Skip to main content

Abstract

Badlands have fascinated geomorphologists for the same reasons that they inhibit agricultural use: lack of vegetation, steep slopes, high drainage density, shallow to non-existent regolith, and rapid erosion rates. Badlands appear to offer in a miniature spatial scale and a shortened temporal scale many of the processes and landforms exhibited by more normal fluvial landscapes, including a variety of slope forms, bedrock or alluvium-floored rills and washes, and flat alluvial expanses similar to large-scale pediments. The often (but not universally) rapid land-form evolution provides the prospect of direct observational coupling of process and landform evolution in both natural and man-induced badlands. However, Campbell (1989) and Campbell and Honsaker (1982) caution about problems of scaling between processes on badland slopes and channels to larger landforms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahnert, F. 1976. Brief description of a comprehensive three-dimensional process-response model of landform development. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 25, 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahnert, F. 1977. Some comments on the quantitative formulation of geomorphological processes in a theoretical model. Earth Surface Processes 2, 191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahnert, F. 1987a. Approaches to dynamic equilibrium in theoretical simulations of slope development. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 12, 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahnert, F. 1987b. Process-response models of denudation at different spatial scales. Catena Supplement 10, 31–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahnert, F. 1988. Modelling landform change. In Modelling Geomorphological Processes, M.G. Anderson (ed.), 375–400. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akky, M.R. and C.K. Shen 1973. Erodibility of a cement-stabilized sandy soil. In Soil erosion: causes and mechanisms. U.S. Highway Research Board Special Report 135, 30–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariathurai, R. and K. Arulandan 1986. Erosion rates of cohesive soiI.S. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 104, 279–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowyer-Bower, T.A.S. & R.B. Bryan 1986. Rill initiation: concepts and evaluation on badland slopes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 59, 161–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, W.H. 1940. Pediments and pedestals in miniature. Journal of Geomorphology 3, 244–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R.B. 1987. Processes and significance of rill development. Catena Supplement 8, 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R.B., I.A. Campbell and A. Yair 1987. Postglacial geomorphic development of the Dinosaur Provincial Park badlands, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 135–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R.B., A.C. Imeson and I.A. Campbell 1984. Solute release and sediment entrainment on microcatchments in the Dinosaur Park badlands, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Hydrology 71, 79–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R. and A. Yair, 1982a. Perspectives on studies of badland geomorphology. In Badland geomorphology and piping. R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 1–13. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R. and A. Yair (eds) 1982b. Badland geomorphology and piping. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R.B., A. Yair and W.K. Hodges 1978. Factors controlling the initiation of runoff and piping in Dinosaur Provincial Park badlands, Alberta, Canada. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 34, 48–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I.A. 1970. Erosion rates in the Steveville badlands, Alberta. The Canadian Geographer 14, 202–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I.A. 1974. Measurements of erosion on badlands surfaces. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 21, 122–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I.A. 1982. Surface morphology and rates of change during a ten-year period in the Alberta badlands. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 221–36. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I.A. 1989. Badlands and badland gullies. In Arid zone geomorphology, D.S.G. Thomas (ed.), 159–93. New York: Halstead Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I.A. and J.L. Honsaker 1982. Variability in badlands erosion; problems of scale and threshold identification. In Space and time in geomorphology, C.E. Thorn, (ed.), 59–79. London: George Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carman, M.F., Jr 1958. Formation of badland topography. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 69, 789–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, M.A. 1969. Models of hillslope development under mass failure. Geographical Analysis 1, 76–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, M.A. 1971. An application of the concept of threshold slopes to the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication 3, 31–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, M.A. and M.J. Kirkby 1972. Hillslope form and process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, M.A. and D.J. Petley 1970. The existence of threshold slopes in the denudation of the landscape. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 49, 71–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chisci, G., M. Sfalanga and D. Torri 1985. An experimental model for evaluating soil erosion on a single-rainstorm basis. In Soil erosion and conservation, S.A. Swaify, W.C. Moldenhauer and A. Lo (eds), 558–65. Ankeny, IA: Soil Conservation Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, R.R. 1981. Aspect-related differences in badlands slope morphology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71, 374–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culling, W.E.H. 1963. Soil creep and the development of hillside slopes. Journal of Geology 71, 127–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W.M. 1892. The convex profile of bad-land divides. Science 20, 245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, T. and B.F. Aubrey 1986. Evaluation of Horton’s theory of sheetwash and rill erosion on the basis of field experiments. In Hillslope processes, A.D. Abrahams (ed.), 31–53. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmett, W.W. 1970. The hydraulics of overland flow on hillslopes. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 662-A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelen, G.B. 1973. Runoff processes and slope development in Badlands National Monument, South Dakota. Journal of Hydrology 18, 55–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everaert, W. 1991. Empirical relations for the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, 513–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, B.L., J. Gerits and B. van Wesemael 1987. Crusted microtopography on badland slopes in southeast Spain. Catena 14, 131–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G.R. 1982. Modeling the erosion process. In Hydro-logic modeling of small watersheds, C.T. Hahn, H.P. Johnson and D.L. Brakensiek (eds), 297–382. St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G.R. 1990. Process-based modelling of soil erosion by water on agricultural land. In Soil erosion on agricultural land, J. Boardman, I.D.L. Foster and J.A. Dealing (eds), 429–45. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G.R. and L.J. Lane 1983. Erosion by concentrated flow in farm fields. In Proceedings of the D.B. Simons symposium on erosion and sedimentation, 9.65–9.82. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G.R. and L.D. Meyer 1972. A closed-form soil erosion equation for upland areas. In Sedimentation (Einstein), H.W. Shen (ed.), 12.1–12.19. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerits, J., A.C. Imeson, J.M. Verstraten and R.B. Bryan 1987. Rill development and badland regolith properties. Catena Supplement 8, 141–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G.K. 1880. Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains. Washington: U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G.K. 1909. The convexity of hilltops. Journal of Geology 17, 344–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilley, J.E., D.A. Woolhiser and D.B. McWhorter 1985. Interrill soil erosion — part I: development of model equations. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 28, 147–53, 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govers, G. 1985. Selectivity and transport capacity of thin flows in relation to rill erosion. Catena 12, 35–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govers, G. and G. Rauws 1986. Transporting capacity of overland flow on plane and on irregular beds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11, 515–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. 1982. The role of piping in the development of badlands and gully systems in south-east Spain. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 317–35. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, M. 1975. Simulation of developmental process of interfluvial slopes with reference to graded form. Journal of Geology 83, 113–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, W.K. 1982. Hydraulic characteristics of a badland pseudo-pediment slope system during simulated rainstorm experiments. In Badland geotnorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 127–51. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, W.K. and R.B. Bryan 1982. The influence of material behavior on runoff initiation in the Dinosaur Badlands, Canada. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 13–46. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. 1970. A study of process and history in desert landforms near the Henry Mountains, Utah. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. 1980. Thresholds in river regime. In Thresholds in geomorphology, D.R. Coates and J.D. Vitek (eds), 227–58. London: George Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D.. 1982. Equilibrium and time scales in geomorphology: application to sand-bed alluvial channeI.S. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7, 303–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. 1986. Quaternary landform evolution of the Dirty Devil River system, Utah. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. 1990. Theoretical model of optimal drainage networks. Water Resources Research 26, 2107–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. 1992. Issues in drainage basin modelling: drainage density, drainage pattern, randomness, and validation. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A.D. and G. Kerby 1983. Channel changes in badlands. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 94, 739–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.B. 1953. Geology and geography of the Henry Mountains region. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imeson, A.C. and J.M. Verstraten 1985. The erodibility of highly calcareous soil material from southern Spain. Catena 12, 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imeson, A.C. and J.M. Verstraten 1988. Rills on badland slopes: a physico-chemically controlled phenomenon. Catena Supplement 12, 139–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imeson, A.C., F.J.P.M. Kwaad and J.M. Verstraten 1982. The relationship of soil physical and chemical properties to the development of badlands in Morocco. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 47–69. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J.A.A. 1990. Piping effects in drylands. Geological Society of America Special Paper 252, 111–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julian, P.Y. and D.B. Simons 1985. Sediment transport capacity of overland flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 28, 755–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karcz, I. and D. Kersey, 1980. Experimental study of free-surface flow instability and bedforms in shallow flows. Sedimentary Geology 27, 263–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnell, P.I.A. 1990 Modelling erosion by rain-impacted flow. Catena Supplement 17, 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnell, P.I.A. 1991. The effect of flow depth on sediment transport induced by raindrops impacting shallow flows. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 34, 161–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1971. Hillslope process-response models based on the continuity equation. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication 3, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1976a. Soil development models as a component of slope modeI.S. Earth Surface Processes 2, 203–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1976b. Deterministic continuous slope modeI.S. Zeitschrift für Geomorphology Supplement Band 25, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1980. Modelling water erosion processes. In Soil erosion, M.J. Kirkby and R.P.C. Morgan (eds), 183–216. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1984. Modelling cliff development in south Wales. Savigear re-viewed. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 28, 405–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1985a. The basis for soil profile modelling in a geomorphic context, journal of Soil Science 36, 97–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1985b. A model for the evolution of regolith-mantled slopes. In Models in geomorphology, M.J. Wolden-berg (ed.), 213–37. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1986. A two-dimensional simulation model for slope and stream evolution. In Hillslope processes, A.D. Abrahams (ed.), 203–22. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby, M.J. 1990. A one-dimensional model for rill inter-rill interactions. Catena Supplement 17, 133–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komura, S. 1976. Hydraulics of slope erosion by overland flow. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 102, 1573–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuijper, C., J.M. Cornelisse and J.C. Winterwerp 1989. Research on erosive properties of cohesive sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 14341–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambe, T.W. and R.V. Whitman 1969. Soil mechaniC.S. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, L.J., E.D. Shirley and V.P. Singh 1988. Modelling erosion on hillslopes. In Modelling geomorphological systems, M.G. Anderson (ed.), 287–308. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laronne, J.B. 1981. Dissolution kinetics of Mancos Shale associated alluvium. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 6, 541–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laronne, J.B. 1982. Sediment and solute yield from Mancos Shale hillslopes, Colorado and Utah. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 181–92. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackin, J.H. 1948. Concept of the graded river. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 59, 463–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, L.D. 1986. Erosion processes and sediment properties for agricultural cropland. In Hillslope processes, A.D. Abrahams (ed.), 55–76. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, L.D. and E.J. Monke 1965. Mechanics of soil erosion by rainfall and overland flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 8, 572–7, 580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M.P. 1973. Rainsplash and the convexity of badland divides. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 18, 10–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.J. and P.H. Walker 1978. Particle transport by continental water flow in relation to erosion, deposition, soils and human activities. Sedimentary Geology 20, 81–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.J., P.H. Walker and J. Hutka 1979. Raindrop-stimulated transportation in shallow water flows: an experimental study. Sedimentary Geology 22, 165–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.J., P. Green and J. Hutka 1982. Small channels: their experimental formation, nature and significance. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7, 401–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parchure, T.M. and A.J. Mehta 1985. Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits. Journal of the Hydaulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 111, 1308–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G.G., Sr, C.G. Higgins and W.W. Wood 1990. Piping and pseudokarst in drylands. Geological Society of America Special Paper 252, 77–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parthenaides, E. 1965. Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils, journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 91, 105–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthenaides, E. and R.R. Paaswell 1970. Erodibility of channels with cohesive banks, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 96, 755–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauws, G. 1987. The initiation of rills on plane beds of non-cohesive sediments. Catena Supplement 8, 107–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauws, G. and G. Govers 1988. Hydraulic and soil mechanical aspects of rill generation on agricultural soiI.S. journal of Soil Science 39, 111–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savat, J. 1976. Discharge velocities and total erosion of a calcareous loess: a comparison between pluvial and terminal runoff. Revue Geomorphologie Dynamique 24, 113–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savat, J. 1980. Resistance to flow in rough supercritical sheetflow. Earth Surface Processes 5, 103–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savat, J. 1982. Common and uncommon selectivity in the process of fluid transportation: field observations and laboratory experiments on bare surfaces. Catena Supplement 1, 139–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savat, J. and J. De Ploey 1982. Sheetwash and rill development by surface flow. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 113–25. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. 1956a. Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 67, 597–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. 1956b. The role of creep and rainwash on the retreat of badland slopes. American Journal of Science 254, 693–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. 1962. Erosion on miniature pediments in Badlands National Monument, South Dakota. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 73, 719–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. 1963. Rates of surficial rock creep on hillslopes in western Colorado. Science 155, 560–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. 1964. Seasonal variations of erosion rates and processes on hillslopes in western Colorado. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Band 5, 215–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, S.A. and G.C. Lusby 1963. Seasonal variation of infiltration capacity and runoff on hillslopes in western Colorado, journal of Geophysical Research 68, 3655–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidl, M.A. and W.E. Dietrich 1991. Bedrock channel incision: an examination of Playfair’s Law. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, A240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaymaker, O. 1982. The occurrence of piping and gullying in the Penticton glacio-lacustrine silts, Okanagan Valley, B.C. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 305–16. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K.G. 1958. Erosional processes and landforms in Badlands National Monument, South Dakota. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 69, 975–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.R. and F.P. Bretherton 1972. Stability and the conservation of mass in drainage basin evolution. Water Resources Research 8, 1506–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torri, D., M. Sfalanga and G. Chisci 1987. Threshold conditions for incipient rilling. Catena Supplement 8, 97–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, S.G. and A.A. Gutierrez 1982. Quaternary evolution of badlands in the southeastern Colorado Plateau, U.S.A. In Badland geomorphology and piping, R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 239–57. Norwich: Geo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willgoose, G., R.L. Bras and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe 1991a. A coupled channel network growth and hillslope evolution model, 1. theory. Water Resources Research 27, 1671–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willgoose, G., R.L. Bras and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe 1991b. A coupled channel network growth and hillslope evolution model, 2, nondimensionalization and applications. Water Resources Research 27, 1685–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willgoose, G., R.L. Bras and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe 1991c. Results from a new model of river basin evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, 237–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yair, A., H. Lavee, R.B. Bryan and E. Adar 1980. Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zion Valley badlands, northern Negev, Israel. Earth Surface Processes 5, 205–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Athol D. Abrahams and Anthony J. Parsons

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Howard, A.D. (1994). Badlands. In: Abrahams, A.D., Parsons, A.J. (eds) Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8254-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8254-4_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-8256-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-8254-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics