Abstract
Now that we have discussed almost every one of the political communities of Indonesian Timor separately we shall proceed to go into the general aspects of the manner in which they functioned, in order to arrive, partly on the basis of this, at a general evaluation of the structure and to determine the structural principles for the political community as an integral part of the culture as a whole.
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References
Middelkoop, 1963, Headhunting.
Heijmering, 1846.
Veth, 1855, I, p. 735.
Cunningham, 1962, pp. 120–146.
Gramberg, 1872, p. 161.
Heymering, 1846, p. 215.
De Roo van Alderwerelt, 1904, p. 211.
Veth, 1855, I, p. 705.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 329.
Op. cit., p. 283.
Op. cit., p. 335.
Op. cit., p. 221.
MS. (Pilon) 1778, folio 14.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 263.
P. 315 above.
Heymering, 1846, p. 204.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 247.
Forbes, 1885, p. 450.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 81.
Gramberg, 1872, p. 177.
Cf. Grijzen, 1904, p. 112, on Belu. The fanu has to be a valid one, as the forces of the hidden world need to be able to approve of it.
The village head here represents the entire village.
The subjects of Amfoan.
His people.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 222–225.
Op. cit., p. 143.
Imperata cylindrica.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 151 ff. Atob-tobe not found in Meyer Drees, 1950.
Schleichera oleosa.
P. 125 above.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 206.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 110–113.
Na Tamnaes.
Maus — to tame; it is the same word as that sometimes used with reference to tribute and the ruler. P. 190 above.
I.e., the head is impaled on the pillar near the le’u shrine.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 207.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 90.
Grijzen, 1904, p. 113.
Forbes, 1885, p. 445.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 248. Cf. Kruyt, 1921, p. 462: Sonba’i threw dogs’ carcases onto the fences and into the lopo of Amabi in order to lure the warriors out.
De Castro, 1862, p. 471.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 209.
Rattray, 1959 (1927), p. 87.
Kruyt, 1921, p. 421.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 6; 1939, pp. 69 and 79.
Op. cit., p. 69. See p. 125 above.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 205.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 8.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 210. See photograph 2.
Kruyt, 1921, p. 446.
Sumba 1965, p. 11.
See photograph Middelkoop, 1963, p. 423, and photograph 25.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 233.
Op. cit., p. 81.
Cunningham, 1962, p. 143.
Report by Koopmans, 1917, p. 66.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 144 ff.
Nono here means bed (of a river etc.). Nanono means to steer something onto the right course.
According to Middelkoop nome is a metathetical form of rnone; faifnome in that case means “boar” (fafi mone).
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 215.
Kruyt, 1923, p. 437.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 236, on the other hand, considers the meo lopo to be equivalent to the meo naek.
Nus; Indon. nuri. A nus is associated with the spirits of the deceased (nitu) who have died long ago, and the fini kliu with the nitu of the recently deceased.
Cf. Smit, 1929, p. 197.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 207.
D., 1851, p. 157.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 113.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 220.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 249. Cf. Heymering, 1846, p. 218.
As in Belu; cf. Mathijsen, 1895, p. 59.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 231.
Op. cit., p. 215.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 217.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 299.
R., 1855, pp. 405–410.
Ten Kate (1894, p. 286), for example, was presented with two heads on his expedition through Timor. They were a gift from the Queen of Amfoan and had been taken during a Dutch expedition to Flores, for which Amfoan had made available auxiliary troops. The Dutch, Topasses and Portuguese fought their battles with the assistance of the Timorese for centuries this way — as a reward the Timorese were allowed to keep the heads they had taken.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 221 ff., 237 ff.
Op. cit., p. 287.
Op. cit., pp. 117, 217, 207 respectively. Meo metan was the war formula used once in a conflict between Amanuban and Molo. In the dialogue between the meo feto and the meo mone this conciliatory character also becomes apparent.
Cf. Müller, 1857, II, p. 254.
Cf. Müller, 1857, II, pp. 251 ff.
Middelkoop 1963, p. 181. Cf. Lévi-Strauss, 1965, p. 21. Raw and roasted foods are classified together. See triangle p. 28 (Lévi-Strauss).
Sobe Senak, the acting raja of Miomafo, had done so himself.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 98 ff. There is mention elsewhere (p. 187) of a bundle of three stalks. Middelkoop, 1949, supplies a photograph (no. 6) of two women who as girls had conducted meo into the compound of the leu shrine this way.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 220.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 103 ff.
Op. cit., pp. 30, 193, bonet — round-dance; nakaf — head.
Op. cit., p. 138.
Op. cit., p. 184.
Middelkoop, 1949, pp. 31, 33.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 77; fuf hal ma haun hala.
Op. cit., p. 65.
Heijmering, 1846, p. 222.
Gramsberg, 1872, p. 195.
Middelkoop, 1963, pp. 156–167.
Schleichern oleosa; Indem, kusambi.
A klau funan. Perhaps because it takes place by night.
Fefa — mouth; later on the phrase fefa a hana (= mouth and voice) occurs. It is a designation for the cause of the dispute.
Le’u here refers to the sacrificial beast, a black and white animal, i.e. the colours for guilt and purification respectively.
The Wooden altar pole is placed between the altar stones.
Middelkoop, 1963, p. 107.
Op. cit., p. 77.
See pp. 264, 274 above.
From the Port, cabo = sergeant. The Timorese word is hake.
Groeneveldt, 1880, p. 117.
Müller, 1857, II, p. 242.
Fiedler, 1929, p. 73.
Anonymous Report, 1912, p. 115. Nubatonis is one of the amaf naek of Amanuban. P. 307 above.
Report by Steinmetz, 1916, p. 76.
Cf. p. 329 above.
Van Swieten, 1899, pp. 2, 63. This concerned Belu (Fialaran), but the same obtains for the entire Atoni area as well.
Groeneveldt, 1880, p. 117.
Pp. 209 ff. above, and Report by Steinmetz, 1916, p. 77.
Grijzen, 1904, p. 139.
Op. cit., p. 139.
Military Memorandum, 1930, p. 47.
Report by Steinmetz, 1916, p. 78. Cf. Report by Ruychaver, 1908, p. 14.
Gramberg, 1872, p. 195, was witness to an oath taken at the conclusion of peace between Sonba’i and Amfoan. The tip of a sword was dipped into the mixture while the words “May this sword, this powder and this bullet kill me if I fail to observe this treaty”, were uttered.
Wiggers, 1893, p. 279.
Report by Venema, 1916, p. 23.
Report by Van Rietschoten, 1914, p. 72.
Mathijsen, 1899, pp. 2, 68.
P. 2 above.
Van Hogendorp, 1784, p. 64.
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Nordholt, H.G.S. (1971). The Functioning of the Political Community in Timor. In: The Political System of the Atoni of Timor. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, vol 60. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1013-4_11
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