Abstract
Long-term changes in sea level are dominated by tectono-eustasy due to alternations in the volume of the ocean basins (i.e. the hypsographic land/ sea distribution), by geoidal eustasy due to redistribution of mass within the Earth and rotational changes, and by local or regional crustal movements. Glacio-eustasy had, of course, only effect during periods of glaciations; namely the Upper Cenozoic, the Permian, the Ordovician, the Upper Precambrian and at around 2.3 Ga. Mörner (1983a, 1985a) estimated the rates and amplitudes possible for the different eustatic factors. Tectono-eustasy is a slow process (operating at maximum rates of 0.5-0.7 mm a–1) whilst geoidal eustasy (as well as glacial eustasy) also includes very rapid processes (some 10-30 mm a–1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Beaulieu, J.-L de, and Reille, M. (1984a), A long Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Les Echets, near Lyon, France. Boreas, 13, 111–32.
Beaulieu, J.-L de, and Reille, M. (1984b), The pollen sequence of Les Echets (France): A new element for chronology of the Upper Pleistocene. Geogr. phys. Quatern., 38, 3–9.
Bender, M.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Taylor, F.W., Mathews, R.K. Goddard, J.G. and Broecker, W.S. (1979), Uranium series dating of the Pleistocene reef tracts of Barbados, West Indies. Bull Geol Soc. Am., 90, 577–94.
Bloom, A.L., Broecker, W.S., Chappell, J.M.A., Matthews, R.K. and Mesolella, K.J. (1974), Quaternary sea level fluctuations on a tectonic coast: New 230Th/234U dates from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea. Quaternary Res, 4, 185–205.
Bond, G. (1978). Speculations on real sea-level changes and vertical motions of continents at selected times in the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Geology, 6, 247–50.
Brigham-Grette, J. and Sejrup, H.P. (eds) Quaternary Stratigraphy of the North Sea, Symp. Univ. Bergen, Abstracts, pp. 30–2.
Broecker, W.S., Thurber, D.L., Goodard, J., Ku, T.L. Matthews, R.K., and Mesolella, K.J. (1968), Milankovitch hypothesis supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep-sea sediments. Science, 159, 297–300.
Butzer, K.W. (1975), Pleistocene, littoral-sedimentary cycles of the Mediterranean Basin: A. Mallorquin view. In: Butzer, K.W. and Isaac, G.L. (eds.) After the Australopithecines, pp. 25–71, Mouton.
Butzer, K.W. and Cuerda, J. (1962), Coastal stratigraphy of southern Mallorca and its implication for the Pleistocene chronology of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geol, 70, 398–416.
Chappell, J. (1974), Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea: A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes. Geol Soc. America Bull, 85, 553–70.
Cook, P.J., Colwell, J.B., Firman, J.B., Linsay, J.M., Schwebel, D.A. and von der Borch, C.C. (1977) The late Cenozoic sequence of southeast South Australia and Pleistocene sea-level changes. BMR J. Australian Geol Geophys., 2, 81–8.
Cooke, C.W. (1931), Seven coastal terraces in the southeastern states. Washington Acad, Sei. J., 21, 503–13.
Daly, R.A. (1910), Pleistocene glaciation and the coral reef problem. Amer. J. Sei., 30, 297–308.
Dansgaad, W. and Tauber, H., 1969, Glacier oxygen-18 content and Pleistocene ocean temperatures. Science, 166, 499–502.
Denham, C.R. (1976), Blake polarity episode in two cores from the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge. Earth Planet. Sei. Lett., 29, 422–34.
Donovan, D.T. and Jones, E.J.W. (1979), Causes of worldwide changes in sea level. Geol, 136, 87–192.
Emiliani, C. (1955), Pleistocene temperatures. J. Geol 63, 149–58.
Erol, O. and u others (1981). Morphotectonic results of the geomorphological study of the Biga Peninsula, northwestern Turkey. Bull IN QUA Teotectonics Comm., 4, 31–42.
Fairbanks, R.G. and Matthews, R.K. (1978). The marine oxygen isotope record in Pleistocene corals, Barbados, West Indies. Quatern. Res., 10, 181–96.
Fairbridge, R.W. (1961), Eustatic changes in sea level. Physics and Chemistry Earth, 4, 99–185.
Fairbridge, R.W. (1971), Quaternary shoreline problems at INQUA. Quaternania, 15, 1–17.
Fischer, A.G. (1984), The two Phanerozoic supercycles. In: ‘The new uniformitarianism’ (W.A. Berggren & J.A. van Couvering, eds.), Princeton Univ. Press, pp. 86–105.
Flint, R.F. (1940), Pleistocene features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Am. J. Sei., 238, 757–787.
Flint, R.F. (1971), Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York, Wiley & Sons.
Goy, J.L. and Zazo, C. (1983), Pleistocene tectonics and shorelines in Almeria (Spain). Bull INQUA Neotectonics Comm., 6, 9–13.
Grotzinger, J.P. (1984), Lecture at ‘A climatic symposium in honor of Prof. R.W. Fairbridge’, Barnard Coll., Columbia Univ., May 1984. Published 1986 in Geol Soc. America Bull, 97, 1208–31.
Hallam, A. (1977), Secular changes in marine inundation of USSR and North America through the Phanerozoic. Nature, 269, 769–72.
Hancock, J.M. and Kauffnan, E.G. (1979), The great transgressions of the Late Cretaceous. J. Geol Soc, Lond, 126, 175–86.
Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R. and Farrer, P. (1981). Interpolating paleoenvironments, subsidence history and sea-level changes of passive margins from seismic and biostratigraphy. Oceanologica Acta 1981, 33–44.
Harmon, R.S., Land, L.S., Mitterer, R.M., Garrett, P., Schwarcz, H.P. and Larson, G.J. (1981), Bermuda sea level during the last interglacial. Nature, 289, 481–3.
Hays, J.D. and Pitman III W.C. (1973), Lithosphere plate motion, sedimentation rates and the hypsographic curve. Earth Planet, Sei. Lett, 54, 1–16.
Hey, R.W. (1971), Quaternary shorelines of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Quaternaria, 15, 273–84.
Hey, R.W. (1978), Horizontal Quaternary shorelines of the Mediterranean. Quatern. Res., 10, 197–203.
Hopkins, D.M. (1967), Quaternary marine transgressions in Alaska. In: Hopkins, D.M. (ed.) The Bering Land Bridge, pp. 47–90. Stanford Univ. Press.
Hopkins, D.M. (1973), Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years. Quatern. Res., 3, 520–40.
Jeletsky, J.A. (1978), Causes of Cretaceous oscillations of sea level in Arctic Canada and some general geotecnic implications. Geol. Survey Canada, Pap. 77- 18, 1–44.
Jelgersma, S. (1979), Sea-level changes in the North Sea basin. In: Oele, E., Schüttenhelm, R.T.E. and Wiggers, A.J. (eds.) The Quaternary history of the North Sea, pp. 233–48. Acta Univ. Uppsala.
Keller, G. and Barron, J.A. (1983), Paleoceanographic implications of Miocene deep-sea hiatuses. Geol. Soc. America Bull, 94, 590–613.
Kerr, R.A. (1980), Changing global sea levels as a geologic index. Science, 209, 483–6.
Kirittopoulos, P. (1984), Neogene lacustrine deposits in the inland basins of northern Greece; stratigraphy, paleoenvironment, paleomagnetism, and industrial usefulness. Medd. Stockholm Univ. Geol. Inst., 261, 1–96.
Knudsen, K.L. (1984). Foraminiferal stratigraphy in a marine Eemian-Weichselian sequence at Apholm, north Juüand. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, 32, 169–80.
Ku, T.-L., Kimmel, M.A., Easton, W.H. and O’Neil, T.J. (1974), Eustatic sea level 120,000 years ago on Oahu, Hawaii. Science, 183, 959–62.
Kukla, G.J. (1977), Pleistocene land-sea correlations: I. Europe. Earth-Sci. Rev., 13, 307–74.
Loutit, T.S. and Kennett, J.P. (1981), New Zealand and Australian Cenozoic sedimentary cycles and global sea-level changes. AAPGH, 65,1586–1601.
Maclaren, C. (1842), The glacial theory of Professor Agassiz. Am. J. Sei., 42, 346–65.
Mangerud, J. and Miller, G. (1984), Aminostratigraphy of marine interglacial deposits around the North Sea. In: Aarseth, I. and Sejrup, H.P. (eds.) Quaternary Stratigraphy of the North Sea, Symp. Univ. Bergen, Abstracts, p. 43.
Matsumoto, T. (1977), On the so-called Cretaceous transgressions. Spec. Pap. Paleontol. Soc. Japan, 21, 75–84.
McCartan, L., Owens, J.P., Blockwelder, B.W., Szabo, B.J., Belknap, D.F., Kriansakul, N., Mitterer, R.M. and Wehmiller, J.F. (1982), Comparison of amino acid racemization geochronometry with lithstratigraphy, biostratigraphy, uranium- series coral dating, and magnetostratigraphy on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Quatern. Res., 18, 337–59.
Mesolella, K.J., Matthews, R.K., Broecker, W.S. and Thurber, R.L. (1969), The astronomical theory of climatic changes: Barbados data. J. Geol, 77, 250–74.
Moore, T.C. Jr., Van Andel Tj.H., Sancetta, C. and Psias, N. (1978), Cenozoic hiatuses in marine sediments. Micropaleontol, 24, 113–38.
Mörner, N.-A. (1969), The Late Quaternary history of the Kattegatt Sea and the Swedish West Coast; deglaciation, shorelevel displacement, chronology, isostasy and eustasy. Sveriges Geol Undersökn., 640, 1–487.
Mörner, N.-A. (1971), The position of the ocean level during the interstadial at around 30,000 BP — A discussion from a climatologic-glaciologic point of view. Canadian J, Earth ScL, 8, 132–43.
Mörner, N.-A. (1972), When will the Present Interglacial end? Quatern. Res., 2, 341–9.
Mörner, N.-A. (1976), Eustasy and geoid changes. J. Geol, 84,123–51.
Mörner, N.-A. (1978), Paleoclimatic, paleomagnetic and palaeogeoidal changes: Interaction and complexity. In: Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres and Climatology of the Earth, pp. 221–232. Toulouse, France, CNES Colloque Intern (Nice 1978).
Mörner, N.-A. (1979a), The Fennoscandian uplift and Late Cenozoic geodynamics: Geological evidence. Geo Journal, 3, 287–318.
Mörner, N.-A. (1979b), The Grande Pile paleomagnetic/paleoclimatic record and the European glacial history of the last 130,000 years. Intern. Proj. Paleolimnology Late Cenozoic Climate, 2, 19–24.
Mörner, N.-A. (1980a), Relative sea-level changes, tectono-eustasy, geoidal eustasy and geodynamics during the Cretaceous. Cretaceous Res., 1, 329–40.
Mörner, N.-A. (1980b), Eustasy and geoid changes as a function of core/mantle changes. In: Mörner, N.-A. (ed.) Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy, pp. 535–53. New York Wiley & Sons.
Mörner, N.-A. (1981a), Revolution in Cretaceous sea-level analysis. Geology, 9,344–6.
Mörner, N.-A. (1981b), Eustasy, palaeoglaciation and palaeoclimatology. Geol. Rundschau, 70, 691–702.
Mörner, N.-A. (1981c), Weichse Han chronostratigraphy and correlations. Boreas, 10, 463–70.
Mörner, N.-A. (1982a), Sea-level changes as an illusive ‘geological level’. Bull. INQUA Neotectonics Comm., 5, 55–64.
Mörner, N.-A. (1982b), Grande Pile and Les Echets; two long records of the paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic evolution in Europe during the last 130,000 years. Intern. Proj. Paleolimnology Late Cenozoic Climate, 5, 17–18.
Mörner, N.-A. (1983a), ‘Sea Levels’. In: Gardner, R. and Scoging, H. (eds.), Mega-Geomorphology, pp. 73–91. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press.
Mörner, N.-A. (1983b), Geoid deformation, asthenospheric changes and plate motions. Terra Cognita, 3, p. 116.
Mörner, N.-A. (1983c), Geophysical changes at the Paleozoic/Mesozoic boundary. Abstracts, Lunar Planetary Sei. XIV (Houston 1983).
Mörner, N.-A. (1983d), Time consistency of terrestrial processes, properties and rates. Abstracts, 18th IUGG, Hamburg 1983.
Mörner, N.-A. (1983e), Differential Holocene sea level changes over the globe: Evidence for glacial eustasy, geoidal eustasy and crustal movements. Coastal evolution in the Holocene. Symp., pp. 93–6. Tokyo.
Mörner, N.-A. (1983f), Illusions and problems in water-budget synthesis. In: Street-Perrott, A., Beran, M. and Ratcliffe, R. (eds.) Variations in the global water budget, pp. 419–23. Dordrecht, Reidel.
Mörner, N.-A. (1984a), Planetary, solar, atmospheric, hydrospheric and endogene processes as origin of climatic changes on the Earth. In Mömer, N.-A. and Karlén, W. (eds)Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis, pp. 483–507. Dordrecht, Reidel.
Mörner, N.-A. (1984b), Geoidal topography: Origin and time consistency. Marine Geophys. Res., 7, 205–8. 260
Mörner, N.-A. (1985a), Eustasy, unconformities and a revision of the ‘Exxon Eustatic Curve’. Pres. at Symp. North Atlantic Palaeoceanography, London 1984, and Symp. Sea Level —An Integrated Approach, Houston, 1985. Submitted.
Mörner, N.-A. (1985b), Sea-level changes: Upsetting facts. SEPMSpec. Publ.
Mörner, N.-A. (1985c), Short-term paleoclimatic changes. Observational data and a novel causation model. In: A climatic symposium in honour of Professor R. W. Fairbridge, Bernard College, New York 1984.
Mörner, N.-A. (1987), Models of global sea level changes. In: Tooley, M.J., Sheman, I. (eds) Sea Level Changes, pp. 332–55. Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
Newman, W.S., Marcus, L.F., Pardi, R.R., Paccione, J.A. and Tomecek, S.M. (1980), Eustasy and deformation of the geoid: 1,000–6,000 radiocarbon years BP. In: Mörner, N.-A. (ed) Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy, pp. 555–67. Wiley & Sons.
Newman, W.S., Marcus, L.F. and Pardi, R.R. (1981), Paleogeodesy: Late Quaternary geoidal configurations as determined by ancient sea levels. IAHS, Puhl. 131, 263–75.
Olsson, R.K., Miller, K.G. and Ungrody, R.E. (1980), Late Oligocene transgression of middle Atlantic coastal plain. Geology, 8, 549–54.
Ortlieb, L. (1981), Sequence of Pleistocene marine terraces in the Santa Rosalia area, Baja California Sur, Mexico. In: Ortlieb, L. and Roldan, J. (eds.) Geology of northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona; Fieldsguides and papers, pp. 275–93. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mexico, Inst. Geol. Hermosillo.
Ortlieb, L. (1984), Neotectonics and sea level variations in the Gulf of California area: Field-trip guidebook. Geol. Inst. Hermosillo (also see: Bull: INQUA Neotectonics Comm., 7, 14–17).
Penck, A. (1882), Schwankungen des Meeresspiegel. Geogr, Ges, München, 7, 1–70.
Pitman III W.C. (1978), The relationship between eustasy and stratigraphic sequences of passive margins. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 89, 1389–1402.
Pitman III W.C. and Golovchenko, X. (1983), The effect of sea-level change on the shelf edge and slope of passive margins. SEPM Spec. Publ, 33, 41–58.
Pun, H. and Veron, R.O. (1959), Summary of the geology of Florida and guidebook to the classical exposures. Florida Geol. Surv., Spec. Publ, 5, 1–255.
Richards, H.G. and Judson, S. (1965), The Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Highlands in the Quaternary. In: Wright, H.E. and Frey, D.G. (eds.) The Quaternary of the United States, pp. 129–36. Princeton.
Rosholt, J.N., Emiliani, C., Geiss, J., Koczy, F.F. and Wangersky, P.J. (1961), Absolute dating of deep-sea cores by the Pa231Th230 method. J. Geol, 69, 162–85.
Sancetta, C., Imbrie, J. and Kipp, N.G. (1973), Climatic record of the past 130,000 years in North Atlantic deep-sea core V23–82: Correlation with the terrestrial record. Quatern. Res., 3, 110–16.
Schmoll, H.R., Szabo, B.J., Rubin, M. and Dobrovolny, E. (1972). Radiometric dating of maine shells from the Bootlegger Cove Clay, Anchorage area, Alaska. Geol Soc. America Bull, 83,1107–14.
Shackleton, N.J. (1975). The stratigraphic record of deep-sea cores and its implications for the assessment of glacials, interglacials, stadials and interstadials in the Mid-Pleistocene. In: Butzer, K.W. and Isaac, G.L. (eds.) After the Astralopethecines, pp. 1–24. Mouton.
Shackleton, N.J. and Cita, M.B. (1979), Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of bentic foraminifers at Site 397: detailed history of climatic changes during the late Neogene. Initial Rep. DSDP, 47, 433–45.
Shackleton, N.J. and Matthews, R.K. (1977), Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene coral terraces in Barbados. Nature, 268, 618–20.
Shackleton, N.J. and Opdyke, N.D. (1973), Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific core V28–238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 to 106 year scale. Quatern. Res., 3, 39–55.
Sleep, N.H. (1976), Platform subsidence and eustatic sea-level changes. Tectonophys., 36, 45–56.
Smith, D.J. and Foster, J.H (1969), Geomagnetic reversal in Brunhes Normal Polarity Epoch. Science, 163, 565–7.
Steams, H.T. (1974), Submerged shorelines and shelves in the Hawaiian Islands and a revision of some of the eustatic emerged shorelines. Geol. Soc. America Bull, 85, 795–804.
Steckler, M. (1984), Changes in sea level. In: Holland, H.D. and Trendall, A.F. (eds.). Patterns of changes in Earth Revolution, pp. 103–32. NY, Springer.
Steinen, R.P., Harrison, R.S. and Matthews, R.K. (1973), Eustatic low stand of sea level between 125,000 and 105,000 BP: Evidence from the subsurface of Barbados, West Indies. Geol Soc. America Bull., 84, 63–70.
Thiede, J. (1981), Reworked neritic fossils in upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic central Pacific deep-sea sediments monitor sea-level changes. Science, 211, 1422–4.
Thome, J. and Watts, A.B. (1984), Seismic reflectors and unconformities at passive continental margins. Nature, 311, 365–8.
Vail, P.R., Mitchum, K.G., Thompson III S., Todd, R.G., Sangree, J.B., Widmier, J.M., Bubb, J.N. and Hatlelid, W.G. (1977), Seismic stratigraphy and global changes in sea level. AAGPMemoir, 26, 49–212.
Vail, P.R. and Hardenbol, J. (1979), Sea-level changes during the Tertiary. Oceanus, 22, 71–80.
Vail, P.R. and Mitchum, R.M. (1980), Global cycles of sea-level change and their role in exploration. Proc. 10th World Petroleum Congr., Bukarest 1979, vol. 2, 95–104, Heyden & Sons (London).
Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., Shipley, T.H. and Buffler, R.T. (1980), Unconformities of the North Atlantic. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 294, 137–55.
Vedder, J.G. and Wright, R.W. (1977), Correlation and chronology of Pacific coast marine terraces of continental United States by amino acid stereochemistry — technique evaluation, relative ages, kinetic model ages, and geological implications. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-file Rep. 77-680, 1–196.
Wahrkraftig, C. and Birman, J.H. (1965), The Quatemary of the Pacific mountain system in California. In: Wright, H.E. and Prey, D.G. (eds.) The Quaternary of the United States, pp. 299–340. Princeton.
Watts, A.B. (1982), Tectonic subsidence, flexure and global changes of sea level. Nature, 297, 469–74.
Watts, A.B. and Steckler, M.S. (1979), Subsidence and eustasy at the continental margin of eastern North America. In:Deep drilling results in the Atlantic Ocean: Continental margins and paleoenvironments (M. Talwani, W. Hay, & W.B.F. Ryan, eds), AGU, Washington D.C., pp. 218–34.
Wehmiller, J.R. and Belknap, D.F. (1982), Amino acid age estimates, Quatemary Atlantic Coastal Plain: Comparison with uranium-series dates, biostratigraphy, and paleomagnetic control. Quatern. Res., 18, 311–36.
Wehmiller, J.R., Lajoie, K.R., Kvenvalder, K.A., Peterson, E., Belknap, D.F., Kennedy, G.L., Adicott, W.O., Vedder, J.G. and Wright, R.W. (1977), Correlation and chronology of Pacific coast marine terraces of continental United States by amino acid stereochemistry-technique evaluation, relative ages, kinetic model ages, and geological implications. U.S. Geol Surv., Open-file Rep. 77-680, 1–196.
Wise, D.U. (1974), Freeboard and the volumes of continents and oceans through time. In: ‘The geology of continental margin’ (C.A. Burk & C.L. Drake, eds.), Springer, pp. 45–58.
Woillard, G. (1978), Grande Pile peat bog: A continuous pollen record for the last 140,000 years. Quatern. Res., 9,1–21.
Worsley, T.R., Nance, D. and Moody, J.B. (1984), Global tectonics and eustasy for the past two billion years. Marine Geol, 58, 373–400.
Yanshin, A.L. (1973), About the so-called global transgressions and regressions. Byull. Mosk, Obshch. Ispyt. Prir., 48, 9–45.
Zagwijn, W.H. (1983), Sea-level changes in the Netherlands during the Eemian. Geol Mijnbouw, 62, k437–50.
Zagwijn, W.H. (1984), Outne of Quaternary stratigraphy in the southern North Sea Basin. In: Aarseth, I. and Sejrup, H.P. (eds.) Quaternary Stratigraphy of the North Sea, Symp Univ. Bergen, Abstracts, pp. 68–73.
Zazo, B. and Bonadonna, F. (1985), Mediterranean and Black Sea Quaternary shorelines subcommission. IN QU A Sub-Comm. Mediterranean and Black Sea Shorelines, Newsletter, 7, 1–3.
Zazo, C., Goy, J.L. and Aguirre, E. (1984), Did Strombus survive the Last Inter-glacial in the western Mediterranean Sea? Mediterranean Ser. Geol, 3, 131–7.
Zeuner, F.E. (1958) Dating The Past. An Introduction To Geochronology (4th ed.) London, Methuen.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 R.J.N. Devoy
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mörner, NA. (1987). Pre-Quaternary Long-Term Changes in Sea Level. In: Devoy, R.J.N. (eds) Sea Surface Studies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1146-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1146-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-015-1148-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-015-1146-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive