The Movements of 1938–1943 in Biak, Numfor and Japen

Summary

The big movement of 1938–1943 shows a movement in all its aspects. Data received from informants who participated in it made it possible to explain how intensely a movement is experienced, how heterogeneous the expectations and motives are, and even that this difference is realized by the participants themselves.

At first a centralization took place, principally influenced by political motives; later on Biak regionalism asserted itself.

Assimilation and the use of Christian elements gave the movement an appearance of syncretism. The use of modern western economic products and means of communication, along with a craving for European goods, laid a stress on the economic aspect in the myths. The frustrated feelings now came with full force to the surface. Resistance to suppression and tutelage in every form ventilated itself now in vehement criticism against foreigners (amberi) still in reach and they were treated accordingly. Revolt against the Japanese forces led to the dramatic end.