Abstract
The Geryonidae seem to be particularly useful in considering the formation of endoderm in the Metazoa; the fairly large size of their embryonic cells facilitates such a study. I studied the embryonic devlopment of Carmarina hastata as early as 1870, and found that “the blastoderm divides into two layers, with a transparent gelatinous mass between them.” [1] A year later, Folle [2] studied the development of Gyryonia (Carmarina) fungiformis and observed the same division of the blastula into two embryonic layers. Our data, however, was disputed by Kovalevsky in 1873, [3] who considered that the blastodem in Carmarina hastata becomes invaginated; this invagination, according to him, subsequently leads to the formation of endoderm. Kovalevsky observed the same division of blastoderm cells but interpreted it differently from Folle and myself. The following quotation is from Kovalevsky’s Russian text:
Cell division is very rapid and results in the forrmation of a one-layered blastoderm consisting of fairly elongated cylindrical, or more correctly truncated-pyramidal, cells surrounding a small cleavage cavity.2 The nuclei are located at the outer ends of the cells, while the inner parts are filled with transparent gelatinous matter. The separation of the outer and inner parts is soon observed; the former is transformed into surface epithelium, while the inner parts fuse with each other to form an almost completely homogeneous, gelatinous mass, which fills up the cleavage cavity to form a gelatinous mass in the young larva; a small invagination in the surface cells at one end of the embryo becomes the larval stomach; the ventral side of the outer layer, close to the mouth, thickens, and small rudiments of nodulose tentacles develop, and the formation of the umbrellar cavity begins.
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References
Metchnikoff, E.I. Issledovaniya o razvitii meduz i sifonofor. Sobraniye sochinenij, Moscow: Izd-vo Academii Nauk SSSR, vol. II, 1946, str. 424–471.
Jenaische Zeitschr., Bd. VII, 1873, S. 471.
Nabludeniya nad razvitiem kishechnopolostnyh. Izvestiya O-va lubitelej estestvoznaniya, antropo logii i etnografii, t. X, v. 2, M., 1874, str. 10.
Studien zur Gaestraea Theorie, 1877, S. 267. Note.
Embrional’noye razvitiye i pochkovaniye Pedicelina echinata, Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool.,Bd. XXX, S. 525.
Die Coelomtheorie, Jenaische Zeischr.,Bd. XV, H. 1, S. 124.
Issledovaniya o razvitii meduz i sifonofor.(vol. 2 of Russian edition, pp. 424–471)
These drawings are utterly similar to drawings in the Strassburger’s book, Zellbildung und Zelltheilung, 3rd ed., Jena, 1880, Fig. II, Dr. 38–53.
Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XX XII, 1879.
Thus, I consider stages in Dr. 34 and 35 (Fig. XIX) to be too different to compare to each other; it is quite doubtful also that the two-layered endoderma becomes a one-layered one.
Handb. d. vergl. Embryol.,Bd. I, Jena, 1880, S. 148, Note.
Loc. cit., p. 338.
Das System der Medusen (first part of the first chapter), Jena, 1879, S. 348. He mentions here a swiming-at-large gaestrula in Craspedota (p. 7, 119); since its existence is not proved by any data I will not consider it.
proishozhdenii kunin, pochkuyuscihsya v zheludke gerionid. Izvestiya Ob-va lubiteley estestvoznaniya, antropologii i etnografii, V. XXIV, M., 1876, str. 7.
My observations of Cunina rhododactyla do nor confirm Haeckel’s assumption that there is a genetic link between Carmarina and Cunina, as well as that formation of buds on Carmarina’s tongue is due to sexless reproduction occured on the aboral surface of “maternal” bud. (This research is published in Vol. 2 of the Russian edition, pp. 424–471)
Metchnikoff refers here to his Spongiological Studies published in Vol. II of the Russian edition, pp. 61–88.
Handb. d. vergl. Embryol.,Bd. I, S.172.
Annales des sciences naturelles,3 Serie, t. VII, tabl. V, fig. 13–15, p.91.
Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seeigellarven,Heidelberg, 1849, S. 18.
Beobachtungen uber Anatomie u. Entwickl. einiger wirbellosen Seethiere,1851, S. 81,89.
Archiv f Anatomie u. Physiol.,1851, Taf. XIV, Fig. 2,3, S. 347.
Archiv j. Anatomie u. Physiol.,1855, Taf. XX, Fig. 1–5, S. 493.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, v. XI, 1853, p. 122.
Entwicklungsgeschichte der einfachen Asciden, Mem. de l’Acad. de S.-Petersb., t. X, N 15, 1866, P. 5
Entwicklungsgeschichte der eingachen Asciden, Mem. de l’Acad. de S.-Petersb., t.XI, N14, 1867, P. 5.
Anatomiya i istiriya razvitiya Phoronis. Zapiski Peterburgskoj Akademii nauk. Prilozheniye N 1, 1867, p. 24.
Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Holothuries, Mem. de l’Acad. de Sci de S.-Petersburg,Bd. XI, N 6, 1867, p. 4.
Embryologische Studien an Wurmern und Arthropoden, Mem. de l’Acad. de Sci. de S.-Petersbur,t. P g XVI, NI2, 1871, p. 28.
Goettinger Nachrichten,N 7, 1868, p. 155.
Izvestiya Obschestva lubitelej estestviznaniya, antropologii i etnografii,M., 1873.
Biologische Studien. II Studien zur Castraeatheorie, Jena, 1877.
Handb. d. vergl. Embryol. Deutsch. von Vetter,Bd. II, 1881, S. 306.
Entwicklungsgeschichte Beitrage,Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XXIX, 1877, S.231.
Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte u. Morphologie der Anneliden, Sitzungsber d.k. Akad. d. Wissenschf., Bd. LXXIV, 1877, S. 446.
Ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte von Teredo, Arbeiten aus dem Zool. Institut in Wien, Bd. III, 1880, S. 26.
Embryonalentwicklung u. Knospung der Oedicelina echinata, Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XXIX, 1877, S. 526.
Studien uber Entwinclunggeschichte der Anneliden, Arbeiten des. Zool. Institut in Wien,Bd. I, H.3, 1878, S. 4.
Studien uber Entwicklung des Ampioxus, Arbeiten des Zool. Institut in Wien, Bd. IV, 1881, S. 28.
Ueber die Entwicklung der Tellerschecke, Morphol., Jahrb., Bd. V, 1879.
Die Coelomtheorie, Janaische Zeitschr., Bd. XV, 1881, S. 1.
Keimblatter u. Organanlage der Echiniden, Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XXXIII, 1879, S. 39.
See: Zool. Anzeiger, 1881, N 78, S. 141.
Die Coelomtheorie, Jenaische Zeitschr., Bd. XIV, 1881, S. 120.
Ibid., S.2.
See: Metchnikoff, E.I. Spongiologicheskiye issledovaniya. Sobraniye sochinenij, Moscow, 1946, vol. III, pp. 61, 88.
Die Coelomtheorie,S.78.
Handb. d. verge Embryol.,Bd. II, S. 322.
This drawing, as all the others, is sketched with a help of prisma; my major concern here, as everywhere else in drawing, is to depict contours in a most complete and accurate manner.
Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte u. Morphologie d. Anneliden,Weiner Sitzungsber., 1877, S. 448.
On embryology of Polygordius flavocapitatus see Repiahov’s note in Zool. Anzeiger,1881, N 94, S. 518. A conclusion that this annelid does not undergo any metamorphosis and that from a stage of worm it transforms directly into a stage of gastraea is based on misunderstanding.
Note sur l’embryologie de la Salmacina Dysteri. Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des sciences. 17 janvier 1875, p. 2669.
Ibid.,p. 518.
Anhandl. zur Entw. der Thieren,H. 1, Leipzig, 1882, S. 86.
Compare my studies on development of Echinodermata and Nemertea. Mem. de l’Acad. des sciences de S. Petersb., t. XIV, N 8, p. 49. A described there nemertin — Lineus Caoteus — is a species frequently encountered near Messina).
Studien zur Entwincklungsgeschichte d. Anneliden,S. 104.
Handb. d. vergl. Embryol.,Bd. II, S. 334.
Ibid.,S. 343.
Archiv f microse,Bd. VII, 1871, S. 101.
Gastraeatheorie,S. 20, 154.
I intentionally ignore here mollusks, contradictory studies of which by Ray Lankester and Bütschli point to analysis of evolution of Paludina.
Since I hope to publish data on creation of endoderma in intestinal-cavitals later, let me refer to the Russian-language work by Kovalevsky (1873) where he compares process of migration in Obelia (Eucope polystyla) to invagination in Acalefa, Actinia,and Cerranthus.
Handb. d. vergleichenden Embryol.,Bd. II S. 304.
Nabludeniya nad razvitiem brachiopod, Izvestiya Obscestva lubitelej estestvoznaniya, antropologii i etnografii, 1874, str. 14,15.
Anatomie et developpement des Ophiures,1881, p. 72. If I reject delamination in Ophiotrix,then I should definitely agree with Apostolodes, who claims, contrary to my previous data, that embryo of Amphiura squammata has, together with anal hole, a rear intestine. I saw these formations after resuming my studies.
Pro-hydra, discovered by Greev, was ignored by many authors. The same species was found last year by Reingard near Odessa, and was observed by me, though exceptionally rare.
Notes on Embryology and Classification, Quart. Journ. of Micr. Sc.,1877, p. 410.
Metagenesis and Hypogenesis von Aurelia aurita,Jena, 1881, S. 12.
I would like to mention here that, according to my studies, position of blastopore in this animal coincides with its future mouth.
Die Entwicklung der Keimblatter,Festschrift, Leipzig, 1882, S. 38.
Unters. uber Orthonectiden, Zeitschrift. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XXXY, 1881, S. 300.
Recherches sur l’embryologie des Bryozoires,Lille, 187, tabl. III, p. 61.
Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel,Leipzig, 1880, S. 106.
On the development of ctenophores evolution see, “Nabludeniya nad pazvitiem kishechnopolostnyh”, Izvestiya Obschestva lubitelej estestvoznaniya, antropologii i etnografii. M., 1873.
Mem. Acad. Sciences de St-Petersburg,t. X, N 4, 1866.
Nabludenuya nad razvitiem kishechnopolostnyh,str. 36.
Ibid.,str. 115.
Ibid.,str. 197.
Ueber den Bau der Ctenophoren. Jenaische Zeitschr.,Bd. XIV, 180, S. 330.
Die Coelomtheorie, Janaische Zeitschr.,Bd. XV, 181, S. 121.
Ibid.,S. 122.
Ueber die pathologische Bedeutung der intracellulaeren Verdauung, Fortschritte der Medizin, 1884, 17, S. 4.
Leçons sur l’histologie du systeme nerveux, 1,178.
Ueber eine Brachiolaria des Kieler Hafens, Arch. f Naturgesch.,163, S. 242.
Vertl. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Comatula medii, Arch. f mikrosc. Anatomie, 1876, XII, S. 587.
Issledovaniya razvitiya iglokoszih i nemertin.
Zur Entw. der Holothurien, Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XXVII, 1876, S. 160.
Stidiem ueber Entw. der Anneliden, Arbeiten aus dem zool. Inst.,Wien, 1, 1878, S. 95, 98.
Keimblaetter u. Organanlage d. Echiniden, Zeitschr. f wiss. Zool., Bd. XXXIII, 1879, S. 45.
Ueber Entwicklungsgesch. v. Teredo, Arb. aus. d. zool. Inst., Wien III, 1880, S. 30.
Comparative Embryological Studies, Part III.
Studien ueber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere. H. 2. Die Keimblaetter der Echinodermen, Wiesbaden, 1883.
Ibid.,S. 59.
Zool. Anzeiger,Bd. VII, 1884, S. 33.
Ibid.,S. 100.
On this occasion I would like to turn attention of my colleagues to the fact that a sea fauna in Tangere is quite poor by all means; during my 10-week stay there (from Decenber 1884 to February 1885 ) I caught from pelagic animals only one Beroe, several Pelagia, one completely degenerated kornerot and several Craspedota and Euphausia; as for a coastal fauna which can be studied only in time of extremely low tides it is quite poor too. As one more complication I have to mention an absence of experienced and reliable fishermen who could supply specimens difficult to obtain by researchers themselves.
Recherches sur la fecondation, 1879, p. 202.
Embryology of the Starfish,1864. Northamerican Starfishes,1877, Tab. 1, fig 24–28.
I have to mention in passing that the part played by these structures in the formation of the walls of the body cavity was not outlined by Al. Agassiz, as the Hertwig brothers claimed (Coelomtheorie,S. 127). This renowned American scientist mistook the described embryonic sacs for the water-vascular system, while I found, in 1868, that they form the walls of the cavity; in the same year, I argued for their morphological parallel with the gastrovascular apparatus (Bulletin de l’Acad. de St.Petersbourgh, 1968, XII, pp. 285, 298). I showed my preparations to my old friend A.Kovalevsky, with whom I was staying at that time in Messina, and he soon managed to extend this discovery to Sagitta. Since the Hertwig brothers’ mistake was adopted in other works (e.g. in Wadeyer’s paper in Deutsche med. Wochenschr.,N. 18, 1883), I have to draw attention to it.
Issledovaniya o razvitii meduz i sifonofor.
Ueber die Larve u. die Matamorphose der Echinodermen, Vierte Abhandlung,1852, S. 31.
Studien ueber die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere. II Die Keimblaetter der Echinodermen, Wiesbaden, 1883, S. 44.
Usually stages of development are marked according to the time passed from the moment of their artificial fertilization. In the meantime, the latter depends more on external consditions. Thus, for instance, creation of wandering cells in Strong. lividus in December, when temperature in my Tanger’s laboratory (located in an attic) in December was often about 40, occured only thirty hours after fertilization, while in Villefranca in April, the same result was achieved in the same species in just fourteen hours.
Zool. Anzeiger,Bd. VII, 1884, S. 46.
Ibid.
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Gourko, H., Williamson, D.I., Tauber, A.I. (2000). Comparative Embryological Studies (1881–1885). In: Gourko, H., Williamson, D.I., Tauber, A.I. (eds) The Evolutionary Biology Papers of Elie Metchnikoff. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 212. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9381-6_6
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