland, J.C. and Boucias, D.G. (1993) Variations in the ability of galactose and mannose-specific lectins to bind to cell wall surfaces during growth of the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 60, 322–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickford, R. and Riegart, P.W. (1964) The fungus disease caused by Entomophthora grylli Fres., and its effects on grasshopper populations in Saskatchewan in 1963, Can.Entomol. 96, 1158–1166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, R. J. (1988) Use of fungi to control insects in glasshouses, in M. N. Burge (ed.), Fungi in biological control systems, Manchester University Press, UK, pp. 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redkar, R. J., Lemke, P.A. and Singh, N.K. (1996) Altered gene expression in Aspergillus nidulans in response to salt stress, Mycologia 88, 256–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. W. and Hajek, A.E. (1992) Entomopathogenic Fungi as Bioinsecticides, in Leatham, G.F. (ed.) Frontiers in Industrial Mycology. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, pp. 144–159.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roddam, L. F. and Rath, A.C. (1997) Isolation and characterisation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana from subantarctic Macquarie Island, J.Invertebr.Pathol. 69, 285–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roffrey, J. (1968) The occurrence of the fungus Entomophthora grylli Fres., on lands and grasshoppers in Thailand, J.Invertebr.Pathol. 11, 237–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger R.J. and Bidochka, M.J. (1996) Insect fungal interactions, in K. Soderhall, S. Iwanaga and G.R. Vasta (eds.), New Directions in Invertebrate Immunology,SOS Publications, Fair Haven, N.J. pp.443479.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Joshi, L., and Roberts, D.W (1998) Ambient pH is a major determinant in the expression of cuticle-degrading enzymes and hydrophobin by Metarhizium anisopliae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 709–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Joshi, L., Bidochka, M.J. and Roberts, D.W. (1996) Construction of an improved mycoinsecticide overexpressing a toxic protease, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6349–6354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Bidochka, M.J. and Roberts, D.W. (1994) Germination triggers of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia are related to host species, Microbiol. 140, 1651–1660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., May, B., Allee, L.L., Frank, D.C., Staples, R.C., Roberts, D.W. (1992a) Genetic differences in allozymes and in formation of infection structures among isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 60, 89–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Frank, D.C., Roberts, D.W. and Staples, R.C. (1992b) Molecular cloning and regulatory analysis of the cuticle-degrading protease structural gene from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 991–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Staples, R.C. and Roberts, D.W. (1992c) Cloning and regulatory analysis of starvation-stress gene, ssgA, encoding a hydrophobin-like protein from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, Gene 120, 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Goettel, M. and Roberts, D.W. (1991) Pre-penetration events during infection of host cuticle by Metarhizium anisopliae, J.Invertebr.Pathol.58, 168–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, P.M., Gomez-Chiarri, M., and Powers, D.A. (1997) Structural and functional differences in the promoter and 5’ flanking region of Ldh-B within and between populations of the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Genetics 145, 759–769.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Screen, S., Bailey, A., Charnley, K, Cooper, R., and Clarkson, J. (1997) Carbon regulation of the cuticle-degrading enzyme PR1 from Metarhizium anisopliae may involve a trans-acting DNA-binding protein CRR1, a functional equivalent of the Aspergillus nidulans CREA protein, Curr. Genet. 31, 511–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shands, W. A., Hall, I.M., and Simpson, G.W. (1962) Entomophthoraceous fungi attacking the potato aphid in Northeastern Maine in 1960, J. Econ. Entomol.. 55, 174–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soderhall, K., Cerenius, L. and Johansson, M.W. (1996) The prophenoloxidase activating system in invertebrates, in K. Soderhall, S. Iwanaga and G.R. Vasta (eds.), New Directions in Invertebrate Immunology, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, N.J. pp. 229–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E.A. (1960) Symposium: Selected topics in microbial ecology. II. The importance of environmental factors in the insect-microbe ecosystem, Bacteriol. Rev. 24, 365–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabashnik, B.E. (1997) Seeking the root of insect-resistance to transgenic plants, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3488–3490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabashnik, B.E., Liu, Y-B., Malvar, T., Heckel, D.G., Masson, L., Ballester, V., Granero, F., Mensua, J.L. and Ferre, J. (1997) Global variation in the genetic and biochemical basis of diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 12780–12785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, N. J., McCafferty, H. R. K., Ma, M., Moore, K. and Hamer, J.E. (1997) Nitrogen starvation of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea may act as an environmental cue for disease symptom expression, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 50, 179–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y and Kaya, H.H. (1993) Insect Pathology. San Diego, Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Templeton, M.D., Rikkerink, E.H.S. and Beever, R.E. (1994) Small, cysteine-rich proteins and recognition in fungal-plant interactions, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions 7, 320–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tigano-Milani, M.S., Gomes, A.C.M.M., and Sobral, B.W.S. (1995) Genetic variability among Brazilian isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 65, 206–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinline, R.D. and Noviello, C. (1971) Heterokaryosis in the entomogenous fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae, Mycologia 63, 701–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torzilli, A. P. (1997) Tolerance to high temperature and salt stress by a salt marsh isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans, Mycologia 89, 786–792.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Typas, M.A., Mavridou, A. and Kouvelis, V. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA differences provide maximum intraspecific polymorphism in the entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae and allow isolate detection and identification, in P. Bridge, Y. Couteaudier and J.M. Clarkson (eds.), Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens CAB International, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vainninen, I. (1996) Distribution and occurrence of four entomopathogenic fungi in Finland: effect of geographical location, habitat type and soil type, Mycol. Res. 100, 93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viaud, M., Couteaudier, Y., Levis, C. and Riba, G. (1996) Genome organization in Beauveria bassiana: Electrophoretic karyotype, gene mapping, and telomeric fingerprint, Fungal Genet. Biol. 20, 175–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, S.R.A., Tyrrell, D., Humber, R.A. and Silver, J.C. (1990) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the rDNA repeat unit of Entomophaga, Expert. Mycol. 14, 381–392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walstad, J.D., Anderson, R.F. and Stambaugh, W.J. (1970) Effects of environmental conditions on two species of Muscardine fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae), J. Invertebr. Pathol. 16, 221–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwar, V., and Dickman, M.B. (1996) Effects of calcium and calmodulin on spore germination and appressorium development in Colletotrichum trifolii, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 74–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widden, P., and Parkinson, D. (1979) Populations of fungi in a high arctic ecosystem, Can. J. Bot. 57, 1324–1431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S.P. and Grula, E.A. (1984) Utilizable surface nutrients on Heliothis zea available for growth of Beauveria bassiana, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 43, 259–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, S. P., Butt, T.M., Galaini-Wraight, S., Allee, L.L. and Roberts, D.W. (1990) Germination and infection process of the entomophthoralean fungus Erynia radicans on the potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56, 157–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier, I. J. and G. G. Khachatourians. 1996. Heat-shock response of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii, Can. J. Microbiol. 42, 577–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z., Dickman, M.B. (1997) Regulation of cAMP and cAMP dependent protein kinase during conidial germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum trifolii, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 50, 117127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zibilske, L. M. and Wagner, G.H. (1982) Bacterial growth and fungal genera distribution in soil amended with sewage sludge containing cadmium, chromium and copper, Soil Science. 134, 364–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, G. (1986) The ‘Galleria bait method’ for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil, J. Appl.Entomol. 102, 213–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, G. (1982) Effect of high temperature and sunlight on the viability of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 40, 36–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8

    Michael J. Bidochka, Andrena M. Kamp & J. N. Amritha de Croos

Authors
  1. Michael J. Bidochka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrena M. Kamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. N. Amritha de Croos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

J. W. Kronstad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bidochka, M.J., Kamp, A.M., de Croos, J.N.A. (2000). Insect Pathogenic Fungi: From Genes to Populations. In: Kronstad, J.W. (eds) Fungal Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9546-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9546-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5483-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9546-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation