Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Current Developments in Psychopharmacology pp 127–164Cite as

Nicotine and Smoking

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Developments in Psychopharmacology ((CDPS,volume 6))

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is one of the most persistent habits known to man; for many years, he has been possessed by the bizarre but irresistible urge to inhale the smoke produced by burning the dried and shredded leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The alternative methods of administration, sniffing and chewing, lost favor with the introduction of cheap cigarettes made from fluecured tobacco. Unlike the smoking of cigars and pipes, absorption of nicotine from cigarette smoke mainly takes place in the lungs. Despite convincing evidence that life is shortened by about 5 minutes for every cigarette smoked, consumption continues unabated throughout the world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alderdice, M.T., and Weiss, G.B. (1975). Effects of pharmacological agents on (4C)-nicotine distribution and movements in slices from different rat brain areas. Neuropharmacol. 14: 811–817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.K. (1978). The role of nicotine in the tobacco smoking habit, in Smoking Behavior. R.E. Thornton, ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 229–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.K., and Hall, G.H. (1968). Nicotine, smoking, and cortical activation. Nat. 219: 1179–1180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.K., Hall, G.H., and Morrison, C.F. (1968). Pharmacological basis for the tobacco smoking habit. Nat. 217: 331–334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.K., Hall, G.H., and Sellers, C.M. (1969). Effects of nicotine on electrocortical activity and acetylcholine release from the cat cerebral cortex. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 35: 152–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, H., and Telford, R. (1973). Smoking and carboxyhaemoglobin. Lancet. 2: 857–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, H., and Watson, D.W. (1970). Puffing frequency and nicotine intake in cigarette smokers. Brit. Med. J. 3: 679–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, D.J.K. (1973). Effects of nicotine on the uptake and retention of noradrenaline and 5- hydroxytryptamine by rat brain homogenates. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 23: 19–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, D.J., and Morrison, C.F. (1975). A possible role for the pituitary adrenal system in the effects of nicotine on avoidance behaviour. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, D.J., Khullar, A.K., and Longden, A. (1975). Effects of nicotine on plasma corticoster- one and brain amines in stressed and unstressed rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 179–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battig, K., Driscoll, P., Schlatter, J., and Uster, H.J. (1976). Effects of nicotine on the exploratory locomotion patterns of female Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4: 435–439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A.H., and Triggs, E.J. (1966). Determination of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in urine by gas chromatography. Nat. 211: 1415–1417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A.H., and Triggs, EJ. (1967). Enzyme induction in man caused by smoking. Nat. 216: 587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A.H., Garrod, J.W., and Jenner, P. (1971). The effect of smoking on nicotine metabolism in vivo in man. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23: 62S–67S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat, B. (1970a). Effects of chronic administration of nicotine on storage and synthesis of noradrenaline in rat brain. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 38: 86–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat, B. (1970b). Influence of chronic administration of nicotine on the turnover and metabolism of noradrenaline in the rat brain. Psychopharmacologia. 18: 325–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat, B., Bayer, T., and Lind, C. (1971). Effects of chronic administration of nicotine on drug-induced hypnosis in mice. Psychopharmacologia. 21: 287–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, I.C., and Goldstein, L. (1970). Influence of acute and chronic nicotine administration on intra- and inter-structural relationships of the electrical activity in the rabbit brain. Neuropharmacol. 9: 109–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovet, D., Bovet-Nitti, F., and Oliverio, A. (1966). Effects of nicotine on avoidance conditioning of inbred strains of mice. Psychopharmacologia. 10: 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovet, D., Bovet-Nitti, F., and Oliverio, A. (1967). Action of nicotine on spontaneous and acquired behaviour in rats and mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 261–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovet-Nitti, F., and Bovet, D. (1966). Different action of nicotine during the day and night in spontaneous activity (running activity) of the rat. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 262: 316–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, P.B., and Elkes, J. (1957). The effect of some drugs on the electrical activity of the brain. Brain. 80: 77–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brantmark, B., Ohlin, P., and Westling, H. (1973). Nicotine-containing chewing gum as an anti- smoking aid. Psychopharmacologia. 31: 191–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • British Medical Journal (Editorial) (1977). Do people smoke for nicotine. 2: 1041–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.A., and Fumagalli, L. (1977). Dissociation of a-bungarotoxin binding and receptor block in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Brain Res. 129: 165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castleden, C.M., and Cole, P.V. (1974). Variations in carboxyhaemoglobin levels in smokers. Brit. Med. J. 4: 736–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, W.H., and Forbes, W.F. (1972). Canadian studies aimed toward a less harmful cigarette. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 48: 1765–1773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M.S. (1969). Self-administered nicotine solutions preferred to placebo by the rat. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 35: 367 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, T.J., and Deakin, J.F.W. (1978). Brain reinforcement centers and psychoactive drugs, in Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Y. Israel., F.B. Glaser, H. Kalant, R.E. Popham, W. Schmidt, and R.G. Smart, ed. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 25–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Belleroche, J., and Bradford, H.F. (1978). Biochemical evidence for the presence of presynaptic receptors on dopaminergic nerve terminals. Brain Res. 142: 53–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deneau, G.A., and Inoki, R. (1967). Nicotine self-administration in monkeys. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 277–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E.F. (1967). Electroencephalographic and behavioural arousal effects of small doses of nicotine: A neuropsychopharmacological study Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 216–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E.F. (1973). Neuropsychopharmacology of nicotine and tobacco smoking, in Smoking Behaviour: Motives and Incentives. W.L. Dunn, ed. V.H. Winston, Washington D.C. pp. 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E.F., and Lutz, M.P. (1973). Tolerance to the effects of daily nicotine on rat bar pressing behaviour for water reinforcement. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1: 445–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E.F., and Olds, M.E. (1972). Effects of d-amphetamine, scopolamine, chlordiazepox- ide, and diphenylhydantoin on self-stimulation behaviour and brain acetylcholine. Psychopharmacologia. 23: 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A.W., Hall, J.G., and Lee, C.Y. (1976). Alpha-bungarotoxin, cobra neurotoxin, and excitation of Renshaw cells by acetylcholine. Brain Res. 107: 166–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, N.B., et al. (1964). Evaluation of dependence-producing drugs. W.H.0. Technical Report No. 287. World Health Organization. Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H.J. (1963). Personality and cigarette smoking. Life Sci. 3: 777–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferno, O., Lichtneckert, S.J.A., and Lundgren, C.E.G. (1973). A substitute for tobacco smoking. Psychopharmacologia. 31: 201–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend, C., and Russell, M.A.H. (1978). Effect of urinary pH and nicotine excretion rate on plasma nicotine during cigarette smoking and chewing nicotine gum. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5: 293–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend, C., Levitt, T., and Russell, M.A.H. (1975). A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic estimation of nicotine in biological fluids. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 27: 434–436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, J.K., Larson, P.S., and Haag, H.B. (1945). The role of nicotine in the cigarette habit. Sci. 102: 94–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, J., Horvath, T., and Meares, R. (1974). Tobacco smoking and a “stimulus barrier.” Nat. 248: 455–456.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, C.D. (1971). The effect of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes on human smoking behaviour. Psychopharmacologia. 19: 188–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, R.G.C., and Forrest, D.W. (1973). Behavioural aspects of cigarette smoking in relation to arousal level. Psycholog. Rep. 33: 115–121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, M. (1969a). Variation in effects of nicotine in four strains of rats. Psychopharmacologia. 14: 432–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, M. (1969b). The effect of nicotine on two different types of learning. Psychopharmacologia. 15: 408–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • German, D.C., and Bowden, D.M. (1974). Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: A hypothesis. Brain Res. 73: 381–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giorguieff, M.F., Le Floch, M.L., Westfall, T.C., Glowinski, J., and Besson, M.J. (1976). Nicotinic effect of acetylcholine on the release of newly synthesised (3H) dopamine in rat striatal slices and cat caudate nucleus. Brain Res. 106: 117–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, S.D., Jarvik, M.E., and Nakamura, R.K. (1970). Inhibition by drugs of smoking behaviour in monkeys. Nat. 227: 969–971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb, T., Gritz, E.R., Jarvik, M.E., and Stolerman, I.P. (1976). Reactions to cigarettes as a function of nicotine and “tar.” Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 19: 767–772.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb, T.L., and Jarvik, M.E. (1972). Accommodation to restricted tobacco smoke intake in cigarette smokers. Int. J. Addict. 7: 559–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, F.R. (1974). Effects of nicotine on distribution and release of l4C-norepinephrine and l4C-dopamine in rat brain striatum and hypothalamus slices. Neuropharmacol. 13: 1025–1032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G.H., and Morrison, C.F. (1973). New evidence for a relationship between smoking, nicotine dependence, and stress. Nat. 243: 199–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G.H., and Turner, D.M. (1972). Effects of nicotine on the release of 3H-noradrenaline from the hypothalamus. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 1829–1838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatchell, P.C., and Collins, A.C. (1977). Influences of genotype and sex on behavioural tolerance to nicotine in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6: 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herxheimer, A., Griffiths, R.L., Hamilton, B., and Wakefield, M. (1967). Circulatory effects of nicotine aerosol inhalations and cigarette smoking in man. Lancet. 2: 754–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschhorn, I.D., and Rosecrans, S.A. (1974). Studies on the time course and the effect of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor blockers on the stimulus effect of nicotine. Psychopharmacol. 40: 109–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J.E., and Gohd, R.S. (1975). Tolerance development to the arousal effects of nicotine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 471–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S.P., and Schmidt, J. (1978). The electron microscopic autoradiographic localisation of a-bungarotoxin binding sites within the central nervous system of the rat. Brain Res. 142: 152–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, R.R., and Emley, G.S. (1973). Effects of nicotine on avoidance, conditioned suppression, and aggression response measures in animals and man, in Smoking Behaviour: Motives and Incentives. W.L. Dunn, ed. V.H. Winston, Washington D.C. pp. 171–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikard, F.F., Green, D.E., and Horn, D. (1969). A scale to differentiate between types of smokers as related to the management of affect. Int. J. Addict. 4: 649–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, P.F., and Rand, M.J. (1972). Cigarette smoking and plasma levels of nicotine. Nat. 236: 308–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe, J.H., and Jarvik, M.E. (1978). Tobacco use and tobacco use disorder, in Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. M.A. Lipton, A. Di Mascio, and K.F. Killam, eds. Raven Press, New York. pp. 1665–1676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, M.E. (1967). Tobacco smoking in monkeys. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 280–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, M.E., Glick, S.D., and Nakamura, R.K. (1970). Inhibition of cigarette smoking by orally administered nicotine. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 11: 574–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvik, M.E., Popek, P., Schneider, M.G., Bar-Weiss, V., and Gritz, E.R. (1978). Can cigarette size and nicotine content influence smoking and puffing rates Psychopharmacol. 58: 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L.M. (1942). Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Lancet. 2: 742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, A., and Johnson, F.N. (1972). Development of behavioural tolerance to nicotine in the rat. Experimentia. 28: 428–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornetsky, C., and Eliasson, M. (1969). Reticular stimulation and chlorpromazine: An animal model for schizophrenic overarousal. Sci. 165: 1273 1274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, L.T., Jarvik, M.E., and Gritz, E.R. (1975). Nicotine regulation and cigarette smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 17: 93–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar. R., and Stolerman, I.P. (1977). Experimental and clinical aspects of drug dependence, in Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 7. L.L. Iversen, S.D. Iversen, and S.H. Snyder, eds. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 321–367.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R., Cooke, E.C., Lader, M.H., and Russell, M.A.H. (1977). Is nicotine important in tobacco smoking? Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 21: 520–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lader, M.H. (1978). Nicotine and smoking behaviour. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5: 289–292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, W.J., Latiff, A.A., McQueen, A., and Singer, G. (1977). Self-administration of nicotine with and without a food delivery schedule. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 7: 65–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P.S., and Silvette, H. (1961). Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P.S. and Silvette, H. (1968). Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies. Supp. I. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P.S., and Silvette, H. (1971). Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies. Supp. I I. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P.S., and Silvette, H. (1975). Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies, Supp. I II. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtensteiger, W., Felix D., Lienhart, R., and Hefti, F. (1976). A quantitative correlation between single unit activity and fluorescence intensity of dopamine neurones in zona compacta of substantia nigra, as demonstrated under the influence of nicotine and physostigmine. Brain Res. 117: 85–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucchesi, B.R., Schuster, C.R., and Emley, G.S. (1967). The role of nicotine as a determinant of cigarette smoking frequency in man with observations of certain cardiovascular effects associated with the tobacco alkaloid. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 8: 789–796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M., and Robbins, T.W. (1975). The action of central nervous system stimulant drugs: A general theory concerning amphetamine effects, in Current Developments in Psychopharmacology, Vol. 2. W. Essman and L. Valzelli, eds. Spectrum, New York. pp. 89–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B.R., Aceto, M.D., Montgomery, J.L., May, E.L., Uwaydah, I.M., and Harris, L.S. (1978). Stereospecific binding of (-) -l4C nicotine to rat brain, in Proceedings of 7th International Congress of Pharmacology. Paris, pp. 282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W.R., ed (1977a). Drug Addiction I. Morphine, Sedative/Hypnotic, and Alcohol Dependence. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W.R., ed. (1977b). Drug Addiction II. Amphetamine, Psychotogen, and Marihuana Dependence. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKennell, A.C. (1970). Smoking motivation factors. Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 9: 8–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNiven, N.L., Raisinghani, K.H., Patashnik, S., and Dorfman, R.I. (1965). Determination of nicotine in smokers urine by gas chromatography. Nat. 208: 788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W.M., and Brady, R.N. (1977). Studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein from rat brain II partial purification. Biochem. Biophys. Act. 498: 331–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morley, B.J., Lorden, J.F., Brown, G.B., Kemp, G.E., and Bradley, R.J. (1977). Regional distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain. Brain Res. 134: 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F. (1967). Effects of nicotine on operant behaviour of rats. Int. J. Neuropharma- col. 6: 229–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F. (1968). The modification by physostigmine of some effects of nicotine on bar- pressing behaviour of rats. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 32: 28–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F., and Armitage, A.K. (1967). Effects of nicotine upon the free operant behaviour of rats and spontaneous motor activity of mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 268–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F., and Lee, P.N. (1968). A comparison of the effects of nicotine and physostigmine on a measure of activity in the rat. Psychopharmacologia. 13: 210–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F., and Stephenson, J.A. (1969). Nicotine injections as the conditioned stimulus in discrimination learning. Psychopharmacologia. 15: 351–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F., and Stephenson, J.A. (1972). The occurrence of tolerance to a central depressant effect of nicotine. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 45: 151–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, C.F., Goodyear, J.M., and Sellers, C.M. (1969). Antagonism by antimuscarinic and ganglion blocking drugs of some of the behavioural effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacologia. 15: 341–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Münster, G. and Bättig, K. (1975). Nicotine-induced hypophagia and hypodipsia in deprived

    Google Scholar 

  • and in hypothalamically stimulated rats. Psychopharmacologia. 41:211–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrsten, A.-L., Andersson, K., Frankenhaeuser, M., and Elgerot, A. (1975). Immediate effects of cigarette smoking as related to different smoking habits. Percept. Mot. Skills. 40: 515–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsen, J.M., and Goldstein, L. (1972). Improvement of performance on an attention task with chronic nicotine treatment in rats. Psychopharmacologia. 26: 347–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsen, J.M., Pelley, K., and Goldstein, L. (1975). Protection by nicotine from behavioural disruption caused by reticular formation stimulation in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 749–754.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, L.M. (1972). Effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on self-stimulation behaviour in the rat. J. Comp. Physiolog. Psychol. 79: 394–413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, M.E., and Domino, E.F. (1969). Comparison of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists on self-stimulation behaviour. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 166: 189–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickens, R., Meisch, R.A., and Thompson, T. (1978). Drug self-administration: An analysis of the reinforcing effects of drugs, in Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 12. L.L. Iversen, S.D. Iversen, and S.H. Snyder, eds. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan, S.N., and Bowling, C. (1971). Effects of nicotine on self-stimulation in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 176: 229–243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan, S.N., and Dutta, S.N. (1970). Comparative effects of nicotine and amphetamine on timing behaviour in rats. Neuropharmacol. 9: 9–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proc. Bayer Symposium IV. (1973). Psychic Dependence. L. Goldberg and H. Hoffmeister, eds. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proc. Symposium on Control of Drug-Taking Behaviour by Schedules of Reinforcement (1976). Pharmacolog. Rev. 27: 291–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosecrans, J.A. (1971). Effects of nicotine on behavioural arousal and brain 5- hydroxytryptamine function in female rats selected for differences in activity. Eqr. J. Pharmacol. 14: 29–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosecrans, J.A., and Chance, W.T. (1977). Cholinergic and non-cholinergic aspects of the discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine, in Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Drugs. H. Lai, ed. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 155–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R.N., and Slotkin, T.A. (1977). Development of nicotinic responses in the rat adrenal medulla and long-term effects of neonatal nicotine administration. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 60: 59–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottenstein, H., Pierce, G., Russ, E., Felder, D., and Montgomery, H. (1960). Influence of nicotine on the blood flow of resting skeletal muscle and of the digits in normal subjects. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90: 102–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Routtenberg, A. (1968). The two-arousal hypothesis: Reticular formation and limbic system. Psycholog. Rev. 75: 51–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H. (1977). Smoking problems: An overview, in Research on Smoking Behaviour. M.E. Jarvik, J.W. Cullen, E.R. Gritz, T.M. Vogt, and L.J. West, eds. NIDA Research Monograph No. 17, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 13–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., and Feyerabend, C. (1978). Cigarette smoking: A dependence on high-nicotine boli. Drug Metab. Revs. 8: 29–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Cole, P.V., Idle, M., and Feyerabend, C. (1973a). Comparison of increases in carboxyhaemoglobin after smoking “extra mild” and “non-mild” cigarettes. Lancet. 2: 687–690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Patel, U.A., Cole, P.V., and Feyerabend, C. (1973b). Comparison of effect on tobacco consumption and carbon monoxide absorption of changing to highland low-nicotine cigarettes. Brit. Med. J. 4: 512–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Peto, J., and Patel, U.A. (1974). The classification of smoking by factorial structure of motives. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. 137: 313–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Cole, P.V., Idle, M.S., and Adams, L. (1975a). Carbon monoxide yields of cigarettes and their relation to nicotine yield and type of filter. Brit Med. J. 3: 71 - 73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Patel, U.A., Feyerabend, C., and Cole, P.V. (1975b). Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high-, medium-, and low-nicotine yields. Brit. Med. J. 2: 414–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Feyerabend, C., and Cole, P.V. (1976a). Plasma nicotine levels after cigarette smoking and chewing nicotine gum. Brit. Med. J. 1: 1043–1046.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Feyerabend, C., and Cole, P.V. (1976b). Effect of nicotine chewing gum on smoking behaviour and as an aid to cigarette withdrawal. Brit. Med. J. 2: 391–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvaterra, P.M., Mahler, H.R., and Moore, W.J. (1975). Subcellular and regional distribution of l25I-labelled a-bungarotoxin binding in rat brain and its relationship to acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. J. Biolog. Chem. 250: 6469–6475.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, D.J. (1978). Nicotine and schedule-induced drinking in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 8: 343–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, D.J., and Blackman, D.E. (1976). Rate-dependent effects of drugs: A review of the literature. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4: 73–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S., Silverstein, B., Kozlowski, L.T., Perlick, D., Herman, C.P., and Liebling, B. (1977). Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking. J. Exper. Psychol 106: 3–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M.D., and Jellinek, P. (1975). Evidence for a cortical locus for the stimulus effect of nicotine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 34: 65–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M.D., and Rosecrans, J.A. (1971). CNS effect of nicotine as the discriminative stimulus for the rat in a T-maze. Life Sci. 10: 821–832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M.D., and Rosecrans, J.A. (1972). Behavioural tolerance to an effect of nicotine in the rat. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 195: 52–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, N., Handy, I.C., Pezzementi, L., and Schmidt, J. (1978). Distribution of a- bungarotoxin binding sites in the central nervous system and peripheral organs of the rat. Toxicon. 16: 245–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speth, R.C., Chen, F.M., Lindstrom, J.M., Kobayashi, R.M., and Yamamura, H.I. (1977). Nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain identified by (l25I) naja naja siamensis alpha- toxin binding. Brain Res. 131: 350–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stitzer, M., Morrison, J., and Domino E. (1970). Effects of nicotine on fixed-interval behaviour and their modification by cholinergic antagonists. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 171: 166–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolerman, I.P., Bunker, P., and Jarvik, M.E. (1974). Nicotine tolerance in rats: Role of dose and dose interval. Psychopharmacologia. 34: 317–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolerman, I.P., Fink, R., and Jarvik, M.E. (1973a). Acute and chronic tolerance to nicotine measured by activity in rats. Psychopharmacologia. 30: 329–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolerman, I.P., Goldfarb, T., Fink, R., and Jarvik, M.E. (1973b). Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists. Psychopharmacologia. 28: 247–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulser, F., and Sanders-Bush, E. (1971). Effects of drugs on amines in the CNS. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 11: 209–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T., and Pickens, R., eds. (1971). Stimulus Properties of Drugs. Appleton-Century- Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, R.E., ed. (1978). Smoking Behaviour. Physiological and Psychological Influences. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S.E. (1966). Psychological model for smoking behaviour. Am. J. Pub. Health and Nation’s Health. 56: 17–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J.A. MCM., Sillett, R.W., and Ball, K.P. (1974). Some effects of changing to lowtar and low-nicotine cigarettes. Lancet. 2: 737–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulett, J.A., and Itil, T.M. (1969). Quantitative electroencephalogram in smoking and smoking deprivation. Sci. 164: 969–970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon, G.R., Scapagnigni, V., Cohen, R., and Ganong, W.F. (1971). Effect of intraventricular administration of adrenergic drugs on the adrenal venous 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to surgical stress in the dog. Neuroendocrinol. 8: 257–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez, A.J., and Toman, J.E.P. (1967). Some interactions of nicotine with other drugs upon central nervous function. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 201–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H.V., and Bättig, K. (1966). Wirkung von Nikotin und Amphetamin auf die Selbstreisung bei der Ratte. Helvet. Physiolog. Pharmacolog. Acta. 24: 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D.M., and Wesnes, K. (1978). Individual differences in smoking and attentional behaviour, in Smoking Behaviour. R.E. Thornton, ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 19–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, G.B., and Alderdice, M.T. (1975). Characterisation of (14C)-nicotine accumulation and movements in slices from different rat brain areas. Neuropharmacol. 14: 265–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, T.C. (1974). Effect of nicotine and other drugs on the release of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine from rat brain slices. Neuropharmacol. 13: 693–700.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, T.C., Fleming, R.M., Fudger, M.F., and Clark, W.G. (1967). Effect of nicotine and related substances upon amine levels in the brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 142: 83–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.H.O. (1975). Smoking—its effect on health. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R.A. (1978). Catecholamine theories of reward: A critical review. Brain Res. 152: 215–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, K.I., and Domino, E.F. (1965). Nicotine-induced EEG and behavioural arousal. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 4: 359–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagita, T., Ando, K., Oinuma, N., and Ishida, K. (1974). Intravenous self-administration of nicotine and an attempt to produce smoking behaviour in monkeys, in Report of the 36th Annual Scientific Meeting, Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. pp. 567–578.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Lader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, N.Y., USA

    Walter B. Essman

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, N.Y., USA

    Walter B. Essman

  3. Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy

    Luigi Valzelli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Spectrum Publications, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kumar, R., Lader, M. (1981). Nicotine and Smoking. In: Essman, W.B., Valzelli, L. (eds) Current Developments in Psychopharmacology. Current Developments in Psychopharmacology, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-8125-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-8123-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation