Abstract
Let us turn from a consideration of Phenomenalist Logic where the basis for knowledge is erroneously, according to Grote, regarded as real independent of us, to a consideration of the introspectionist method in knowledge. For without that which is introspected there can be no knowledge. That is, the field of the introspective is necessary to all knowledge, and without this field, or, more specifically, without ‘philosophy’ or consciousness there could be phenomena. Since the thought side of reality is so significant it seems appropriate to devote a special chapter to it.
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References
For introspection is “observation directed upon the self or its mental states and operations. The term is the modern equivalent of ‘reflection’ and ‘inner sense’ as employed by Locke and Kant.” Runes, DOP, 149.
Locke, EHU, in Frost, MOP, 378.
Op. cit., 379.
Op. cit., 380, 381.
“Expressions which are in no way composite signify substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, or affection.” Aristotle, BWA, 8.
Grote, EP, I, 242.
We will consider chiefly Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.
Grote, EP, I, ix.
Op. cit., 153.
Grote, EP, I, 236, 237.
Substance is, for Locke, “something I know not what.”
Grote, EP, II, 90.
Rand, EHU, 66.
Gibson, JL, 21.
Forsyth, EP, 140.
Hume, EHU, 16.
Loc. cit.
Salmon, CPH, 14.
Windelband, HOP, 473.
Hume, EHU, 18, 19.
Op. cit., 15.
Sabine, PE, 43, 44.
Seth, EPS, 150.
Hume, EHU, 18, 19.
Hume, EHU, sec. III.
Op. cit., sec. IV.
Op. cit., 24.
Op. cit., 24, 25.
It will clarify remarks made on relations to note specifically how Hume classifies these relations. There are seven different kinds of philosophical relation, viz. resemblance, identity, relations of time and place, proportion in quantity or number, degrees in any quality, contrariety, and causation. These relations may be divided into two classes; into such as depend entirely on the ideas, which we compare together, and such as may be chang’d without any change in the ideas. Hume, THN, 185. It appears … that of these seven philosophical relations, there remain only four, which depending solely upon ideas, can be the objects of knowledge and certainty. These four are resemblance, contrariety, degrees in quality, and proportions in quantity or number. Hume, THN, 186. This is all I think necessary to observe concerning those four relations, which are the foundation of science; but as to the other three, which depend not upon the idea, and may be absent or present even while that remains the same,’ twill be proper to explain them more particularly. These three relations are identity, the situations in time and place, and causation. Hume, THN, 190.
Hume, EHU, 15.
Hume, EHU, 15.
Italics mine.
Berkeley, WOR, I, 81.
Op. cit., 339.
Berkeley, WOR, I, 444, 445.
Grote, EP, II, 123, 124.
Berkeley, op. cit., II, 413n.
Berkeley, WOR, II, 414, 415.
Mansel, LLR, 390.
Grote, EP, II, 128.
Abbott, SAT, 60.
Grote, op. cit., 91.
Grote, EP, II, 92.
Windelband, HOP, 658, 659.
Grote, loc. cit.
Pollock, SLP, 129, 130.
Spinoza, ETH, prop. 43.
Spencer, AUT, I, 304.
Pringle-Pattison, PR, 119.
Guthrie, SUK, 476.
Op. cit., 475.
Op. cit., 157.
Grote, EP, II, 94, 95.
Spencer, AUT, II, 314.
Seth, EPS, 292, 293.
Cf. pp. 83-84, above.
Grote, EP, II, 99.
Grote, op. cit., I, 153.
Spencer, POP, 192.
Let us consider, briefly, the following works by Morell: 1. Historical and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe in the Nineteenth Century; 2. The Elements of Psychology.
Morell, EOP.
Grote seems to mean, “hang human knowledge (as we appreciate it by consciousness) on to.”
Grote, EP, II, 107.
Op. cit., 106.
Introspection, according to Ledger Wood, has to do with “observation directed upon the self or its mental states and operations.” Runes, DOP, 149.
The reasons for implying that Hume is less subjectivist than Berkeley are at least two: (1) Hume accepts ‘impressions’ as a fundamental postulate for his epistemology. (2) In dealing with relations he assumes that there are relations of ‘matters of fact.’ Berkeley, on the other hand, seems to be specifically subjectivist in postulating that there is no reality ‘without the mind.’
Hume, THN, 186.
Chapter IX.
In Chapter VIII.
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© 1966 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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MacDonald, L.D. (1966). The Introspective Method in Knowledge. In: John Grote. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9239-2_7
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