Abstract
“Story-telling is a serious concept, but one happily without the power to claim unique or closed readings”1
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A dapted from Bateson, P. (1983) ‘Genes, Environment and the Development of Behaviour’, in Animal Behaviour: Genes, Development and Learning, Slater, P. & Halliday, T. (eds) Blackwell, by permission of the publishers.
Adapted from Clausen, J., Keck, D.D., & Hiesey, W. M. (1948) Experimental Studies in the Nature of Species Vol. 3, Environmental Responses of Climatic Races of Achillea Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, No. 581, p80, by permission of the publishers.
Haraway, D. (1989) Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Routledge. p8.
Sterelny, K. & Kitcher, P. (1988) The Return of the Gene’, The Journal of Philosophy LXXXV, p339–361.
This debate has produced some truly wonderful papers and exchanges — see Kuo, Z.-Y. (1921) ‘Giving up Instincts in Psychology’. Journal of Philosophy XVIII, p645–664;
Kuo, Z.-Y. (1976) The Dynamics of Behavior Development (enlarged ed.), Random House;
Hebb, D.O. (1953) ‘Heredity and Environment in Animal Behaviour’, British Journal of Animal Behaviour 1, p43–47;
Lehrman, D.S. (1953) ‘A Critique of Konrad Lorenz’s Theory of Instinctive Behaviour’, The Quarterly Review of Biology 28, p337–363;
Lehrman, D.S. (1970) ‘Semantic and Conceptual Issues in the Nature-Nurture Problem’, in Developmen t and Evolution of Behavior, Aronson, L.R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D.S., & Rosenblatt, J.S. (eds.), Freeman;
Schneiria, T.C. (1956) Interrelationships of the “Innate” and the “Acquired” in Instinctive Behavior’, in L Instinct dans le Comportement des Animaux et de L’Homme, P.-P. Grasse (ed.), Masson, p387–452;
Hinde, R.A. (1968) ‘Dichotomies in the Study of Development, in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behaviour, Thoday, J.M. & Parkes, A.S. (eds.), Oliver & Boyd, p3–14;
Gottlieb, G. (1976) ‘Conceptions of Prenatal Development: Behavioral Embryology’, Psychological Review 83, p215–234;
Bateson, P. (1983) ‘Genes, Environment and the Development of Behaviour’ in Animal Behaviour: Genes, Development and Learning, Slater, P. & Halliday, T. (eds.), Blackwell, p52–81;
Oyama, S. (1985) The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution, Cambridge University Press;
Johnston, T.D. (1987). ‘The Persistance of Dichotomies in the Study of Behavioral Development, Developmental Review 7, pl49–182.
4Most,butnotall. See Johnston, T.D. (1988) ‘Developmental explanation and the Ontogeny of Birdsong: Nature-Nurture redux’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, p617–663 for a critique of the recent view that there are innate templates underlying the development of birdsong.
This list of objectives is based on the arguments of Kuo, Hebb, Lehrman, Schneirla, Hinde, Gottlieb, Bateson, Oyama and Johnston in the papers listed above.
Bateson, P. (1991). ‘Are there Principles of Behavioural Development, in The Development and Integration of Behaviour, Bateson, P. (ed) Cambridge University Press, p21.
Hailman, J.P. (1967) The Ontogeny of an Instinct. The Pecking response in Chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and Related Species’, Behaviour Supplement 15, pl-159.
e.g., Lehrman (1970) The Ontogeny of an Instinct. The Pecking response in Chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and Related Species’, Behaviour Supplement 15, pl-159.
See Lehrman (1970) The Ontogeny of an Instinct. The Pecking response in Chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and Related Species’, Behaviour Supplement 15, pl-159.
Bateson (1983) The Ontogeny of an Instinct. The Pecking response in Chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and Related Species’, Behaviour Supplement 15, pl-159, pl-159.,
Johnston (1987) The Ontogeny of an Instinct. The Pecking response in Chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and Related Species’, Behaviour Supplement 15, pl-159, pl-159..
See Bateson, P.P.G. (1976). ‘Specificity and the Origins of Behaviour’, Advances in the Study of Behavior 6, pl-20, and Bateson (1983) op. cit.
For interesting discussions of the problems of genetic determinism and the complexity of developmental processes at the molecular level see Stent, G. (1981) ‘Strength and Weakness of the Genetic Approach to the Development of the Nervous System’ in Studies in Developmental Neurobiology, Cowan, W.M. (ed.), Oxford University Press;
Tapper, R. (1989) ‘Changing messages in the Genes,’ New Scientist 25 March, p53–55;
Nijhout, H.F. (1990) ‘Metaphors and the Role of Genes in Development’, BioEssays 12, p441–446.
See Lickliter, R. & Berry, T.D. (1990) ‘The Phylogeny Fallacy: Developmental Psychology’s Misapplication of Evolutionary Theory,’ Developmental Review 10, p348–364.
See Gottlieb, G. (1981) ‘Roles of Early Experience in Species-specific Perceptual Development’ in Development of Perception, 1, Aslin, R.N., Alberts, J.R., & Petersen, M.P. (eds.), Academic Press.
For a good discussion of the importance of these general experiential inputs into development see Bateson (1976) ‘Roles of Early Experience in Species-specific Perceptual Development’ in Development of Perception, 1, Aslin, R.N., Alberts, J.R., & Petersen, M.P. (eds.), Academic Press..
Dudai, Y., Jan, Y. -N., Byers, D., Quinn, W.G. & Benzer, S. (1976) ‘dunce, a mutant of Drosophils Deficient in Learning’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 73, pl684–1688.
Sackett, G.P., Ruppenthal, G.C., Fahrenbruch, CE. & Holm, R.A. (1981) Social Isolation Rearing Effects in Monkeys vary with Genotype, Development Psychology 17, p313–318.
See Oyama (1985), Social Isolation Rearing Effects in Monkeys vary with Genotype, Development Psychology 17, p313–318
Johnston (1987), Social Isolation Rearing Effects in Monkeys vary with Genotype, Development Psychology 17, p313–318
A major section of a recent issue of the journal Bioscience was devoted to norms of reaction. Bioscience 1989, 39.
Lewontin, R.C. (1982) Human Diversity. Scientific American, p21.
Lewontin (1982), Human Diversity. Scientific American, p22.
Ho, M.-W. (1986) ‘Heredity as Process: Towards a Radical Reformulation of Heredity’, Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 79, p407–447.
See Lewontin, R.C. (1983) The Organism as the Subject and Object of Evolution/ Scientia 118, p65–82,
Gray, R.D. (1988) ‘Metaphors and Methods: Behavioural Ecology, Panbiogeography and the Evolving Synthesis/ in Evolutionary Processes and Metaphors, Ho, M.-W. & Fox, S.W. (eds.), Wiley, for a discussion of the importance of these modifications.
Although this view is really quite different from past perspectives, it obviously builds on the insights of the past.
I have taken this label from the work of Lewontin and Oyama. A list of papers that present a constructionist view might include Stent (1981) Although this view is really quite different from past perspectives, it obviously builds on the insights of the past.
24a Lewontin (1983) Although this view is really quite different from past perspectives, it obviously builds on the insights of the past.;
24b Oyama (1985) Although this view is really quite different from past perspectives, it obviously builds on the insights of the past.;
Oyama, S. (1988) ‘Stasis, Development and Heredity’ in Evolutionary Processes and Metaphor, Ho, M.-W. & Fox, S. W. (eds.), Wiley;
Oyama, S. (1989) ‘Ontogeny and the Central Dogma: Do we Need the Concept of Genetic Programming in Order to have an Evolutionary Perspective?’, in Systems and Development. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 22, Gunnar, M. R. & Thelen, E. (eds.), Erlbaum;
Oyama, S. (in press) Transmission and Construction: Levels and the Problem of Heredity’, in Critical Analyses of Evolutionary Theories of Social Behavior: Genetics and Levels, Greenberg, G. & Tobach, E. (eds.), Shapolsky;
Ho (1986) Levels and the Problem of Heredity’, in Critical Analyses of Evolutionary Theories of Social Behavior: Genetics and Levels, Greenberg, G. & Tobach, E. (eds.), Shapolsky;
Ho (1988); Gray, R. D. (1987). ‘Faith and foraging: A Critique of the “Paradigm Argument from Designs’“in Foraging Behavior, Kamil, A. C, Krebs, J.R. & Pulliam, H.R. (eds.), Plenum;
Johnston, T. & Gottlieb, G. (1990) TMeophenogenesis: A Developmental Theory of Phenotypic Evolution/ Journal of Theoretical Biology 147, p471–495;
Lickliter & Berry (1990) TMeophenogenesis: A Developmental Theory of Phenotypic Evolution/ Journal of Theoretical Biology 147, p471–495;
Richard Dawkins, who is not always the crude genetic determinist his critics sometimes claim, notes something like this. “Genetic causes and environmental causes are in principle no different from each other,” Dawkins, R. (1982) The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, p 13, Freeman. It is worth pointing out, however, that the phrase developmental context includes a lot more factors than just the “environment” (e.g., cytoplasmic factors, self-stimulation, etc.).
Stent (1981) The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, p 13
Lewontin (1982), The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, p 13
Nijhout (1990) The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, p 13
Lewontin (1982) The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, p 13. This example is based on the work of Conrad Waddington.
See Waddington, C.H. (1975) The Evolution of an Evolutionist, Cornell University Press.
This is, of course, just one example of the general phenomena of sensitive periods in development. For a review see Bateson, P.P.G. (1979). ‘How do sensitive periods arise and what are they for?’, Animal Behaviour 27, p470–486.
See Shaw, R. & Turvey, M. T. (1991) ‘Coalitions as models for ecosystems: a realist perspective on perceptual organisation’ in Perceptual Organisation, Kubany, M. & Pomerantz, J.R. (eds.), Erlbaum; Lewontin (1983), op. cit, and Gray (1988), op. cit for a more detailed account of this.
Oyama (1985) ‘Coalitions as models for ecosystems: a realist perspective on perceptual organisation’ in Perceptual Organisation, Kubany, M. & Pomerantz, J.R. (eds.), Erlbaum; Lewontin (1983), op. cit, and Gray (1988), op. cit for a more detailed account of this.
This figure is adapted from Wilden, A. (1980) System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange, 2nd ed., Tavistock, by permission of the publishers.
The importance of this expanded view of inheritance is emphasised by Oyama (1985) and (1989) System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange, 2nd ed., Tavistock, by permission of the publishers., Gray (1987) and (1988) op. cit and
Socha, R. (1990) ‘Beyond Genocentric Concept of Heredity and Evolution’ in Evolutionary Biology: Theory and Practice, Part II. Leonovicova, V.V., Novak, V.J.A., Slipha, J. & Zemek, K. (eds.), Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
Cohen, J. (1979) Maternal Constraints on Development, Maternal Effects in Development, Newth, D.R. & Balls, M. (eds.), Cambridge University Press;
Ho, M.-W. (1984) ‘Environment and Heredity in Development and Evolution’, Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm, Ho, M.-W. & Saunders, P.T. (eds.), Academic Press;
Galef, B.G.(Jr) & Henderson, P.W. (1972) ‘Mother’s Milk: A Determinant of the Feeding Preferences of Weaning Rat Pups’, Journal Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78, p213–219;
Corbet, S.A. (1985) ‘Insect Chemosensory Responses: A Chemical Legacy Hypothesis’, Ecological Entomology 10, pl47–153;
Hepper, P.G. (1988) ‘Adaptive Foetal Learning: Prenatal Exposure to Garlic Affects Postnatal Preferences’, Ammal Behaviour 36 p935–936;
Mattson, W.J.(Jr)(1980) ‘Herbivory in Relation to Plant, Nitrogen Content’, Annual Review Ecology Systematics 11, p119–161;
Jones, G.R., Aldrich, J.R.& Blum, M.S. (1981) ‘Baldcypress Allelochemicals and the Inhibition of Silkworm Enteric Microorganisms, Some Ecological Considerations’, Journal of Chemical Ecology 7, pl03–114;
Fisher, J. & Hinde, R.A. (1949) The Opening of Milk Bottles by Birds’, British Birds 42, p347–357;
Norton-Griffiths, M. (1968) The Feeding Behaviour of the OystercatcheriHaemotopus ostralegus), Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford University;
Van Denburgh, J. (1914) The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago’, Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 4th ser. 2, p203–374;
Helfman, G.S. & Schultz, E.T. (1984) ‘Social Transmission of Behavioural Traditions in a Coral Reef Fish’, Animal Behaviour 32, p 379–384;
Neal, E. (1948) The Badger, Collins;
Carrick, R. (1963) ‘Ecological Significance of Territory in the Australian Magpie, Gynorhina tibicen’, Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress, 2, p740–753;
Jolly, A. (1972) The Evolution of Primate Behaviour, Macmillan;
Woolfenden, G.E. & Fitzpatrick, J.W. (1978) The Inheritance of Territory in Group Breeding Birds’, Bioscience 28, p104–108;
Harris, M.A. & Murie, J.O. (1984) ‘Inheritance of Nest Sites in Female Columbian Ground Squirrels’, Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 15, p97–102;
Cheney, D.L. (1977) The Acquisition of Rank and the Development of Reciprocal Alliances Among Free-Ranging Immature Baboons’, Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 2, p303–318;
Harrocks, J. & Hunte, W. (1983) Maternal Rank and Offspring Rank in Vervet Monkeys: An Appraisal of the Mechanisms of Rank Acquisition’, Animal Behaviour 31, p772–782;
Jenkins, P.F. (1978) ‘Cultural Transmission of Song Patterns and Dialect Development in a Free-Living Bird Population’, Animal Behaviour 25, p50–78;
Croizat, L. (1964) Space, Time, Forum: The Biological Synthesis, published by the author;
Rosen, D.E. (1978) ‘Vicariant Patterns and Historical Explanation in Biogeography’, Systematic Zoology 27, pl-16.,
Jablonski, D. (1987) Heritability at species level: Analysis of Geographic ranges of Cretaceous Molluscs, Science 238, p360–363.
See Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in Society, Harvard University Press;
Kaye, K. (1982) The Mental and Social Life of Babies, University of Chicago Press;
Valsiner, J. (1987) Culture and the Development of Children’s Action, Wiley.
The extent to which earth and life function as a co-evolutionary unit is currently a hot topic in the field of historical biogeography. For a New Zealand perspective on the debate see the special issue of the New Zealand Journal of Zoology on panbiogeography, 16 (1989).
Compare with Boyd, R. & Richerson, P.J. (1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process, University of Chicago Press;
Odling-Smee, F.J. (1988) ‘Niche-Constructing Phenotypes’, in The Role of Behavior in Evolution, Plotkin, H.C. (ed.), MIT Press.
This cake analogy has been used by Bateson (1976) ‘Niche-Constructing Phenotypes’, in The Role of Behavior in Evolution, Plotkin, H.C. (ed.), MIT Press
Dawkins, R. (1981) In Defense of Selfish Genes’, Philosophy 56, p556–573 to emphasise that there is no one-to-one correspondence between developmental ingredients and the phenotypic cake. The cake analogy, while often useful, also has its limitations. Once again the ghost of pre-existing design could rear its head. There are recipes for cakes, just as it is claimed that there are genes for phenotypes. If development is like baking a cake, then it is in an unusual kitchen where there are no recipes and the cake constructs itself (i.e. the cake is self-organising).
Stent (1981) In Defense of Selfish Genes’, Philosophy 56, p556–573 to emphasise that there is no one-to-one correspondence between developmental ingredients and the phenotypic cake. The cake analogy, while often useful, also has its limitations. Once again the ghost of pre-existing design could rear its head. There are recipes for cakes, just as it is claimed that there are genes for phenotypes. If development is like baking a cake, then it is in an unusual kitchen where there are no recipes and the cake constructs itself (i.e. the cake is self-organising)
Oyama (1985) In Defense of Selfish Genes’, Philosophy 56, p556–573 \ to emphasise that there is no one-to-one correspondence between developmental ingredients and the phenotypic cake. The cake analogy, while often useful, also has its limitations. Once again the ghost of pre-existing design could rear its head. There are recipes for cakes, just as it is claimed that there are genes for phenotypes. If development is like baking a cake, then it is in an unusual kitchen where there are no recipes and the cake constructs itself (i.e. the cake is self-organising) (1989) op. cit.
See Dobzhansky, T. (1951) Genetics and the Origin of Species, 3rd ed., Columbia University Press, pl6
Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48.
See Oyama (1985) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48.,
Oyama (1989) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48.
Gray (1987) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48.
Gray (1988) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48
Johnston and Gottlieb (1990) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48
Lichliter and Berry (1990) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48
Socha (1990) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, p48
See Costall, A. (1986) ‘Evolutionary Gradualism and the Study of Development7. Human Development 29, p4-ll.
The phenotype here is an extended phenotype that includes relevant features of the environment.
Lewontin, R.C. (1974) The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, Columbia University Press, pl9.
See Johnston and Gottlieb (1990) The Selfish Gene. for a more detailed argument.
Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press.
See Hamilton, W.D. (1964) The Genetic Theory of Social Behavior’, I & II, Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, pl-32;
Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press.
Dawkins (1976) Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press, p21.
Dawkins, R. (1982). The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection, Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. (1984) “Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype’ in Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Sober, E. (ed.), MIT Press, pl38.
Dawkins (1984) “Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype’ in Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Sober, E. (ed.), MIT Press, pl39.
Gould, SJ. (1980) The Panda’s Thumb, W.W. Norton.
Bateson, P.P.G. (1978) ‘Book Review: The Selfish Gene’. Animal Be-haviour 26, p316–318.
Dawkins (1982) ‘Book Review: The Selfish Gene’. Animal Be-haviour 26, p 89–99.
Hull, D.L. (1988) Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Socialand Conceptual Development of Science, University of Chicago Press, p413.
See Williams, G.C. (1986) ‘Comments by George C. Williams on Sober’s The Nature of Selection’, Biology and Philosophy 1, pi 14–122 and
Sober, E. (1984) The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus, MIT Press.
Williams (1986) ‘Comments by George C. Williams on Sober’s The Nature of Selection’, Biology and Philosophy 1, pi 14–122 and
Hull (1988) ‘Comments by George C. Williams on Sober’s The Nature of Selection’, Biology and Philosophy 1, pi 14–122 and
Sober, E. (1984) The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus, MIT Press, p409.
Sober (1984) ‘Comments by George C. Williams on Sober’s The Nature of Selection’, Biology and Philosophy 1, pi 14–122 an
Sober, E. (1984) The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus, MIT Press.
Sober, E. (1984) ‘Force and Disposition in Evolutionary Theory’ in Minds, Machines and Evolution, Hooking, C. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, p50–51.
In adopting Sober’s terminology I am not necessarily endorsing his more general views on causation.
Lloyd, E.A. (1988) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press, p136.
Sterelny & Kitcher (1988) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press, p350.
Lloyd (1988) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press, p350.
Bateson (1978) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press.
Dawkins (1984) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press.
Sterelny & Kitcher (1988) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Greenwood Press, p358.
For more on eucalypts and bushfires see Pryer, L.D. (1976) Biology of Eucalypts, Edward Arnold;
and Pate, J.S. & McComb, A.J. (1981) The Biology of Austraiian Plants, University of Western Australia Press.
Patrick, B. (1989), ‘Panbiogeography and the Amateur Naturalist with reference to Conservation Implication’, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, p749–755.
Sterelny & Kitcher (1988) ‘Panbiogeography and the Amateur Naturalist with reference to Conservation Implication’, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, p360–361.
Haraway (1989) ‘Panbiogeography and the Amateur Naturalist with reference to Conservation Implication’, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, p358.
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Gray, R. (1992). Death of the Gene: Developmental Systems Strike Back. In: Griffiths, P. (eds) Trees of Life. Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8038-0_7
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