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Source Material And Selected Further Reading
The Oxygen Effect, Acute and Chronic Hypdxia
Brown JM (1979) Evidence of acutely hypoxic cells in mouse tumours, and a possible mechanism of reoxygenation. Br J Radiol 52: 650–656.
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Franco AJ, Sutherland RM (1979) Radiation survival of cells from spheroids grown in different oxygen concentrations. Radiat Res 78: 454–464.
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Sutherland RM, Frank AJ (1980) On the nature of the radio-biologically hypoxic fraction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6: 117–120.
Thomlinson RH (1977) Hypoxia and tumours. J Clin Path (Suppl) 11: 105–113.
Measurement of Oxygen Tension in Tumours
Badib AO, Webster JH (1969) Changes in tumour oxygen tension durin radiation therapy. Acta Radiol 8: 247–257.
Bergsjo P, Evans JC (1968) Tissue oxygen tension during radiation therapy. Acta Radiol 7: 1–11.
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Jypg H (1983) Radiation effects on tumours/review. Proceedings 7 International Congress of Radiation Research Reviews and Summaries. Eds: JJ Broerse, GW Barendsen, HB Kal and AJ van der Kogel Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Amsterdam Dl-R pp 427–434.
Kolstad P (1963) Vascularization, oxygen tension, and radio-curability in cancer of the cervix. Norwegian monograms on
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Mueller-Klieser W, Vaupel P, Manz R (1983) Tumour oxygenation under normobaric and hyperbaric conditions. Br J Radiol 56: 559–564.
Tumours Vasculature As An Index Of Hypdxia In Human Tumours (Mostly Cancer Cervix)
Awwad HK, El-Naggar M, Mocktar N. Barsoum M (1986) Intercapillary distance measurement as an indicator of hypoxia in carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Int J Radiat Oncol Biot Phys 12: 1329–1333.
Kolstad P (1968) Intercapillary distance, oxygen tension and local recurrence in cervix cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invet 22: 106–112.
Siracka E, Siracky J, Pappova N, Revesz L (1982) Vascularization and radiocurability in cancer of the uterine cervix, a retrospective study. Neoplasma 29: 183–188.
Anaemia: Animal Experiments (General Reviews Stressing Adaptive Processes, Mathematical Modelling)
Degner FL, Sutherland RM (1986) Theoretical evaluation of expected changes in oxygenation of tumours associated with different hemoglobin levels. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1291–1294.
Hirst D (1986) Anemia: a problem or an opportunity in radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 2009–2017.
Hirst D, Wood PJ (1987) The adaptive response of mouse tumours to anaemia and retransfusion. Int J Radiat Biol 51: 597–609.
Hirst DG, Hazlehurst JL, Brown MJ (1984) The effect of alterations in haematocrit on tumour sensitivity to X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 46: 345–354.
Siemann DW, Hill RP, Bush RS, Chhabra P (1979) The in vivo radiation response of an experimental tumour: The effect of exposing tumour-bearing mice to a reduced oxygen environment prior to but not during irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5: 61–68.
Anaemia: Clinical Studies (Including Influence of Arterial Oxygen Content and Effect on Normal Tissues)
Bush RS (1984) Current status of treatment of localized disease and future aspects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1165–1174.
Bush RS, Jenkin RDT, Allt WEC, Beale FA, Bean H, Dembo AJ, Pringle JF (1978) Definite evidence for hypoxic cells influencing cure in cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 37 (Suppl III): 302–306.
Dische S, Anderson PJ, Sealy R, Watson ER (1983) Carcinoma of cervix-anaemia, radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen. Br J Radiol 56: 251–255.
Dische S, Saunders MI, Warburton MF (1986) Hemoglobin, radiation, morbidity and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1335–1337.
Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Jorgensen K, Hansen HM (1986) Primary radiotherapy of larynx and pharynx carcinoma-an analysis of some fators influencing local control and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12. 515–421.
Rustowski J, Kupsc W (1982) Factors influencing the results of radiotherapy in case of inoperable endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 14: 185–193.
Sasai K, Ono K. Hiraoka M, Tsutsui K, Takahashi M, Abe M (1989) Effect of arterial oxygen content on the result of radiation therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
Quilty P, Duncan W (1986) The influence of hemoglobin level on the regression and long term local control of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder following photon therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1735–1742.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Clinical Trials
Henk JM (1986) Late results of trial of hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: A radionale for hypoxic cell sensitizers? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1339–1341.
Henk JM, Sith CW (1977) Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen in head and neck cancer. Interim report of the second trial. Lancet ii: 104–105.
Watson EL, Halnan KE, Dische S, Saunders MI, Cade IS, McEwen JB, Wiernik G, Perrins DJD, Sutherlands I (1978) Hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy: a Medical Research Council trial in carcinoma of the cervix. Br J Radio 51: 879–887.
Measurement 31 Hypdxic Cells (3H-Misonidazole, 19F-MISO Analogues, P-MRS, NMR, Tumours pH, Hypoxic Cell Markers)
Brown TR (1989) The predictive possibilities for NMR in oncology. In: Prediction of tumour treatment response. Eds: JD Chapman LJ Peters HR Withers Pergamon Press NY pp. 297–306.
Hlatky L, Hong C, Sachs R (1988) An intrinsic marker for hypoxia. 6th Conference on: Chemical modifiers of cancer treatment. Paris Abstract 1–9.
Hlatky L, Ring C. Sachs RK (1989) Comparison of 3-H-misonidazole binding between CHO and 9L cells using the sandwich system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Ph.vs 16: 943–94 947.
Koutcher JA, Okunieff P, Neuringer L, Suit H, Brady T (1987) Size dependent change in tumour p3fiosphate metabolism after radiation therapy as detected by P NMR spectroscopy. In J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 1851–1855.
Miraldi F (1986) Potential of NMR and PET for determining tumour metabolism. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1033–1039.
Ng TC, Evanchko WT, Kiramoto RN, Ghanta VI(3i Lilly MB, Lawson AJ, Corbet TH, Durant JR, Glickson JD (1982) P NMR spectroscopy
Raleigh JA, Franko AJ, Trimble LA. Allen PS (1988) Development of a 19-F magnetic resonance spectroscopy method for measuring oxygen deficiency in tumor tissue. 6th Conference on: Chemical modifiers in cancer treatment. Paris Abstract 1–2. Phys (In press).
Wike-Hooley JL, Haveman J, Reinhold HS (1984) The relevance of tumour pH to the treatment of malignant disease. Radiother Oncol 2: 343–366.
Urtasun RC, Chapman JA, Raleigh JA, Franko AJ, Koch CJ, KcKinnon S (1989) Measurement of the hypoxic fraction in solid human tumours utilizing 14C-misonidazole binding In vivo“ technique. 6th conference on:Chemicalmodifiers in cancer treatment.Paris Abstract 1–10.
Hypdxia In Normal Tissues
Hendry JH (1979) Quantitation of the radiotherapeutic importance of naturally hypoxic normal tissues from collated experiments with rodents using single doses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5: 971–979.
Travis E (1984) The oxygen dependence of protection by amino-thiols: implications for normal tissues and solid tumours. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1495–1501.
Prefluorochemical (Experimental, Toxicity in Man, Clinical Studies)
Fedor EJ, Wisdom C, Lowe N (1989) Clinical safety of Fluosol DA 20% An oxygen carrier for radiosensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
Goodman RL, Moore RE, Davis ME, Stokes D, Yuhas JM (1984) Perfluorocarbon emulsions in cancer therapy: preliminary observations on presently available formulations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1421–1424.
Lartigau E, Thomas CH, La Blanc M, Reiss J, Long D, Long C, Malaise EP, Guishard M (1989) New high oxygen carrying perfluorochemical emulsions: toxicity, radiosensitivity of GM-CFC and development of metastases in mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
Martins DF, Porter EA, Rockwell S, Fischer JJ (1987) Enhancement of tumour radiation response by the combination of a perfluorochemical emulsion and hyperbaric oxygen.
Rose C, Lustig R, McIntosh N, Teicher B (1986) A clinical trial of Fluosol DA 20% in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1325–1327.
Song CW, Zhang WL, Pence DM, Lee I, Seymour HL (1985) Increased sensitivity of tumours by perfluorochemicals and carbogen. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 1833–1836.
Thomas Ch, Lartigau L, Malaise EP, Guichard M (1989) New high oxygen-carrying perfluorochemical emulsions and/or carbogen reactions of a human tumour xenograft to irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
West L, McIntosh N, Gendler S, Seymour C, Wisdom C (1986) Effects of intravenously infused Fluosol-DA 20% in rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1319–1323.
Hyporic Cell Radiosensitizers: General Properties and Pharmacorinetics
Adams GE (1973) Chemical sensitization of hypoxic cells. Br Med Bull 29: 48–53.
Adams GE, Clarke ED, Flockhart IR, Jacobs RG, Smithen CE (1979) Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. I. Sensitization efficiency. Int J Radiat Biol 35: 133–150.
Adams GE, Clarke ED, Gray P, Jacobs RS, Stratford IJ, Wardman P, Watts ME, Patrick J, Wallace RG, Smithen CE (1979) Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. II. Cytotoxicity and therapeutic ratio. Int J Radiat Biol 35: 151–160.
Adams G, Stratford IJ (1988) Radiation sensitizers and related compounds: new approaches to modification of radiation response. In: Radiobiology in Radiotherapy. Ed: NM Bleehen Springer-Verlag London pp. 153–164.
Ash DV, Peckham MJ, Steel GG (1979) The quantitative response of human tumours and misonidazole. Br J Cancer 40: 883–889.
Brown JM (1984) Electron-affinic agents: Development of the optimum radiosensitizer and chemosensitizer for clinical application. In: Modification of radiosensitivity in cancer treatment. Ed: T Sugahara Academic Press Tokyo pp. 139–178.
Coleman CN (1985) Hypoxic cell radiosensitizers: expectations and progress in drug development. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11: 323–329.
Denekamp J (1980) Testing of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vivo Cancer Clin Trials 3: 139–148.
Dische S (1988) Radiation sensitizers in clinical radiotherapy. In: Radiobiology in radiotherapy. Ed: NM Bleehen Springer-Verlag London pp. 165–175.
Fowler JF, Denekamp J (1979) A review of hypoxic cell radiosensitization in experimental tumours. Pharmacol Ther 7: 413–444.
Hill RP (1986) Sensitizers and dose fraction: results and interpretations Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1049–1054.
Rauth AM (1984) Pharmacology and toxicology of sensitizers: mechanism studies. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1293–1300.
Workman P (1980) Pharmacokinetics of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers A review Cancer Clin Trials 3: 237–251.
Misonidazole: Results Of Clinical Trials (Reviews)
Awwad HK, El Badawy S, Ghoneim M, Barsoum M, Zaghloul M, Akoush H, Abou Zaid M, Osman A, El Naggar M (1987) Experience in the use of hypoxic cell chemical radiosensitizers and the potential use of some newer drugs. In: Radiotherapy in developing countries. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna pp. 281–289.
Dische S (1985) Chemical sensitizers for hypoxic cells. A decade of experience in clinical radiotherapy (Review). Radiother Oncol 3: 97–116.
Urtasun RC, Coleman CN, Wasserman TH, Philips TL (1984) Clinical trials with hypoxic cell sensitizers: time to retrench or time to push forward? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1691–1696.
Miso Trial With Positive Results
Baillet F, Housset M, Dessard-Diana B, Boisserie G (1989) Positive clinical experience with misonidazole in brachytherapy and external radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1073–1076.
Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Andersen AP, Hjelm-Hansen M. Jorgensen K, Sandberg E,Berthelsen A.Hanmer R, Pedersen,M (1989) Misonidazole combined with split-course radiotherapy in the treatment of invasive carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx. Final report from DAHANCA 2 study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1065–1068.
Topical use of Radiosensitizers
Awwad HK, Abd El Moneim H, Abd El Baki H, Omar S, El Merzabani M, Farag H (1983) The topical use of misonidazole in bladder cancer. In: progress in clinical and biological research volume 132D 13t International Cancer Congress, Part D Research and Treatment. Eds: EA Mirand, WB Hutchinson E Mihish Alan R.Liss Inc NY pp. 305–316.
Balmukhanov SB, Beisebaev AA, Aitkoolova ZI, Mustaphin JS, Philippenko VI, Rismuhamedova RS, Aisarova AM, Abdrahmanov JN, Revesz L (1989) Intratumeral and paremetrial infusion of metronidazole in the radiotherapy of uterine cervix cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16. 1061–1063.
Sealy R, Cridland S, Blekkenhorst G, Barry L, Rombouts T (1988) Interstitial misonidazole: clinical experience in advanced mouth cancer. Clin Radiol 39: 182–185.
Etanidazole (SR-2508)
Awwad HK, El Badawy S, Zagloul MS, Osman M, Abd El Baki H, Fairchild K (1989) Pharmacokinetics of SR-2508 (Etanidazole) in bladder and cervical cancer: evidence for diffusion from urine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biot Phys 16: 1083–1084.
Brown JM, Yu NY, Brown DM, Lee • WW (1981) SR-2508: a 2-nitroimidazole amide which should be superior to misonidazole as a radiosensitizer for clinical use. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7: 695–703.
Coleman CN, Wasserman TH, Urtasun J, Halsey J, Hirst VK, Hannock S, Philips TL (1986) Phase I trial on the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer SR 2508: the results of the five to six weeks drug schedule. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1105–1108.
Pimonidazole (RO-03-8799)
Dische S, Saunders MI, Bennett, Dunphy EP, Des Rochers C (1986) A comparison of the tumour concentrations obtainable with misonidazole and Ro-03–8799 Br J Radiol 59: 911–917
Laurent F, Canal P, Soula G (1989) Pharmacokinetics of Ro-03–8799 in mice bearing melanosarcoma. Comparison with tumours without melanin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1101–1104.
Lespinasse F, Thomas Ch, Bonney M, Malaise EP, Guichard M (1989) Ro-03–8799 preferential relative uptake in human tumour xenografts compared to a murine tumour? Comparison with SR-2508. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1105–1110
Roberts JT, Bleehen NM, Walton MI, Workman P (1986) A clinical phase I toxicity study of Ro-03–8799: plasma, urine, tumour and normal brain pharmacokinetics. Br. J. Radiol 59: 107–116.
Mixed Function Radiosensitizers
Adams GE, Ahmed I, Sheldon PW, Stratford IJ (1984) Radiation sensitization and chemosensitization: RSU-1069 a compound more effective than misonidazole in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 49: 571–577.
Ahmed I, Jenkins TC, Walling JM, Stratford IJ, Sheldon PW, Adams GE, Fielden EM (1986) Analogues of RSU-1069: Radiosensitization and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1079–1082.
Chaplin DJ, Acker B (1987) The effect of hydralazine on the tumour cytotoxicity of the hypoxic cell cytotoxin RSU-1609: evidence for therapeutic gain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 579–585.
Combination of Sensitizing Agents
Bleehen NM, Newman HVF, Maughan TS, Workman P (1989) A multidose study of the combined radiosensitizers Ro-8799 (pimonidazole) and SR-2508 (etanidazole). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1093 - I096.
Dische S, Saunders MI, Dunphy EP, Bennet MH, DesRochers C. Stratford MRL, Minchiniton AI, Orchard RA (1986) Concentrations achieved in human tumours after administration of misonidazole and Ro-03–8799. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1109–1112.
Sealy R, Cridland S, Barry L, Norris R (1986) Irradiation with misonidazole and hyperbaric oxygen: final report on a randomized trial in advanced head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Phys 12: 1343–1346.
Cellular Glutathione, Chemosensitization and Radiosentitization
Biaglow E, Epp E (1983) The role of thiols in cellular response to radiation and drugs. Radiat Res 95: 437–455.
Clark EP, Epp E, Biaglow JE, Norse-Gaudio M, Zachgo E (1984) Glutathione depletion, radiosensitization, and misonidazole potentiation in hypoxic Chinese hamster ovary cells by buthionine sulfoximine. Radiat Res 98: 370–380.
Mitchell JB, DeGraff W, Gamson J, Russo A (1989) Evaluation of nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in a human tumour cell line high in intracellular glutathione. Int J Radiat Oncol Radiol 16: 1021–1024.
Mitchell JB, Russo A (1987) The role of glutathione in radiation and drug cytotoxicity. Br J Cancer 55 (Suppl VII): 96–104.
Mitchell JB, Russo A, Carmichael J, Glatstein E (1989) Glutathione as a predictor of tumour response. In: Prediction of tumour treatment response. Eds: JD Chapman, LJ Peters, HR Withers Pergamon Press NY pp. 157–174.
Russo A, Charmichael J, Friedman N, DeGraff W, Tochner Z, Glastein E, Mitchel JB (1986) The role of intracellular glutathione in antineoplastic chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1347–1354.
Chemosensitization by Hypdxic Cell Sensitizers
Bleehen NM, Freedman L, Stenning S (1989) Phase 3 studies of CCNU with or without benznidazole for recurrent gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1077–1081.
Bleehen NM, Roberts JT (1986) A phase II study of CCNU and benznidazole for metastatic malignant melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1401–1404.
Grau C, Zachariae C, Mao N, Overgaard J (1989) Cytotoxic effect of radiation, misonidazole and cyclophosphamide on aerobic and hypoxic cells in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
Glover D, Trump D, Kvols L, Elso P, Vogl S (1986) Phase II trial of misonidazole (MISO) and cyclophosphamide ( CYC) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1405–1408.
Hinchcliffe M, McNally NJ (1984) A comparison of the ability of some radiosensitizers undergoing clinical trials to act as chemosensitizers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1635–1640.
Lee FYF, Workman P (1984) Nitroimidazoles as modifiers of nitosourea pharmacokinetics 10: 1627–1630.
Ling LI, Streffer C, Sutherland R (1986) Decreased hypoxic toxicity and binding of misonidazole by low glucose concentration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1231–1234.
Roberts TJ, Bleehen NM, Workman P, Walter MI (1984) A phase
I study of the combination of benznidazole and CCNU in man. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1745–1748.
Siemann DW (1984) Modification of chemotherapy by nitroimidazole. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1585–1594.
Siemann DW, Hill SA (1984) Enhanced tumour response through therapies combining CCNU, misonidazole and radiation. Int
J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10: 1623–1626.
Manipulation of Tumour Oxygenation for a Therapeutic Advantage
Adams GE, Barnes DWH, Du Boulay C, Loutit JF, Cole S, Sheldon P, Stratford IJ, van den Aardweg GJMJ, Hopewell JW, White RD, Kneen G, Nethersell AB, Edwards C (1986) Induction of hypoxia in normal and malignant tissues by changing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin-Implications for therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12: 1299–1302.
Adams GE, Stratford IJ, Gooden J, Nowells N (1989) Effect of vasoactive agents on the effectiveness of electron affinic radiation sensitizers in vivo. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys (In press).
Chaplin DJ, Acker B, Olive PL (1989) Potentiation of the tumour cytotoxicity of melphalan by vasoactive drugs. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1131–1136.
Hirst G, Wood PJ (1989) Chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives as hemoglobin modifiers and tumour oxygenator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 1183–1186.
Hyporyradiothhrapy
Balmukhanov SB, Turdugulov Z, Karibjanova Z, Revesz L (1982) The growth rate of bone marrow sarcoma and survival after radiotherapy with tourniquet-induced hypoxia. A clinical study. Cancer 49: 1597–1604.
Neumeister K, Revesz L (1987) Advances in hypoxyradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 427–431.
Suit HD, Lindberg RS (1968) Radiation therapy administered under conditions of tourniquet-induced local tissue hypoxia. Amer J Roentgenol 102: 27–32.
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Awwad, H.K. (1990). Hypoxia in Solid Tumours and Normal Tissues: Clinical Implications. In: Radiation Oncology: Radiobiological and Physiological Perspectives. Developments in Oncology, vol 60. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7865-3_23
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