Abstract
Of the various explosively welded components now available, clad plate, with a current world-wide production rate of about 25 000 m2 per annum, is in greatest demand by far. Although the clad plate has extensive direct application in the simplest planar forms in which it is produced, that is to say as rectangles or discs (for tube-plates), other forms may be obtained readily, using suitable fabrication techniques, from the flat clad plate. Notable examples of these are flat-or sphericalended cylindrical heat-exchangers and pressure vessels made of structural steel in which the clad inner surface is a relatively thin layer of corrosionresistant material such as stainless steel or titanium. For some applications, a single large plane clad plate can be machined to provide numerous transition joints which may be either planar themselves or tubular.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pocalyko, A. and Williams, C. P. Clad plate products by explosion bonding. Welding J., 43 (1964), 854–61.
Linse, V. D., Wittman, R. H. and Carlson, R. J. Defence Metals Information Center, Memo No. 225 (1967).
Otto, H. E. and Carpenter, S. H. Explosive cladding of large steel plates with lead. Welding J., 51 (1972), 467–73.
Du Pont. UK Patent No. 1,168,264.
Wright, E. S. and Bayce, A. E. Current methods and results in explosive welding. Central Institute for Industrial Research, Oslo, Sandefjord/Lillehammer (1964), Vol. 2, 448–72.
Williams, J. D., Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, (1969).
Richter, U. Influence of explosion cladding on the properties of the base material, Proc. 5th High Energy Rate Fabrication Conf., Denver (1975), 4.14. 1–15.
Hunt, J. N. Wave formation in explosive welding, Phil. Mag., 18, (1968), 669–80.
Lucas, W. Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast (1970).
Stone, J. M. The properties and applications of explosion-bonded dads. Select Conference on Explosive Welding (1968), Hove (The Welding Institute), Paper No. 10, 55–62.
Cook, M. A. Science of High Explosives, Reinhold, New York, (1958).
Popoff, A. A. US Patent No. 3,258,841.
Ruppin, D. The explosion welding of metals—investigation into the unstable processes associated with movement of cover plates. Colloquium on Welding by Thermochemical or Mechanical Energy, 1.1. W. Meeting, Warsaw, 1968.
Du Pont. UK Patent No. 923,746.
Holtzman, A. H. Canadian Patent No. 784,458.
Chadwick, M. D. Unpublished work.
Chudzik, B. UK Patent No. 1,042,952.
Chadwick, M. D. Some aspects of explosive welding in different geometries, ibid. ref. 10, Paper No. 2, 21–7.
Chadwick, M. D. Explosive welding using an impactor, Proc. 7th Int. Conf High Energy Rate Fabrication, Leeds (1981), 152–63.
Kruskov, Yu. N. et al. Mechanical properties of explosively welded titanium-aluminium composites at elevated temperatures, Svar. Proiz. (Welding Production), 22 (1975), April, 34–6.
Anderson, D. K. C. Explosive cladding—available products, properties and applications. Explosive Welding (The Welding Institute), London, (1975), Chapter 3, 8–11.
Boes, P. J. M. Some aspects of explosive welding. Publication No. 103 (1962), Tech. Centre for Metalworking, TNO, Delft, Holland.
Verbraak, C. A. Explosive forming can cause problems, Met. Prog., 83 (1963), 109–12.
Bouckaert, G. P., Hix, H. B. and Chelsus, J. Explosive-bonded tantalum-steel vessels, ibid. ref. 7, 4.4. 1–25.
Hayes, G. A., and Pearson, J. Metallurgical properties of some explosively welded metals, NAVWEPS Report 7925, NOTS TP 2950 (ASTIA AD-278354), June 1962.
UK Patent No. 1,369,879.
Hampel, H. Some aspects of explosive tube to tubeplate welding in heat exchangers, ibid. ref. 19,173–85.
Kennedy, J. E. Gurney energy of explosives: estimation of the velocity and impulse imparted to driven metal, Sandia Laboratories (New Mexico), Report No. SC-RR-70790 (1970).
Jones, H. A theory of the dependence of rate of detonation of solid explosives on the diameter of the charge, Proc. Roy. Soc., 189 A (1946), 415–26.
Smith, E. G. Jr., Laber, D. and Linse, V. D. Explosive metal acceleration studies using flash X-Ray techniques, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. of the Center for High Energy Forming, Vail, Colorado (1971), 1.4.1–26.
Eyring, H., Powell, R. E., Duffey, G. H. and Parlin, R. B. The stability of detonation, Chem. Rev., 45 (1949), 69.
Shreffler, R. G. and Deal, W. E. Free surface properties of explosively driven plates, J. Appl.,Phys., 24 (1953), 44–8.
Takizawa, Y., Izuma, T., Onzawa, T. and Fujita, M. An experimental study of the acceleration zone and the terminal velocity of flyer plate driven by explosive, ibid. ref. 7, 4.18, 1–42.
Smith, E. G. Jr., and Linse, V. D. The acceleration characteristics of explosively driven flyer plates, Proc. 6th Int. Conf High Energy Rate Fabrication, Essen (1977), 1.1.1–15.
Watanabe, M., Murakami, Z., Fukuyama, I., Mukai, Y., Makihata, T. and Matsushita, M. The effect of bonding conditions on the wave mode formed at explosive bonded interfaces, International Conference on Advances in Welding Processes (1970), London.
Onzawa, T. and Ishii, Y. Wave formation in explosive welding of metals, ibid. ref. 7, 4.8.1–27.
Hampel, H. and Richter, U. Formation of interface waves and dependence on the explosive welding parameters, ibid. ref. 19, 89–99.
Rice, M. H., Mcqueen, R. G., and Walsh, J. M. Compression of solids by strong shock waves, in A Seitz and A Turnbull (editors) Solid State Physics, Vol. 6, Academic Press, New York (1958).
Wright, E. S. and Bayce, A. E. US Patent No. 3,313,021.
Wittman, R. H. The influence of collision parameters on the strength and microstructure of an explosion welded aluminium alloy, 2nd Int. Symp. on Use of Explosive Energy for Manufacturing Metallic Materials of New Properties, Marianske Lazne (1973) Paper 10, 153–68.
Meyer, M. D. Impact Welding using Magnetically Driven Flyer Plates, Proc. of 4th Int. Conf. of the Center for High Energy Forming, Vail, Colorado (1973), 5.3.1–23.
Anon., Explosive Welding, Pacific Factory, March 1962, 6.
Shribman, V. Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast. (1968).
Cowan, G. R. and Holtzman, A. H. Flow configurations in colliding plates: explosive bonding, J.Appl., Phys., 34 (1963), 928–39.
Zakharenko, I. D. The determining processes for explosive welding, ibid. ref. 34, 1.9.1–7.
Efremov, V. V. and Zakharenko, I. D. Determination of the upper Hmit to explosive welding, Fizika Goreniyai Vzryva, 12, (1976), 255–60.
Chadwick, M. D. Graham, B. L. and Lowes, J. M. (IRD), Unpubhshed work on explosive welding of zirconium alloys to type 304 stainless steel.
Gurney, R. W. The initial velocities of fragments from bombs, shells, grenades, Ballistic Research Laboratories (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland), Report No. 405 (1943).
Duvall, G. E. and Erkman, J. O. Acceleration of a plate by high explosive. Tech. Report No. I., Stanford Research Institute, Project No. GU-2426 (1958).
Bahrani, a. S., Black, T. J. and Crossland, B. The mechanics of wave formation in explosive Welding, Proc. R. Soc., A296 (1967), 123–36.
Bergmann, O. R., Cowan, G. R. and Holtzman, A. H. Experimental evidence of jet formation during explosive cladding. Trans. TMS-AIME, 236 (1966), 646–53.
Godunov, S. K., Deribas, A. A., Zabrodin, A. V. and Kozin, N. S. Hydrodynamic effects in colliding solids,J. Comput. Phys., 5 (1970), 517–39.
El-Sobky, H. and Blazynski, T. Z. Experimental investigation of the mechanics of explosive welding by means of a liquid analogue, ibid. ref. 7, 4.5.1–21.
Cowan, G. R., Bergmann, O. R. and Holtzman, A. H. Mechanism of bond zone wave formation in explosion-clad metals, Metall. Trans., 2 (1971), 3145–55.
Bahrani, A. S. Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast (1965).
Buchwald, J. and Fleishman, S. L. Manufacture and testing of hollow forgings with explosion bonded bores, ASME Petroleum Division and Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Joint Conference, Dallas (1968), 68-PET-18.
Sakhnovskaya, E. B., Sedykh, V. S., and Trykov, Yu. P. Properties of explosion welded joints between austenitic steel and aluminium alloys, Svar. Proiz. (Welding Production), 18 (1971), No. 7, 34–6.
Hammerschmidt, M. and Kreye, H. Microstructural features determining the properties of explosive welds, ibid. ref. 19, 60–70.
Chadwick, M. D. and Graham, B. L. (IRD), Unpublished work on explosive welding of an Al-Zn-Mg alloy to maraging steel, (1972–77).
Czajkowski, H. Explosive welding of mild steel-aluminium prefabricates, Int. Cof. on the Use of High Energy Rate Methods for Forming, Welding and Compaction, University of Leeds (1973), 14.1–12.
Trueb, L. F. Microstructural effects of heat treatment on the bond interface of explosively welded metals, Metall. Trans., 2 (1971), 145–53.
Keller, K. Investigations of explosive cladding, Z. Metallkunde, 59 (1968), No. 6, 503–13.
Burkhardt, A., Hornbogen, E. and Keller, K. Transition to turbulent flow in crystals, Z. Metallkunde, 58 (1967), 410–5.
Christensen, K. T., Egly, N. S. and Alting, L. Explosive welding of tubes to tubeplates, Metall. Constr. Br. Weld. J., 5 (1973), 412–9.
Stivers, S. W. and Wittman, R. H. Computer selection of the optimum explosive loading and weld geometry, ibid. ref. 7, 4.2.1–16.
Prümmer, R. Explosive welding of a molybdenum-high temperature resistant alloy compound,ibid. ref. 19, 186–91.
Kury, J. W., Hornig, H. C., Lee, E. L., Mcdonnel, J. L., Ornellas, D. L., Finger, M., Strange, F. M. and Wilkins, M. L. Metal acceleration by chemical explosives,4th Symp. on Detonation, (1965), ONR ACR-126, 1–13.
Schmidtmann, E. and Paul, H. U. The elastic-plastic deformation of metal material under extreme dynamic loading. Arch. Eisenhuttenwesen, 36 (1965), No. 10, 699–707.
Cleland, D. B. (Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd.), Private communication.
Wylie, H. K., Williams, P. E. G. and Crossland, B. An experimental investigation of explosive welding parameters’. Queen’s University of Belfast, Dept. of Mech. Eng. Report No. 514 (1970).
El-Sobky, H. A. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Leeds (1979).
AlHassani, S. T. S. and Salem, S. A. L. Explosive bonding of multilayer composites (theory and experiments), ibid. ref. 19, 208–17.
Aziz, A. K., Hurwitz, H. and Sternberg, H. M., Energy transfer to a rigid piston under detonation loading, Phys. Fluids, 4 (1961), 380–4.
Trutnev, V. V. et al. Comparative assessment of the quahty of the explosive joining of aluminium to titanium, steel and nickel, Svar. Proiz. (Welding Production), 20 (1973), No. 7, 19–21.
Davenport, D. E. Explosive welding, ASTME Creative Manufacturing Seminars (1961–2), Paper SP 62–77.
Chladek, L. Effects of microgeometry and physico-chemical state of surfaces on the quality of joints in explosive cladding of metals ibid. ref. 40, Paper No. 14, 199–206.
Chadwick, M. D. and Lowes, J. M. (IRD), Unpublished work.
Lowes, J. M. (IRD), Unpubhshed work.
Minshall, S. Properties of elastic and plastic waves determined by pin contactors and crystals, J. Appl.,Phys., 26 (1955), 463–9.
Hoskins, N. E., Allan, J. W. S., Bailey, W. A., Lethaby, J. W. and Skidmore, I. C. The motion of plates and cyhnders driven by detonation waves at tangential incidence, ibid. ref. 67. 14–26.
Crossland, B., Wylie, H. K., Williams, P. E. G. and Bahrani, A. S. Explosive welding of cylindrical surfaces, ibid. ref. 40, Paper No. 7, 97–133.
Deribas, a. a., Kudinov, V. M., Matveenkov, F. I. and Simonov, V. a. Determination of the impact parameters of flat plates in explosive welding, Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva (Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves), 3, (1967), No. 2, 291–8.
Shribman, V. and Crossland, B. An Experimental Investigation of the velocity of the flyer plate in explosive welding, Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. of the Center for High Energy Forming, Denver (1969), 7.3.1.
Walsh, J. M. and Christian, R. H. Equations of state of metals from shock wave measurements, Phys. Review, 97 (1955), 1544.
Deffet, L. and Fosse, C. Les Bases des Methodes de Placage des Metaux par rAction des Explosifs, IFCE Conference (1966).
Holtzman, a. H. and Rudershausen, C. G. Recent advances in metal working with explosives, Sheet Metal Industries, 39, (1962), 399–414.
Ribovich, J., Watson, R. W. and Gibson, F. C. Instrumented card-gap test, AIAA Journal, 6 (1968), 1260–3.
Barker, L. M. and Hollenbach, R. E. System of Measuring the Dynamic Properties of Materials, Rev. Sci. Instr., 35 (1964), 742.
Prümmer, R. A. A new and simple method of determination of the parameters of explosive welding and latest results, J. of the Industrial Explosives Society of Japan, 35 (1974), No. 3, 121–26.
Held, M. Theoretical and practical aspects of explosive welding ibid. ref. 19, 113–31.
Willis, J. Explosive welding for jointing conductors. Electrical Times, 23 July 1970, 43–44.
Addison, H. J. Jr., Fogg, W. E., Betz, G. and Hussey, F. W. Explosive welding of aluminium alloys. Welding J., Res. Supplement, 42 (1963), 359s-64s.
Kameishi, M., Higuchi, R. and Niwatsukino, T. Canadian Patent No. 794,093.
Polhemus, F. C. Explosive welding development at Pratt and Whitney aircraft, Proc. 1st Int. Conf of the Center for High Energy Forming, Denver (1967), 1.3.1.
Bement, L. J. Small-scale explosion seam welding. Welding J., 52 (1973), 147–54.
Otto, H. E. and Wittman, R. H. Evaluation of NASA-Langley Research Center explosion seam welding,NASA CR-2874 (1977).
Addison, H. J. Jr. Explosive Welding, ASME Paper No. 64-MD-47 (1964).
Du Pont, UK Patent No. 1,085, 683.
Denyachenko, O. A. The physical properties of explosion-welded butt joints in aluminium, Avt. Svarka. (Automatic Welding), 28 (1975), 56–7.
Velten, R. Practical Applications of Explosive Welding, ibid. ref. 41, 8.4.1–28.
Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Corporation. UK Patent No. 1,010,859.
Persson, I. Explosive welding indoors in serial production, ibid. ref. 40, 261–70.
Jackson. P. W. (IRD). UK Patent Application No. 24299/78.
Linse, V. D. The Application of Explosive Welding to Turbine Components, ASME Paper No. 74-GT-85 (1974).
Orava, R. N. and Wittman, R. H. Techniques for the control and application of explosive shock waves, ibid. ref. 7, 1.1.1–27.
Holtzman, a. H. Explosive dads, ibid. ref. 5, 489–516.
Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft. UK Patent No. 1,192,517.
Chadwick, M. D. An assessment of variable angle techniques used to determine minimum collision angles and impact velocities for explosive welding, ibid. ref. 34, 1.6.1–15.
Willis, J. Applications of Explosive Welding,ibid. ref. 21, Chapter 10, 40–4.
Shaffer, J. W., Cranston, B. H. and Krauss, G. Explosive bonding of metal foils to high alumina ceramic substrates, ibid. ref. 7, 4.12.1–28.
Cranston, B. H. UK Patent No. 1,353,242.
Embury, J. D., Petch, N. J., Wraith, A. E. and Wright, E. S. The fracture of mild steel laminates. TMS-AIME, 239 (1967), 114–8.
Podgornyi, a. N., Guz, I. S. and Mileshkin, M. B. Failure of laminated composites formed by explosive welding,Avt. Svarka (Automatic Welding), 28 (1975), 23–5.
Kelly, A. and Davies, G. J. Principles of fibre reinforcement. Met. Reviews, 10 (1965), No. 37, 1–77.
Cratchley, D. Experimental aspects of fibre-reinforced metals, ibid. ref. 114, 79–144.
Jarvis, C. V. and Slate, P. M. B. Explosive fabrication of composite materials, Nature, 220 (1968), 782–3.
Slate, P. M. B. and Jarvis, C. V. Strengthening of metals by explosive incorporation of strong wires,J. Inst. Metals, 100 (1972), 217–24.
Fleck, J., Laber, D. and Leonard, L. Explosive welding of composite materials,J. Composite Materials, 3 (1969), 699–701.
Reece, O. Y. Reported in Iron Age, 205 (1970), 60.
Reece, O. Y. Molybdenum wire reinforced columbium composites, ibid. ref. 30, 2.1.1–11.
Wylie, H. K., Williams, J. D. and Crossland, B. Explosive fabrication of fibre reinforced aluminium, ibid. ref. 30, 2.2.1–26.
McClelland, H. T. and Otto, H. E. Explosive compaction of composites, ibid. ref. 41, 9.1.1–26.
Bhalla, a. K. and Williams, J. D. Production of stainless steel wire-reinforced aluminium composite sheet by explosive compaction, J. Materials Science, 12 (1977), 522–30.
Gonzales, A., Cuyas, J. C. and Cusminsky, G. Explosive welding of aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet steel mesh reinforced composites, ibid. ref. 19, 199–207.
Dabrowski, W. The influence of the technological parameters on the mechanical properties of high strength aluminium matrix explosively manufactured composites, ibid. ref. 19, 218–23.
Jackson, P. W., Baker, A. A., Cratchley, D. and Walker, P. J. The fabrication of components from aluminium reinforced with silica fibres, Powder Met., 11 (1968). No. 21, 1–22.
El-Sobky, H. and Blazynski, T. Z. Analysis of the mechanism of collision in multilayered composites, ibid. ref. 19, 100–12.
Raybould, D. On the properties of material fabricated by dynamic powder compaction (D.P.C.), ibid. ref. 19, 261–73.
Chadwick, M. D. and Jackson, P. W. Explosive welding in pressure vessels and heat exchangers. Developments in Pressure Vessel Technology—3, ed. Nichols, R. W., Applied Science Pubhshers Ltd. Barking, Essex (1980), Chapter 7, 217–65.
Du Pont. UK Patent No. 1,062,320.
Cleland, D. B. Industrial application of’Kelomet’ explosively clad metal, ibid. ref. 40, Paper No. 18, 2311.
British Standard Code of Practice CP3003: Lining of vessels and equipment for chemical processes. Part 9; Titanium (1970).
Turner, J. C. and Dawson, P. H. Explosive welding as a manufacturing technique, Proc. Int. Conf. on Welding and Fabrication in the Nuclear Industry (BNES), London (1979), Paper No. 42.
Takizawa, Y. Explosive cladding industry and researches on its technology in Japan, ibid. ref. 40, Paper No. 11, 171–5.
Hix, H. B. Commercial explosive bonding,ibid. ref. 34, 2.1.1–18.
Izuma, T. and Baba, N. Development of transition joint for cryogenic temperature, ibid. ref. 34, 2.14, 1–19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Applied Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chadwick, M.D., Jackson, P.W. (1983). Explosive Welding in Planar Geometries. In: Blazynski, T.Z. (eds) Explosive Welding, Forming and Compaction. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9751-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9751-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-9753-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9751-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive