Abstract
The Aaland Islands archipelago lies between Finland and Sweden at the mouth of the Gulf of Bothnia. The islands are Swedish in population. However, Russia forced Sweden to cede them to her in 1809 and incorporated them in Russian Finland. They are recognized to possess great strategic importance in the Baltic area.1
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Reference
For the history of “The Aaland Islands Question” to 1939, see article with that title by Padelford and Andersson, 33 A.J.I.L. 465 (1939).
The Times (London), Aug. 6, 1906.
Ibid. (as reported by the correspondent of The Times). See also
Id. at 545. See also The Times (London), March 14, 1908.
B.F.S.P. 188. A new treaty guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of Norway had been signed by Great Britain, France, Germany, Norway and Russia on Nov. 2, 1907, 2 A.J.I.L. Supp. 267 (1908).
The Times (London), May 19, 1916; id., May 25, 1916; 32 KRASNYI ARKIV 35–36 (1929).
] 2 FOREIGN REL. U.S., RUSSIA 754.
See note of Swedish Delegation to the Peace Conference dated April 22, 1919, LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. j., Spec. Supp. No. 1 at 33–34 (1920).
] 2 FOREIGN REL. U.S., RUSSIA 754.
U.S. DEP’T OF STATE, TEXTS OF THE RUSSIAN “PEACE” 18 (1918).
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 1st year 249 (1920).
Id., Spec. Supp. No. 3 at 14–19 (1920).
Id. at 16–17. Cf. McNair, So-called State Servitudes, 6 B.Y.I.L. 111 (1925); 1 OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW 535–543 (8th ed., Lauterpacht 1955 ).
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 1St year, Spec. Supp. No. 3 at 18 (1920). Cf. the opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the case concerning the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and Gex, cited supra, pp. 101–102.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 2d year, 699–702 (1921).
For the minutes of the meetings, see LEAGUE OF NATIONS, SECRETARIAT, CONFÉRENCE RELATIVE A LA NON-FORTIFICATION ET A LA NEUTRALISATION DES ISLES D’ALAND (1921).
Russian note of July 22, 1921, to Sweden and Finland, 1 DEGRAS 251. See also earlier Russian notes to the Allies and Sweden and Finland claiming the right to be consulted, id. at 169–170, 190.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 20th year, 284–285 (1939).
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 20th year 280–282 (1939).
LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFF. J., 20th year 510 (1939).
CMD. No. 7026 at 29 (1947). The Treaty of Peace, in Article 12, gave the Allied Powers the right to notify Finland of pre-war treaties which they desired to keep in force. The U.S.S.R. later exercised this right with respect to the Aaland Islands agreement of 1940. 67 U.N.T.S. 139.
HALLBERG, THE SUEZ CANAL 264–291 (1931).
B.F.S.P. 500, 511–512; HALLBERG, THE SUEZ CANAL, 287, 291 (1931).
FRANCE, MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGÈRES, 106 DOCUMENTS DIPLOMATIQUES (ser. A) 115 (1887).
In 1898 the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs informed a questioner in the House of Commons that, as a consequence of the British reservation, the Convention had “not been brought into practical operation.” 61 PARL. DEB. (4th ser.) 667 (1898). In February, 1904, the Under-Secretary stated in answer to another question: “In view of these reservations the other Signatory Powers have abstained from any steps for the purpose of bringing the Convention into active operation.” 130 PARL. DEB. (4th ser.) 981–982 (1904).
PARL. DEB. (4th ser.) 1352 (1904); see also cMD. No. 2409 at 4 (1905).
FRANCE, MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES, 5 DOCUMENTS DIPLOMATIQUES FRANÇAIS 1871–1914 (2e sér.) 58, 129, 136–137 (1934).
Spain had, it is true, recognized England’s special position in Egypt in 1904. Supra, p. 230.
U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 2d year, 169th meeting 1890–1891 (1947).
HALLBERG, TI-IE SUEZ CANAL 380 ff. (1931). After World War I Japan replaced Germany in second place.
CMD. NO. 9298 (1954). This was the net effect of Article 4 of the Treaty and an Agreed Minute signed the same day. Article 4 provided: “In the event of an armed attack by an outside Power on any country which at the date of the signature of the present Agreement is a party to the Treaty of Joint Defense between Arab League States… or on Turkey, Egypt shall afford to the United Kingdom such facilities as may be necessary….” The Agreed Minute provided that the term “outside Power” should mean “any country other than (i) the countries named [in the treaty] and (ii) Israel.”
In 1954 the Soviet Union asserted its right to be regarded as a party to the Convention. u.N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 9th year, 664th Meeting 10 (1954).
THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 107, 126, 172, 214–217, 329; U.N. Docs. Nos. S/3649, S/3650 (1956).
I See statements of Secretary of State Dulles, 35 DEP’T STATE BULL. 335, 611 (1956). Egypt also repeatedly referred to herself as a party to the Convention. See Letter from President Nasser to Prime Minister Menzies, Sept. 9, 1956, THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 317. See also U.N. Docs. Nos. S/3650, (1956) and S/3818 (Letter to the U.N. Secretary-General, 24 April, 1957 ); U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 3 (1956); cf. Art. 8 of the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of October 19, 1954, THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 22.
N.Y. Times, August 12, 1956.
N. Y. Times, Aug. 9, 1956.
It was repeatedly asserted, without contradiction, that all users of the Canal derived rights from the Convention of 1888. THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 37, 54, 73, 147–148, 163–164, 336, 353, 365. The representative of Ethiopia at the London Conference stated: “Under this Treaty Egypt recognised that in a clearly defined part of her territory there is set up the perpetual right of way or easement accepted by Egypt herself in favour of the freedom of commerce of the entire world. ” Id. at 148.
N. Y. Times, Aug. 4 and Aug. 16, 1956.
Id. at 64. Cf. the statement of Secretary of State Dulles, on October 9. 1956, that there were invited to the London Conference “all seven of the unquestionably surviving signatories of the Suez Canal Treaty of 1888.” 35 DEP’T STATE BULL. 611 (1956).
HACKWORTH, DIGEST OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 221–222; see also supra pp. 101–102, 220, and infra p. 242. See also Arechaga, Treaty Stipulations in Favor of Third States, 50 A.J.I.L. 338 at 350 (1956).
N. Y. Times, April 10, 1957; cf. the United States’ insistence on its right in the free navigation of the Congo although it was not a party to the act which established it. Supra, p. 181.
N. Y. Times, Sept. 13, 1956.
THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 47, 51–52. Egypt later expanded on its reasons for refusing to attend in the debate before the Security Council. Her representative stated that Egypt should have been consulted on the holding of the conference, the place, the time and the countries to be invited. He also argued that the conference was preceded and accompanied by threats of force, and added. He also argued that the conference was preceded and accompanied by threats of force, and added, “We were not facing a conference, but a trial; we were not invited to a meeting, but assigned to a court.” U. N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 9 (1956).
U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 26 (1956); U.N. Doc. No. S/3650 (1956); THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 329.
THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 217–218; U. N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 26 (1956).
The Egyptian government sent an observer to London, to be available for behindthe-scenes negotiations. N. Y. Times, August 15, 1956. The delegates of India and Pakistan stopped in Cairo on their way to London to acquaint themselves with Egypt’s point of view. Id., August 13, 1956.
Id. at 217–218, 253–254, 269–270. U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 26 (1956). The Egyptian government made the same arguments. THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 329; U. N. Doc. No. S/3650 (17 September 1956 ).
Cf. statement by Secretary of State Dulles, September 19, 1956; “The 18 here do represent the countries which in their own right, and in a sense as typical countries interested in the Canal, can, with Egypt, bring about a solution which, if accepted by Egypt and by us, would be, I think we can say, accepted by all of the world.” THE SUEZ CANAL PROBLEM 358.
Id. at 336. See also statement of the Soviet delegate in the Security Council. U. N. SECURITY COUNCIL OFF. REC., 11th year, 736th Meeting 16 (1956).
Text in 36 DEPT STATE BULL. 776 (1956).
McNair, So-called State Servitudes, 6 B.Y.I.L. 111, 126 (1925).
Cf. McNair, So-called State Servitudes, 6 B.Y.I.L. 111 (1925); 1 OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW 535–543 (8th ed. by Lauterpacht, 1955 ).
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© 1959 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Hoyt, E.C. (1959). Treaty Regimes Reinforced by Custom. In: The Unanimity Rule in the Revision of Treaties a Re-Examination. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9566-9_8
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