Abstract
Since biological tissues are complex structures consisting of cells of different sizes and of different composition interspersed among which are blood vessels carrying blood to and from these cellular structures and ductal networks, it is of no surprise to find that the fundamental ultrasonic scattering structures in a majority of the tissues are still unknown [1,2]. Blood, on the other hand, because of its simple biological composition, was the first biological tissue on which ultrasonic scattering measurements were made [3–6]. These efforts raised more questions than answered. Since then, a large body of data to better understand ultrasonic scattering phenomenon in blood has been acquired and will be reviewed in this chapter.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Greenleaf JF. Tissue characterization with ultrasound. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1986.
Shung KK, Thieme GA. Ultrasonic scattering in biological tissues. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.
Atkinson P, Berry BM. Random noise in ultrasonic echoes diffracted by blood. J Phys A Math Nucl Gen 1974;7:1293–302.
Shung KK, Sigelmann RA, Reid JM. Ultrasonic scattering by blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1976;BME-23:460–67.
Shung KK, Sigelmann RA, Reid, JM. Angular dependence of scattering of ultrasound from blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1977;BME-24:325–31.
Borders SE, Fronek A, Kemper WS, Franklin, D. Ultrasonic energy backscattered from blood, an experimental determination of the variation of sound energy with hematocrit. Ann Biomed Eng 1978;6:83–92.
Yock PG, Johnson EL, Linker, DT. Intravascular ultrasound: development and clinical potential. Am J Cardiac Imaging 1988;2:185–93.
Pandian NG. Intravascular and intracardiac ultrasound imaging: an old concept, now on the road to reality. Circ 1989;4; 1091–93.
Bom N, Roelandt J. Intravascular ultrasound, techniques, developments, clinical perspectives. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989.
Albritton EC. Standard values in blood. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953.
Oscar M, Schalam DVM. Veterinary Hematology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1961.
Chien S. Biophysical behavior of red cells in suspensions. In: Surgenor DM, editor. The red blood cell, vol II, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press, 1975: 1031–133.
Angelsen BAJ. Theoretical study of the scattering of ultrasound from blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1980;27: 61–7.
Lucas RJ, Twersky V. Inversion of ultrasonic scattering data for red blood cell suspensions under different flow conditions. J Acoust Soc Am 1987;82:794–9.
Mo LYL, Cobbold RSC. A unified approach to modelling the backscattered Doppler ultrasound from blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1992;39:450–61.
Berger NE, Lucas RJ, Twersky V. Polydisperse scattering theory and comparisons with data for red blood cells. J Acoust Soc Am 1991;89: 1394–401.
Yuan YW, Shung KK. Ultrasonic backscatter from flowing whole blood. II dependence on frequency and fibrinogen concentration. J Acoust Soc Am 1988; 84: 1195–200.
Shung KK, Yuan YW, Fei DY, Tarbell JM. Effect of flow disturbance on ultrasonic backscatter from blood. J Acoust Soc Am 1984;75:1265–72.
Yuan YW, Shung KK. Ultrasonic backscatter from flowing whole blood. I.-dependence on shear rate and hematocrit. J Acoust Soc Am 1988;84:52–8.
Kuo IY, Shung KK. High frequency ultrasonic scattering from erythrocyte suspensions. Submitted to IEEE Trans Biomed Eng for publication.
Varadan W, Varadan VK. Low frequency expansions for acoustic scattering using Waterman’s T-matrix method. J Acoust Soc Am 1979;66:586–9.
Lord Rayleigh. The theory of sound. New York: Dover, 1945.
Roos MS, Apfel RE, Wardlaw SC. Application of 30 Mhz acoustic scattering to the study of human red blood cells. J Acoust Soc Am 1988;83:1639–44.
Shung KK, Reid JM. The effect of hypotonicity upon the ultrasonic scattering properties of erythrocytes. In White DN, Lyons EA, editors. Ultrasound in medicine, vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1978 1: 567–70.
Ahuja AS. Effect of particle viscosity on propagation of sound in suspensions and emulsions. J Acoust Soc Am 1972;51:182–6.
Nassiri DK, Hill CR. The differential and total bulk scattering cross sections of some human and animal tissues. J Acoust Soc Am. 1986;79:2034–47.
Brody, WR, Meindl JD. Theoretical analysis of the CW Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1974;BME-21: 183–92.
Hottingger CF, Meindl JD. Blood flow measurement using the attenuation-compensated volume flowmeter. Ultrasonic Imag 1979;1: 1–15.
Shung KK, Cloutier G, Lim C. The effect of hematocrit, shear rate, and turbulence on ultrasonic Doppler spectrum from blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1992;BME-39;462–9.
Boynard M, Leilierve JC, Guillet R. Aggregation of red cells studied by ultrasound backscattering. Biorheol 1987;24:451–61.
Sigel B. Machi J, Beitler JC, Justin JR. Red Cell aggregation as a cause of blood-flow echogenicity. Radiol 1983;148:799–802.
Kallio T, Alanen A. A new ultrasonic technique for quantifying blood echogenicity. Invest Radiol 1988;23:832–5.
Yamada EG, Fitzgerald PJ, Sudhir K, Hargrave VK, Yock PG. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of blood: the effect of hematocrit and flow on backscatter. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992;5:385–92.
Mahoney C, Ferguson J, Fischer PLC. Red cell aggregation and the echogencity of whole blood. Ultrasound Med Biol 1992;18:579–86.
Shung KK, Reid JM. Ultrasonic instrumentation in hematology. Ultrasonic Imag 1979;1:280–94.
Thompson RS, Trudinger BJ, Cook CM. Doppler ultrasound waveforms in the fetal umbilical artery: quantitative analysis technique. Ultrasound Med Biol 1985;11:707–18.
Luckman NP, Evans JM, Skidmore R, Baker JD, Wells PNT. Backscattered power in Doppler signals. Ultrasound Med Biol 1987;13:L669–70.
Bascom PAJ, Routh HF, Cobbold RSC. Interpretation of power changes in Doppler signals from human blood-in vitro studies. McAvoy RB, editor. 1988 IEEE Ultrasonics Symp Proc 1988: 985–88.
De Kroon MGM, Slager CJ, Gussenhoven WJ, Serruys PW, Roelandt JRT, Bom N. Cyclic changes of blood echogenicity in high-frequency ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 1991;17:723–28.
Cloutier G, Shung KK. Cyclic variation of Doppler scattering power from porcine blood in a pulsatile flow model. McAvoy RB, editor. 1991 IEEE Ultrasonics Symp Proc 1991: 1301–03.
Cloutier G, Shung KK. Cyclic variation of the power of ultrasonic Doppler signals backscattered by polystyrene microspheres and porcine erythrocyte suspensions. Submitted to IEEE Trans Biomed Eng for publication.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shung, K.K., Kuo, I.Y., Cloutier, G. (1993). Ultrasonic Scattering Properties of Blood. In: Roelandt, J., Gussenhoven, E.J., Bom, N. (eds) Intravascular Ultrasound. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 143. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8210-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8210-0_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4281-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-8210-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive