Skip to main content

Abstract

Sugar and starch are among those organic “chemicals” found so abundantly in nature that no serious efforts have been made to synthesize them commercially from coal (or petroleum), air, and water. Both are available at such concentrations in some plants that sizable industries have resulted from growing those plants and extracting carbohydrates therefrom.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Chenu, P. M. A. M., “Alcohol Manufacture in a Sugar Factory,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 3241–3250, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tegge, G., “Development and Prospects of Sweeteners Obtained by Glucose Isomerization,” International Sweetener Report No. 1, H. Ahlfeld (Ed.), pp. 3–8, Dec. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hugill, J. A. C., “History of the Sugar Industry,” in Sugar: Science and Technology, G. G. Birch and K. J. Parker, (Eds.), pp. 15–37, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Meade, G. P., The Sugar Molecule, Sugar Research Foundation, N. Y., 11 (1), 11–19 (1959–60).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Deere, N., The History of Sugar, Vol. I, Chapman and hall, London, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hugot, E., and Jenkins, G. H., Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering, American Elsevier, New York, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  7. McGinnis, R. A., Beet Sugar Technology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Clarke, M. E., “Cane Sugar Process and By-product Streams,” Iowa Biotechnology Consortium, Mar. 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Deere, N., Cane Sugar, Norman Rodger, London, 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ducasse, V., “Heavy Duty Chopper Fiberiser,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 1568–1601, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rodriquez, L., Garcia, E. G., and Alba, A. C., “New Concept in Cane Preparation,” Sugar y Azucar, pp. 55–59 (Nov. 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Battelle Staff, “Sugar Crops as a Source of Fuels,” Vol. II, Report to U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Laboratories, pp. 51–65, Aug. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Meade, G. P., Cane Sugar Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  14. “BMA Cane Diffusion,” Sugar y Azucar, p. 22 (July 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Whayman, E., and Crees, O. L., “Mechanistic Studies of Cane Mud Flocculation,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 1175–1182, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Baikow, V., Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar. American Elsevier, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Honig, P., Principles of Sugar Technology, Vol. II, American Elsevier, New York, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Rein, P. N., “A Review of Experience with Continuous Pans in Tongatt-Hulett Sugar,” Proc. S. African Sugar Technologists’ Assn., 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Clarke, M. E., Private communication, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Silver, B., “Continuous Vacuum System,” Sugar y Azucar, p. 36 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Honig, P., Principles of Sugar Technology, Vol. III, American Elsevier, New York, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Clarke, M. E., “Recent Developments in Technology of Cane Sugar Production,” Sugar y Azucar, pp. 6–7 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Honig, P., Principles of Sugar Technology, Vol. I, American Elsevier, New York, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rundell, J. T., Rich, C. V., and Norcott, A. E., “A New Automatic Defecation-Decolourization Station Using the Talofloc Process,” Pub. of Technical Papers and Proceedings of Sugar Industry Technologists, 32, 58–70 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pollio, F. X., and McGarvey, F. X., “Use of Ion Exchange in Cane Sugar Processing,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 2729–2741, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dmitrovsky, M., “Sucrose Process for Evaporative Continuous Crystallization,” Technical Papers and Proceedings of the Sugar Industry Technologists, Inc., Vol. 38, pp. 291–302, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rodgers, T., and Lewis, C., “Drying of Sugar and Its Effect on Bulk Handling,” 15th Tech. Conf. Report, British Sugar Corp., International Sugar Journal, 64, 359–362 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Clarke, M. E., “Recent Developments in Cane Sugar Production,” Sugar y Azucar, p. 7 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bennett, M. C., Elvin, J. R., Heineman, H. W. B., Pottage, P. R., and Rundell, J. T., “Syrup Clarification for Improving Sugar Quality and Yield,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 2797–2809, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Leao, F. M. D. “Production of Amorphous Refined Sugar in Brazil,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 2797–2809, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bickert, W. G., Bakker-Arkema, F. W., and Dexter, S. T., “Refrigerated Air Cooling of Sugar Beets,” Journal of the American Society of Beet Sugar Technologists, 14 (7), 547–554.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kearney, M. “Simulated Moving-Bed Technology Applied to Chromatographic Recovery of Sucrose from Sucrose Syrups,” Proc. 1990 Conference on Sugar Processing Research, pp. 291–384, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Schneider, H. G., and Mikule, J., “Recovery of Sugar from Beet Molasses by the P & L Exclusion Process,” International Sugar Journal, 77, 259–264, 294–298 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Munir, M., “Molasses Sugar Recovery by Liquid Distribution Chromatography,” International Sugar Journal, 78, 100–106 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hongisto, H., and Hikkala, H., “Desugarization of Cane Molasses by the Finnsugar Chromatographic Separation Process,” XVI Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, pp. 3031–3037, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rapaport, R. M., Monti, A., Moroz, R. D., and Broeg, C. B., “Process for Recovering Useful Products from Carbohydrate-Containing Materials,” U.S. Patent No. 4,101,338, July 18, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  37. “Thick Juice for Off-season Processing,” Beet Sugar, 57, 46–49 (Jan. 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Licht, F. O., International Sugar Reports, 102 (20), 1–4 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sugar and Sweetener Report, SSR, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 33, Washington, DC, Feb. 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hickson, J. L., “The Potential for Industrial Uses of Sucrose,” in Sugar: Science and Technology, G. G. Birch and K. J. Parker (Eds.), pp. 151–180, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kollonitsch, V., Sucrose Chemicals, pp. 17–105, The International Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kollonitsch, V., Sucrose Chemicals, pp. 173–221, The International Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Vlitos, A. J., World Sugar Research Organization Symposium, Caracas, Venezuela, SucrochemistryNew Products from Sugar, published by World Sugar Research Organization, London.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Khan, R., “Advances in Sucrose Chemistry,” in Sugar: Science and Technology, G. G. Birch and K. J. Parker (Eds.), pp. 181–210, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kooreman, J. A., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Enzyme Converted Syrup,” Manufacturing Confectioner, pp. 35–90 (June 1955).

    Google Scholar 

  46. MacAllister, R. V., Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 36, R. S. Tipson and D. Horton (Eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Reed, G., Enzymes in Food Processing, Academic Press, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kerr, R. W., Chemistry and Industry of Starch, Academic Press, New York, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dean, G. R., and Gottfried, J. B., Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vabo, B., “Enzyme Systems for Production of HFCS Syrups,” presented at International Biochemical Symposium, Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Chicago, IL, Oct. 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hupkes, J. V., “Practical Conditions for the Use of Gist-Brocades’ Immobilized Glucose Isomerase: Maxazyme (R) GI-IMMOB,” presented at International Biochemical Symposium, Toronto, Oct. 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Newton, J. M., and Wardrip, E. K., “High Fructose Corn Syrup,” Symposium: Sweeteners, G. E. Inglett (Ed.), The Avi Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, CT, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Nordlund, D. E., “High Fructose Syrups: The Competition to Sugar,” XVII Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Manila, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hoare, M., “Implications of Immobilized Glucose Isomerase Specifications for the Economics of High Fructose Glucose Syrup Production,” International Sweetener Report No. 1, H. Ahlfeld (Ed.), pp. 23–32, Dec. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Keller, H. W., and Reents, A. C., “Production of Very Enriched Fructose Corn Syrup (VEFCS) with the Technisweet (TM) Systems,” presented at International Biochemical Symposium, Toronto, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Broughton, D. B., Beiser, H. J., Berg, R. C., and Connell, E. D., “High Purity Fructose via Continuous Adsorptive Separation,” La Sucrerie Belge, 96, pp. 155–162 (May 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Doty, T. E., and Vanninen, E., “Crystalline Fructose: Use as a Food Ingredient Expected to Increase,” Food Technology, pp. 34–38 (Nov. 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bates, F. J., and Associates, Polarimetry and Saccharimetry of Sugars, Circular C440, pp. 398–403, Nat. Bur. of Standards, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Seidman, M., “New Technological Development in D-Fructose Production,” in Developments in Food Carbohydrate-1, G. G. Birch, and R. S. Shallenberger (Eds.), pp. 19–42, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Harris, W. E., Rubino, J. A, and McNutt, J. W., Food Processing Industry, pp. 28–29 (Feb. 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cardello, A. V., Hunt, D., and Mann, B., Journal of Food Science, 44, 748–751 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Shallenberger, R. S., “Predicting Sweetness from Chemical Structure and Knowledge of Chemoreception,” Food Technology, pp. 65–66 (Jan. 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Binkley, W. W., and Wolfram, M. L., “Composition of Cane Juice and Final Molasses,” Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Stark, J. B., and McCready, R. M., “The Relation of Beet Molasses Composition to True Purity,” Journal of American Society of Beet Sugar Technologists, 15, 61–72 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Lipinsky, E. S., Nathan, R. A., Sheppard, W. J., McClure, T. A., Lawton, W. T., and Itis, J. L., “Systems Study of Fuels from Sugarcane, Sweet Sorghum and Sugar Beets,” Vol. 1, Comprehensive Evaluation, Report to U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration by Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH (Mar. 15, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kampen, W. H., “ Ethyl Alcohol—the Automobile Fuel of the Future,” Sugar y Azucar, pp. 18 – 30 (Apr. 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Hopkinson, C. S., Jr. and Day, D. W., Jr. “Net Energy of Alcohol Production from Sugarcane,” Science, 207, 302–303 (Jan. 1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Tsao, G. T., “Sugar and Sweeteners from Sugarcane,” International Sweetener Report No. 2, H. Ahlfeld (Ed.), F. O. Licht GmbH, Ratzeburg, Fed. Repub. of Germany, Sept. 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  69. U.S. Congress, Public Law 339.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Corn Industries Research Foundation, Corn Syrups and Sugars. Washington, DC, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Clarke, M. E., “Sugar Industry Products and Processes,” Sugar y Azucar Yearbook, p. 27, (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Clarke, M. E., “Sugar Industry Products and Processes,” Sugar y Azucar Yearbook, p. 30, (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hagelbert, G. B., and Ahlfeld, H., “The Sugar Industry in a Changing Economic Climate,” XVII Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Manila, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  74. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Molasses Market News Annual Summary. Washington, DC, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  75. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sugar and Sweetener Situation and Outlook Yearbook, SSR, Vol. 2, pp. 33–34, Washington, DC, June 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  76. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sugar and Sweetener Report, SSR, Vol. 4, No. 5, Washington, DC, May 1979.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

James A. Kent Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Van Nostrand Reinhold

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moroz, R.D., Broeg, C.D. (1992). Sugar and Other Sweeteners. In: Kent, J.A. (eds) Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7691-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7691-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7693-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7691-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics