Skip to main content

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

  • Chapter
  • 37 Accesses

Part of the book series: New Clinical Applications Nephrology ((NCNG,volume 5))

Abstract

Although the concept of peritoneal dialysis had been with us for many decades, its use in the management of patients in end stage renal failure was of a limited nature until the introduction of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in 19761. Since then, interest in peritoneal dialysis has increased tremendously and CAPD has now become an established form of renal replacement therapy, challenging haemodialysis as the first choice dialysis treatment. The current state of the art has been a combination of painstaking efforts on the part of several innovative pioneers in this field2. This review outlines the more recent advances in the technique of CAPD and in the understanding of its pathophysiological processes and attempts to correlate these with the results and use of CAPD in chronic renal failure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Popovich, R. P., Moncrief, J. W., Decherd, J. F., Bomar, J. B., Pyle, W. K. (1976). The definition of a novel portable/wearable equilibrium dialysis technique. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, 5, 64

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gokal, R. (1986). Historical development and clinical use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 1–13. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  3. Di Paolo, N., Buoncristiani, U., Capotondo, L., Gaggiotti, E., De Mia, M., Rossi, P., Sansoni, E., Bernini, M. (1986). Phosphatidylcholine and peritoneal transport during PD. Nephron, 44, 365–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dobbie, J. W., Zaki, M., Wilson, L. (1981). Ultrastructural studies on the peritoneum with special reference to CAPD. Scot. Med. J., 26, 213–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Verger, C., Luger, A., Moore, J. U., Nolph, K. D. (1983). Acute changes in peritoneal morphology and transport properties with infectious peritonitis and mechanical injury. Kidney Int., 23, 823–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nolph, K. D., Miller, F., Rubin, J., Popovich, R. (1980). New directions in peritoneal dialysis concepts and applications. Kidney Int., 18, 5111–6 (Suppl 10)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Henderson, L. W. (1966). Peritoneal ultrafiltration dialysis: enhanced urea transfer using hypertonic peritoneal fluid. J. Clin. Invest., 45, 950–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kallen, R. J. (1966). A method for approximating the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis for uraemia. Am. J. Dis. Child., 3, 156–160

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dedrick, R. L., Flessner, M. F., Collins, J. M., Schultz, J. S. (1982). Is the peritoneum a membrane? ASAIO J., 5, 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  10. Popovich, R. P., Pyle, W. K., Hiatt, M. P., McCollough, W. S. Moncrief, J. W. (1980). Metabolite transport kinetics in peritoneal dialysis. In Legrain, M. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 28–33. ( Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica )

    Google Scholar 

  11. Spencer, P. C., Farrell, P. C. (1986). Solute and water transfer kinetics in CAPD. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 38–55. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  12. DePaepe, M., Kips, J., Belpairi, F., Lamiere, N. (1986). Comparison of different volume markers in peritoneal dialysis. In Maher, J.F. Winchester, J.F. (eds) Frontiers in Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 279–283. ( New York: Field Richard Assoc. )

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nolph, K. D. (1983). Solute and urate transport during peritoneal dialysis. Perspect Peritoneal Dialysis, 1, 4–8

    Google Scholar 

  14. Shear, L., Swartz, C., Shinaberger, J. H., Barry, K. G. (1965). Kinetics of peritoneal fluid absorption in adult man. N. Engl. J. Med., 272, 123–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Daugirdas, J. T., Ing, T. S., Gandhi, V. C., Hano, J. S., Chen, W. T., Yuan, L. (1980). Kinetics of peritoneal fluid absorption in patients with chronic renal failure. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 95, 351–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rippe, B., Stelin, G., Ahlen, J. (1986). Lymph flow from the peritoneal cavity in CAPD patients. In Maher, J. F., Winchester, J. F. (eds) Frontiers in Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 24–30. ( New York: Field Rich and Assoc. )

    Google Scholar 

  17. Courtice, F. C., Steinbech, A. W. (1951). The effects of lymphatic obstruction and of posture on the absorption of protein from peritoneal cavity. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 29, 451–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mactier, R. A., Khanna, R., Twardowski, Z., Nolph, K. D. (1987). Contribution of lymphatic absorption to loss of ultrafiltration and solute clearances in CAPD. J. Clin. Invest., 80, 1311–1316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Twardowski, Z., Khanna, R., Nolph, K. D. (1986). Osmotic agents and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis. Nephron, 42, 93–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Han, H., Kessel, M. (1987). Aspects of new solutions for peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2, 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mistry, C. D., Mallick, N. P., Gokal, R. (1986). The use of large molecular weight glucose polymer (MW 20 000) as an osmotic agent in CAPD. In Khanna, R. et al. (eds) Advances in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis 1986, pp. 7–11. ( Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press )

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mistry, C. D., Mallick, N. P., Gokal, R. (1985). The advantages of glucose polymer as an osmotic agent in CAPD. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant Assoc., 22, 415–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Khanna, R., Mactier, R., Twardowski, Z., Nolph, K. D. (1986). Peritoneal cavity lymphatics. Perlt. Dial. Bull., 6, 113–121

    Google Scholar 

  24. Caseley-Smith, J. R. (1964). Endothelial permeability. The passage of particles into and out of diaphragmatic lymphatics. Q.J. Exp. Physiol., 49, 365–383

    Google Scholar 

  25. Winchester, J. F. (1986). CAPD systems and solutions. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 94–109. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  26. Maiorca, R., Cantaluppi, A., Cancarini, G. C., Scalamogna, A., Broccoli, R., Rasiani, Bras, S., Ponticelli, C. (1983). Prospective controlled trial of a Y connector and disinfectant to prevent peritonitis in CAPD. Lancet, 2, 642–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Veitch, P. (1986). Surgical aspects of CAPD. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 110–144. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  28. Blumenkrantz, M., Kopple, J., Moran, J. (1982). Metabolic balance studies and dietary protein requirements in CAPD. Kidney Int., 21, 849–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gokal, R. (1982). Renal osteodystrophy in CAPD. Perit. Dial. Bull., 2, 111–115

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nolph, K. D., Prowant, B., Serkes, K. D., Morgan, L., Baker, B., Charytan, C., Gham, K., Hamburger, R., Husserl, F., Kleit, S., McGuiness, J., Moore, H., Warren, T. (1983). Multicentre evaluation of a new peritoneal dialysis solution with a high lactate and a low magnesium concentration. Perit. Dial. Bull., 3, 63–65

    Google Scholar 

  31. DePaepe, M.B.J., Schelstraete, K. H. G., Ringoir, S. M., Lamiere, N. H. (1983). Influence of CAPD on the anaemia of end stage renal disease. Kidney Mt., 23, 744–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Salahudeen, A. K., Keavy, P. M., Hawkins, T., Wilkinson, R. (1983). Is anaemia during CAPD really better than during haemodialysis? Lancet, 2, 1046–1049

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lamperi, S., Carozzi, S. (1983). In vitro and in vivo studies of erythropoiesis during CAPD. Perit. Dial. Bull., 3, 94–96

    Google Scholar 

  34. McGonigle, R. J. S., Husserl, F., Wallen, J. D., Fisher, J. W. (1984). Haemodialysis and CAPD effects on erythopoiesis in renal failure. Kidney Int., 25, 430–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lamperi, S., Carozzi, S., Icardi, A. (1983). Improvement of erythropoiesis in uraemic patients on CAPD. Int. J. Artif. Organs, 6, 191–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Youmbissi, J., Sellars, L., Shore, A. C., Poon, T., Wilkinson, R. (1986). Blood pressure on CAPD: relationship to sodium status, renin and aldosterone compared with haemodialysis. In Maher, J. F., Winchester, J. F. (ed) Frontiers in Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 450–455. ( New York: Field Rich and Assoc )

    Google Scholar 

  37. Delmez, J. A., Slatopolsky, E., Martin, K. J., Gearing, B. N., Harler, H. R. (1982). Minerals, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in CAPD. Kidney Int., 21, 862–867

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gokal, R. (1986). Renal osteodystrophy and aluminium status in CAPD patients. In La Greca, G., Fabris, A., Ronco, C. (eds) Peritoneal Dialysis II, pp. 225–228. ( Milan: Wichtig Editore )

    Google Scholar 

  39. Slatopolsky, E., Martin, K. J., Mirrissey, J. J., Hruska, K. A. (1985). Parathyroid hormone: alteration in CRF. In Robinson, R. R. (ed) Nephrology Vol. II, pp. 1292–1304. ( New York. Springer-Verlag )

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cassidy, M. J. D., Owen, J. P., Ellis, H. A., Dewar, J., Robinson, C. J., Wilkinson, R., Ward, M. K., Kerr, D. N. S. (1985). Renal osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification in long term CAPD. Q. J. Med., 213, 29–48

    Google Scholar 

  41. Delmez, J. A., Fallon, M.D., Bergfeld, M. A., Gearing, B. K., Dougan, C. S., Teitelbaum, S. L. (1986). CAPD and bone. Kidney Int., 30, 379–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gokal, R., Ramos, J. M., Ellis, H.A. (1983). Histological renal osteodystrophy and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and aluminium levels in patients in CAPD. Kidney Int., 23, 15–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hercz, G., Salusky, L. B., Norris, K. C., Fine, R. N., Coburn, J. W. (1986). Aluminium removal by peritoneal dialysis: intravenous vs intraperitoneal desferoxamine. Kidney Int., 30, 944–948

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Delmez, J. A., Gearing, B. N. (1987). Renal osteodystrophy and aluminium bone disease in CAPD patients. In Khanna, K. (ed) Advances in CAPD, 1987, pp. 3845 ( Toronto: University of Toronto Press )

    Google Scholar 

  45. Emmanuel, D. S., Lindheimer, M. D., Katz, A. (1981). Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities in chronic renal failure. In Brenner, B. M., Stein, J. H. (eds) Chronic Renal Failure, pp. 46–83. ( New York: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  46. Blumenkrantz, M. J., Gahl, G. M., Kopple, J. D., Kamdar, A., Jones, M., Kessel, M., Coburn, J. W. (1981). Protein losses during peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int., 19, 593–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lindholm, B., Alverstrand, A., Norbeck, H. E., Tranoeus, A., Bergstrom, J. (1984). Long-term metabolic consequence of CAPD. In Robinson, R.R. (ed) Nephrology, Vol. II, pp. 1611–1626. ( New York: Springer-Verlag )

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  48. Heaton, A., Johnston, D. G., Burren, J. M., Orskow, H., Ward, M. K., Alberti, K. G. M. Kerr, D. N. S. (1983). Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during CAPD: the effect of a single dialysis cycle. Clin. Sci., 65, 539–545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lindholm, B., Bergstrom, J. (1986). Nutritional aspects of CAPD. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 228–264. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gokal, R., Ramos, J.M., McGurk, J. G., Ward, M. K., Kerr, D. N. S. (1981). Hyperlipidaemia in patients on CAPD. In Gahl, G., Kessel, M., Nolph, K. (eds) Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 430–433. ( Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica )

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ruben, J., Kirchner, K., Barnes, T., Teal, N., Ray, R., Bower, J. (1983). Evaluation of CAPD. Am. J. Kidney. Dis., 3, 199–204

    Google Scholar 

  52. Brown-Cartwright, D., Smith, H.J., Feldman, M. (1987). Delayed gastric emptying a common problem in patients on CAPD. Perit. Dial. Bull., (Suppl) 7, 510

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dulaney, J. T., Hatch, F. E. (1984). Peritoneal dialysis and loss of proteins. A review. Kidney Int., 26, 253–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kaysin, G. A., Schoenfield, P. Y. (1984). Albumin homeostasis in patients undergoing CAPD. Kidney Int., 25, 107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Bergstrom, J., Lindholm, B., Alverstrand, A., Hultman, E. (1985). Muscle composition in CAPD patients. In Greca, G. et al. (eds) Proceedings 2nd International Course in Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 107–110. ( Milan: Wichtig Editore )

    Google Scholar 

  56. Blumenkrantz, M. J., Kopple, J. D., Moran, K., Grodstan, G., Coburn, J. (1981). Nitrogen and urea metabolism during CAPD. Kidney Int., 20, 78–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mion, C., Slingeneyer, A., Canand, D. (1986). Peritonitis. In Gokal, R. (ed) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 163–217. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gray, E. D., Peters, G., Verstagen, M., Begelman, W. E. (1984). Effect of extra-cellular slime substance from Staph. epidermidis on human cellular immune response. Lancet, 1, 365–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Dasgupta, M. K., Ulan, R. A., Bettcher, K. B. (1986). Effect of exit site infection and peritonitis on the distribution of biofilm encased adherent bacterial micro-colonies on Tenckhoff catheters in patients undergoing CAPD. In Khanna, R. et al. (eds) Advances in CAPD, pp. 102–109. ( Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press )

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sombolos, K., Vas, S., Rifkin, O., Aylomainitis, A., McNamee, P., Oreopoulos, D. G. (1986). Propionibacteria isolates and asymptomatic infection of the peritoneal effluent in CAPD patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 1, 175–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Van Bronswijk, H., Beelan, R. H., Verburgh, H. A. (1986). Recurrent peritonitis in CAPD. Survival and growth of bacteria within human mononuclear phagocytes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 1, 113

    Google Scholar 

  62. Goldstein, C. S., Bomalaski, J. S., Zurrier, R. B., Neilson, E. G., Douglas, S. D. (1984). Analysis of peritoneal macrophages in CAPD patients. Kidney Int., 26, 733–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Keane, U. F., Comty, O. M., Verburgh, H. A., Peterson, P. K. (1984). Opsonic deficiency of peritoneal dialysis effluent in CAPD. Kidney Int., 25, 539–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lamperi, S., Carozzi, S. (1987). Interferons, peritoneal macrophages and peritonitis in CAPS patients. Perit. Dial. Bull. (Suppl) 7, 546

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lamperi, S., Carozzi, S., Nasimi, M. G. (1986). Intraperitoneal immunoglobulin treatment in prophylaxis of bacterial peritonitis in CAPD. In Khanna, R. et al. (eds) Advances in CAPD, pp. 110–113. ( Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press )

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ballardie, F. W., Barsham, S., Clutterback, E.J., Brenchley, P., Bagston, R. (1987). IgG antibodies to coagulase-negative staphylococci in CAPD peritonitis: detection and role as potential opsonins. In Khanna, R. et al. (eds) Advances in CAPD, ( Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press ) pp. 130–137

    Google Scholar 

  67. Randerson, D. H., Farrell, P. C. (1981). Long-term clearance variations in CAPD. In Atkins, R. C., Thomson, N., Farrell, P. C. (eds) Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 27–28. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  68. Slingeneyer, A., Canaud, B., Mion, C. (1983). Permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity of the peritoneum and long-term peritoneal dialysis: an epidemiological study. Nephron, 33, 133–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Slingenyer, A., Elie, M., Mion, C. (1986). Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis. Results of an international survey. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 1, 112

    Google Scholar 

  70. Shaldon, S. (1986). Peritoneal macrophage–the first line of defence. In Greca, G. et al. (eds) Proceedings 2nd International Course on Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 201–204. ( Milan: Wichtig Editore )

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nolph, K. D., Ryan, L., Moore, H. et al. (1984). A survey of ultrafiltration in CAPD. An international co-operative study–2nd report. Perit. Dial. Bull., 4, 137–140

    Google Scholar 

  72. Verger, C. (1986). Clinical significance of ultrafiltration alterations on CAPD. In Greca, G. et al. (eds) Proceedings 2nd International Course on Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 91–94. ( Milan: Wichtig Editore )

    Google Scholar 

  73. Verger, C., Celicont, B. (1985). Peritoneal permeability and encapsulating peritonitis. Lancet, 1, 486–487

    Google Scholar 

  74. Dobbie, J., Henderson, J., Wilson, L. (1987). New evidence of the pathogenesis of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis obtained from serial peritoneal biopsies. Perit. Dial. Bull., 6, (Suppl) S5

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ota, K., Mineshima, M., Watanabe, N., Naganuma, S. (1987). Functional deterioration of the peritoneum: Does it occur in the absence of peritonitis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2, 30–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lamperi, S., Carozzi, S. (1987). Calcium antagonists improve ultrafiltration in CAPD patients. Peril. Dial. Bull., (Suppl) 7, 546

    Google Scholar 

  77. Coles, G. A. (1985). Is peritoneal dialysis a good long-term treatment? Br. Med. J., 290, 1164–1166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Broyer, M., Brunner, F. P., Brynger, H., Donckerwolcke, R. A., Jacobs, C., Kramer, P., Selwood, N. H., Wing, A.J. (1982). Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation in Europe 1981. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Ass., 19, 4–59

    Google Scholar 

  79. Report of the national CAPD Registry of the National Institutes of Health 1986. Characteristics of participants and selected outcomes measures for the period January 1981 to December 1986. Publication of the national CAPD Registry of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes and Digestion and Kidney Disease, January 1987

    Google Scholar 

  80. Canadian Renal Failure Register 1985 report. Published by Kidney Foundation of Canada

    Google Scholar 

  81. Gokal, R., Jakubowski, C., Hunt, L., Bogle, S., Baillod, R., Marsh, F. P., Ogg, C., Oliver, D., Ward, M., Wilkinson, R. (1987). Multicentre study in outcome of CAPD and HD patients. Lancet, 2, 1105–1109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ataman, R., Burton, P., Walls, J., Brown, C., Gokal, R., Marsh, F. P. (1987). Long term CAPD: Some UK experience. Perit. Dial. Bull., (Suppl) 7, 52

    Google Scholar 

  83. Burton, P. R., Walls, J. (1987). Selection adjusted comparison of life-expectancy of patients on CAPD, haemodialysis and renal transplantation. Lancet, 1, 1115–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gokal, R. (1986). Worldwide experience, cost effectiveness and future of CAPD — its role in renal replacement therapy. In Gokal, R. (ed.) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, pp. 349–369. ( Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone )

    Google Scholar 

  85. Evans, R. W., Manminen, D. L., Garison, L. D., Hart, L. G., Blagg, C., Gutman, R., Hull, A. R., Lowne, E. G. (1985). The quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 553–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stout, J., Gokal, R., Hillier, V., Kinsey, J., Auer, J., Oliver, D., Simon, G. (1987). The quality of life of high risk and elderly dialysis patients. Dial. Transplant., 16, 674–677

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fragola, J., Grube, J., VonBlock, L., Bourke, E. (1983). Multicentre study of physical activity and employment status on CAPD patients in the USA. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Ass., 20, 243–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gokal, R. (1988). Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. In: Catto, G.R.D. (eds) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. New Clinical Applications Nephrology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7828-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7828-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7830-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7828-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics