Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals used for imaging are administered to subjects parenterally and the emissions from their gamma-labels are detected externally. This places some constraint on the type of substance to be labelled, but more importantly on the radionuclide to be employed as the radiolabel. The agents are normally administered at low concentrations and low frequency (often only once) and the radionuclides commonly employed in scintigraphy are either carrier-free or available at high specific activities. Consequently the question of toxicity is not often a serious limitation, and the other requirements for parenteral injection, such as sterility, apyrogenicity and non-antigenicity, can usually be satisfied. The choice of radionuclide is much more restrictive, for there is an over-riding requirement to maximise the detectable photon yield while minimising the radiation dose absorbed by the subject.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Atkins P, Hawkins L A (1965) Detection of venous thrombosis in the legs, Lancet 2: 1217–1219
Blau M, Bender M A (1962) Radiomercury (Hg203) labeled neohydrin: a new agent for brain tumor localization, J. Nucl. Med. 3: 83–93
Bolton A E (1977) Radioiodination Techniques, Review 18, The Radiochemical Centre, Amersham
Bolton A E, Hunter W M (1973) The labelling of proteins to high specific radioactivities by conjugation to a 125I-containing acylating agent. Application to the radioimmunological assay, Biochem. J. 133: 529–538
Boyd G S, Merrick M V, Monks R, Thomas I L, Ross A H McL (1981) 75Se-labeled bile acid analogs. New radiopharmaceuticals for investigating the enterohepatic circulation, J. Nucl. Med. (in press)
Callery P S, Faith W F, Loberg M D, Fields A T, Harvey E B, Cooper M D (1976) Tissue distribution of technetium-99m and carbon-14 labeled N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoymethyl)iminodiacetic acid, J. Med. Chem. 19: 962–964
Charkes N D, Sklaroff D M (1963) The use of iodine 125 in thyroid scintiscanning, Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med. 90: 1052–1058
Chatal J F, Charbonnel B, Guihard R (1977) Un nouveau radiotraceur pour la scintigraphic des surrénales: le 6-méthyl-75Se-sélénocholésterol. Son intérêt par rapport au 131I-19-iodocholésterol, Nouv. Presse Med. 6: 1145
Cotton F A, Wilkinson G (1972) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn Wiley, New York, pp972–990
de Kieviet W (1981) Tc-glucoheptonate, chemical structure and tissue distribution, J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm. 18: 136–137
De Riemer L H, Meares C F, Goodwin D A, Diamanti C I (1979) BLEDTA: tumour localization by a bleomycin analogue containing a metal-chelating group, J. Med. Chem. 22: 1019–1023
Eckelman W C, Levenson S M (1977) Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28: 67–82
Emery T, Hoffer P B (1980) Siderophore-mediated mechanism of gallium uptake demonstrated in the microorganism Ustilago sphaerogena, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 935–939
Fells I G, Kaplan E, Greco J, Veatch R (1959) Incorporation in vivo of P32 from condensed phosphates, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100: 53–55
Fowler J S (1978) in: Heindel N D, Burns H D, Honda T, Brady L W (eds) The Chemistry of Radiopharmaceuticals, Masson, New York, ppl09–122
Hamilton R G, Alderson P O (1977) A comparative evaluation of techniques for rapid and efficient in vivo labeling of red cells with (99mTc) pertechnetate, J. Nucl. Med. 18: 1010–1013
Kaye M, Silverton S, Rosenthall L (1975) Technetium-99m-pyrophosphate: studies in vivo and in vitro, J. Nucl. Med. 16: 40–45
Krohn K, Sherman L, Welch M (1972) Studies of radioiodinated fibrinogen 1. Physicochemical properties of the ICL, chloramine-T and electrolytic reaction products, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 285: 404–413
Lebowitz E, Greene M W, Fairchild R, Bradley-Moore P R, Atkins H L, Ansari A N, Richards P, Belgrave E (1975) Thallium-201 for medical use. I. J. Nucl. Med. 16: 151–155
Libson K, Deutsch E, Barnett B L (1980) Structural characterization of a 99Tc-disphosphonate complex. Implications for the chemistry of 99mTc skeletal imaging agents, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102: 2476–2478
Lin M S, Winchell H S (1972) A “kit” method for the preparation of a technetium-tin (II) colloid and a study of its properties, J. Nucl. Med. 13: 58–65
Loberg M D, Fields A T (1978) Chemical structure of technetium-99m-labelled N-(2,6-dimethyl -phenylcarbamoylmethyl)-iminodiacetic acid (Tc-HIDA), Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29: 167–173
Loberg M D, Cooper M, Harvey E, Callery P, Faith W (1976) Development of new radiopharmaceuticals based on N-substitution of iminodiacetic acid, J. Nucl. Med. 17: 633–638
Mathias C J, Heaton W A, Welch M J, Douglas P G Kelly J D (1981) Comparison of In-111-oxine and In-111-acetylacetone for the labelling of cells: in vivo and in vitro biological testing, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press)
McAfee J G, Subramanian G (1969) in: Freeman L M, Johnson P M (eds) Clinical Scintillation Scanning, Hoeber and Row, New York, pp50–53
Pettit W A, DeLand F H, Bennett S J, Goldenberg D M (1980) Improved protein labeling by stannous tartrate reduction of pertechnetate, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 59–62
Riley A L M (1979) The development of selenium-75 cholesterol analogues, J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm. 16: 28–29
Robinson G D, Lee A W (1975) Radioiodinated fatty acids for heart imaging: iodine monochloride addition compared with iodide replacement labeling, J. Nucl. Med. 16: 17–21
Stang, L G, Richards P (1964) Tailoring the isotope to the need, Nucleonics 22: 46–49
Sundberg M W, Meares C F, Goodwin D A, Diamanti C I (1974) Chelating agents for the binding of metal ions to macromolecules, Nature 250: 587–588
Ter-Pogossian M M, Phelps M E, Hoffman E J, Mullani N A (1975) A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PETT), Radiology 114: 89–98
Thakur M L, Segal A W, Louis L, Welch M J, Hopkins J, Peters T J (1977) Indium-ill-labeled cellular blood components: mechanism of labeling and intracellular location in human neutrophils, J. Nucl. Med. 18: 1022–1026
Wagner H N, Emmons H (1966) in: Andrews G A, Kniseley R M, Wagner H N (eds) Radioactive Pharmaceuticals, U.S.A.E.C. Symposium Series No. 6, ppl-32
Welch M J, Welch T J (1975) in: Subramanian G, Rhodes B A, Cooper J F, Sodd V J (eds) Radiopharmaceuticals, Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, pp73–79
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 C.G. Wilson, J.G. Hardy, M. Frier and S.S. Davis
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kelly, J.D. (1982). Choice of Radionuclides for Scintigraphy. In: Wilson, C.G., Hardy, J.G., Frier, M., Davis, S.S. (eds) Radionuclide Imaging in Drug Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9728-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9728-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-9730-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-9728-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive