Skip to main content

New approaches to female fertility regulation — an overview

  • Chapter
  • 128 Accesses

Abstract

It has been estimated that in the next 20 years the number of couples in the reproductive age groups in developing countries alone will have grown to nearly 1 billion. The demand for fertility control will necessarily increase and the bulk of current research is aimed at making the currently available methods safer and more acceptable. It is generally believed that no completely new method of fertility regulation will emerge in the next 20 years or so due to restraints placed by drug regulatory agencies and the prohibitive costs of testing a new drug. Given the world-wide recession the trend has been for a declining investment in financial support for research and development of new contraceptive technology1,2. Sterilization, steroidal contraceptives and IUCDs are all very effective. The crucial issues in the near future will therefore be aimed at optimizing the use of currently available methods and improving their safety, and, to a lesser extent, efficacy with minor alterations in composition or delivery systems. Nevertheless there is still hope for a novel breakthrough in contraception from the work which is being done at present by independent researchers. Perhaps these may bear fruition in the twenty-first century. This chapter will review briefly these novel investigations but will stress mainly the work presently under way on improving methods of fertility control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Atkinson, L. E. (1979). Status of funding and costs of reproductive science research and contraceptive development. In Contraception: Science, Technology and Application. pp. 292–305. ( Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences )

    Google Scholar 

  2. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1982). World Population and Fertility Planning Technologies: The Next 20 Years, Vol. 1. ( Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office )

    Google Scholar 

  3. Royal College of General Practitioners (1974). Oral Contraceptives and Health; an Interim Report for the Oral Contraception Study of the Royal College of General Practitioners. ( New York: Pitman Publishing )

    Google Scholar 

  4. Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study (1976). The outcome of pregnancy in former oral contraceptive users. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 83, 608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study (1977). Effect on hypertension and benign breast disease of progestagen component in combined oral contraceptives. Lancet, 1, 624

    Google Scholar 

  6. Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study (1977). Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Lancet, 2, 727

    Google Scholar 

  7. Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study (1978). Oral contraceptives, venous thrombosis, and varicose veins. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract., 28, 393

    Google Scholar 

  8. Goldzieher, J. W. (1983). Oral contraceptive hazards–reappraisal. In Chadhuri, S. K. (ed.). Practice of Fertility Control, A Cornprehenisve Textbook, pp. 108–114. ( Calcutta: Current Book Publishers )

    Google Scholar 

  9. Salonen, J. T. (1982). Oral contraceptives, smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in young women. Acta Med. Scand., 212, 141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ratnam, S. S. and Prasad, R. N. V. (1980). Recent developments in steroidal contraception. Singapore J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 11, 7

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ratnam, S. S. and Prasad, R. N. V. (1983). Oral contraceptives. In Chaudhuri, S. K. (ed.). Practice of Fertility Control, A Comprehensive Textbook, p. 103. ( Calcutta: Current Book Publishers )

    Google Scholar 

  12. Harper, M. J. K. (1983). Birth Control Technologies Prospects by the Year 2000. (University of Texas Press) (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bradley, D. D., Wingerd, J., Petitti, D. B., Krauss, R. M. and Ramcharan, S. (1978). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women using oral contraceptives, estrogens and progestins. N. Engl. J. Med., 299, 17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Larsson-Cohn, U., Wallentin, L. and Zador, G. (1979). Effects of three different combinations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel on plasma lipid and high density lipoproteins. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 88, 57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Larsson-Cohn, U., Fahraeus, L., Wallentin, L. and Zador, G. (1981). Lipoprotein changes may be minimized by proper composition of a combined oral contraceptive. Fertil. Steril., 35, 172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. de Visser, J., de Jager, E., De Jongh, H. P., Van der Vies, J. and Zeelen, F. (1979). Pharmacological profile of a new orally active progestational steroid: ORG 2969. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh) Suppl., 199, 405

    Google Scholar 

  17. Viinikka, L., Hirvonen, E., Ylikorkala, O. et al. (1977). Ovulation inhibition by a new low-dose progestagen. Contraception, 16, 51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Benagiano, G., Diczfalusy, E., Goldzieher, J. W. and Gray, R. (1977). (Coordinators WHO Task Force on long-acting systemic agents for the regulation of fertility). Multinational comparative clinical evaluation of two long-acting injectable contraceptive steroids: Norethisterone enanthate and medroxyprogesterone acetate. 1. Use effectiveness. Contraception, 15, 513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. World Health Organization (WHO) (1979). Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Eighth Annual Report. ( Geneva: WHO )

    Google Scholar 

  20. Benagiano, G. and Fraser, I. (1981). The depo-provera debate. Commentary on the article ‘Depo-Provera, A critical analysis’. Contraception, 24, 493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. World Health Organization (1981). Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Tenth Annual Report. ( Geneva: WHO )

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kremer, J. de Bruijn, H. W. A. and Hindriks, F. R. (1980). Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in women using a contraceptive injection of depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception, 22, 359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Weiner, E. and Johansson, E. D. B. (1975). Plasma levels of norethindrone after i.m. injection of 200 mg norethindrone enanthate. Contraception, 11, 419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Crabbe, P., Arcjer, S., Benagiano, G., et al. (1983). Long-acting contraceptive agents: Design of the WHO chemical synthesis programme. Steroids (Suppl.) (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Prema, K., Gayathiri, T. L., Ramalakshmi, B. A., Madhavapeddi, R. and Philips, F. S. (1981). Low dose injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate 20 mg monthly. I. Clinical trials. Contraception, 23, 11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Prasad, K. V. S., Nair, K. M., Sivakumar, B., Prema, K. and Rao, B. S. N. (1981). Plasma levels of norethindrone in Indian women receiving norethindrone enanthate (20mg) injectable. Contraception, 23, 497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Oriowo, M-A., Landgren, B-M., Stenstrom, B. and Diczfalusy, E. (1980). A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of three estradiol esters. Contraception, 21, 415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Beck, L. R., Ramos, R. A., Flowers, C. E., Jr., et al. (1981). Clinical evaluation of injectable biodegradable contraceptive system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 140, 799

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sivin, I. and Stern, J. (1979). Long acting more effective copper T IUDs: A summary of US experience, 1970–75. Stud. Family Plan., 10, 263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Nilsson, C. G., Lahteenmaki, P. and Luukkainen, T. (1980). Levonorgestrel plasma concentrations and hormone profiles after insertion and after one year of treatment with a levonorgestrel-IUD. Contraception, 21, 225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. El-Mahgoub, S. (1980). The norgestrel-T IUD. Contraception, 22, 271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Laufe, L. E., Wheeler, R. G. and Friel, P. G. (1979). Modification of intrauterine devices for postpartum insertion. Lancet, 1, 853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. WHO Task Force on Vaginal and Intracervical Devices for Fertility Regulation (1979). Vaginal rings releasing spermicides. In Zatuchni, G., Sobrero, A., Speidel, J. J. and Sciarra, J. J. (eds.). Vaginal Contraception: New Developments, pp. 188–93. ( Hagerstown, Md.: Harper and Row )

    Google Scholar 

  34. WHO Task Force on Methods for the Determination of the Fertile Period (1981). A prospective multicentre trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. II. The effectiveness phase. Fertil. Steril., 36, 591

    Google Scholar 

  35. Moghissi, K. S. (1980). Prediction and detection of ovulation. Fertil. Steril., 34, 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. WHO Task Force on Methods for the Determination of the Fertile Period (1980). Temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentration of plasma estradol-17ß, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone. 1. Probit analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 138, 383

    Google Scholar 

  37. WHO Task Force on Methods for the Determination of the Fertile Period (1981). Temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentration of plasma estradiol-17ß, luteinizing hormone and progesterone. II. Histologic dating. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 139, 886

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gould, K. G. and Faulkner, J. R. (1981). Development, validation, and application of a rapid method for detection of ovulation in great apes and women. Fertil. Steril., 35, 676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sivin, I., Robertson, D. N., Stern, J., et al. (1980). Norplant: Reversible implant contraception. Stud. Family Plan., 11, 227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Croxatto, H. B., Diaz, S., Quinteros, E., et al. (1975). Clinical assessment of subdermal implants of megestrol acetate, v-noregestrel and norethindrone as a long term contraceptive in women. Contraception, 12, 615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Population Council (1982). Norplant Conference - Experiences of its Use in Thailand and Indonesia, Bangkok, November

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar, D., Farooq, A. and Laumas, K. R. (1981). Fluid-filled silastic capsules: A new approach to a more constant steroidal drug delivery system. Contraception, 23, 261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Coutinho, E. M., da Silva, A. R., Carreira, C. M. V. and Sivin, I. (1981). Long-term contraception with a single implant of the progestin ST-1435. Fertil. Steril., 36, 737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. World Health Organization (WHO) (1980). Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Ninth Annual Report. ( Geneva: WHO )

    Google Scholar 

  45. Victor, A. and Johansson, E. D. B. (1977). Contraceptive rings: Self administered treatment governed by bleeding. Contraception, 16, 137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Prasad, R. N. V. and Ratnam, S. S. (1981). Postcoital contraception. Singapore J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 12, 18

    Google Scholar 

  47. Yuzpe, A. A., Smith, R. P. and Rademaker, A. W. (1982). A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as a post-coital contraceptive agent. Fertil. Steril., 37, 508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Prasad, M. R. N. (1983). Postcoital agents and menses inducers. Presented at the Conference on Research on the Regulation of Human Fertility–Needs of Developing Countries and Priorities for the Future, Stockholm, February 7–9

    Google Scholar 

  49. WHO (1982). Special Programme of Research in Human Reproduction. 11th Annual Report. ( Geneva: World Health Organization )

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mehta, R. R., Jenco, J. M. and Chatterton, R. T. (1981). Antiestrogenic and antifertility actions of Anoudrin. Steroids, 38, 679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Karim, S. M. M. (ed.). (1979). Practical Applications of Prostaglandins and their Synthesis Inhibiters. ( Lancaster: MTP Press )

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bundy, G. L., Kimball, F. A., Robert, A., et al.,(1980). Synthesis and biological activity of 9-deoxo-9-methylene and related prostaglandins. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res., 6, 355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Prasad, R. N. V., Lim, C., Wong, Y. C., Karim, S. M. M. and Ratnam, S. S. (1978). Vaginal administration of 16, 16-dimethyl-trans-PGE, methylester (ONO 802) for preoperative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparous pregnancy. Singapore J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 9, 69

    Google Scholar 

  54. Richart, R. M. (1980). Female sterilization using pharmacologically active agents. In Zatuchni, G. I., Labbock, M. H. and Sciarra, J. J. (eds.). Research Frontiers in Fertility Regulation, pp. 262–69. ( Hagerstown, MD: Harper and Row )

    Google Scholar 

  55. Richart, R. M. (1981). Female sterilization using chemical agents. Res. Frontiers Fertil. Reg., 1

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zipper, J., Stachetti, A. and Medel, M. (1975). Transvaginal chemical sterilization: Clinical use of quinacrine plus potentiating adjuvants. Contraception, 12, 11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bhatt, R. V., Aparicio, A., Laufe, L. E., Parmley, T. and King, T. M. (1980). Quinacrine-induced pathologic changes in the Fallopian tube. Fertil. Steril., 33, 666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Neuwirth, R. S., Richart, R. M., Eldering, G., Argueta-Rivas, G. and Nilsen, P. A. (1980). An outpatient approach to female sterilization using methylcyanoacrylate. Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 136, 951

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Houck, R. M. and Cooper, J. M. (1983). Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion with formedin-place silicone plugs: A clinical study. Obstet. Gynecol. (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Nillius, S. J., Bergquist, C. and Wide, L. (1978). Inhibition of ovulation in women by chronic treatment with a stimulatory LRH analogue - A new approach to birth control? Contraception, 17, 537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Bergquist, C., Nillius, S. J. and Wide, L. (1979). Inhibition of ovulation in women by intranasal treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Contraception, 19, 497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Schmidt-Gollwitzer, M., Hardt, W., Schmidt-Gollwitzer, K. von der Ohe, M. and Nevinny-Stickel, J. (1981). Influence of the LH-RH analogue Buserelin on cyclic ovarian function and on endometrium. A new approach to fertility control. Contraception, 23, 187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lemay, A., Labrie, F., Ferland, L. and Raynaud, J. P. (1979). Possible luteolytic effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in normal women. Fertil. Steril., 31, 29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Casper, R. F., Sheehan, K. L. and Yen, S. S. C. (1980). Chorionic gonadotropin prevents LRF-agonist-induced luteolysis in the human. Contraception, 21, 471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Zarate, A., Canales, E. S., Sthory, I. et al. (1981). Antiovulatory effect of a LHRH antagonist in women. Contraception, 24, 315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Coy, D. H., Horvath, A., Nekola, M. V. et al. (1982). Peptide antagonists of LH-RH: Large increases in antiovulatory activities produced by D-amino acids in the six position. Endocrinology, 110, 1445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hermann, W., Wyss, R., Riondel, A. et al. (1982). Effet d’un steroide anti-progesterone chez la femme: Interruption du cycle menstruel et de la grossesse au debut. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 294, 933

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chappel, S. C., Holt, J. A. and Spies, H. G. (1980). Inhibin: Differences in bioactivity within human follicular fluid in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 163, 310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tsafriri, A. and Channing, C. P. (1975). An inhibitory influence of granulosa cells and follicular fluid upon porcine oocyte meiosis in vitro. Endocrinology, 96, 922

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Darga, N. C. and Reichert, L. E., Jr. (1979). Evidence for the presence of a low molecular weight follitropin binding inhibitor in bovine follicular fluid. In Channing, C. P., Marsh, J. M. and Sadler, W. A. (eds.). Ovarian Follicular and Corpus Luteum Function. ( New York: Plenum Press )

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ramakrishnan, S., Kumar, S. and Hingorani, V. (1976). Isoimmunization against human chorionic gonadotropin with conjugates of processed beta-subunit of the hormone and tetanus toxoid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Das, O., Talwar, G. P., Ramakrishnan, S., et al. (1978). Discriminatory effect of anti-Pr-beta-hCG-TT antibodies on the neutralization of the biological activity of placental and pituitary gonadotropins. Contraception, 18, 35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Goldberg, E. (1975). Effects of immunization with LDH-X on fertility. Acta Endocrinol. (Suppl.), 194, 202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 MTP Press Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ratnam, S.S., Prasad, R.N.V. (1984). New approaches to female fertility regulation — an overview. In: Harrison, R.F., Bonnar, J., Thompson, W. (eds) Fertility and Sterility. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1308-1_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1308-1_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-1310-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-1308-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics