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Copper

  • Chapter
Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants

Part of the book series: Pollution Monitoring Series ((PMS))

Abstract

Copper is one of the transition elements, a group characterized by the possession of a partly filled set of d-orbitals. It is one of the few metallic elements to occur in a native (i.e. pure metal) state in the earth’s crust; in consequence, it has been exploited by man since 5000 bc, and has, together with iron, been termed one of the cornerstones of civilization (Smith, 1965). It was formerly employed as bronze (a copper-tin alloy) for the production of utensils, weapons and ornaments, but successive changes in metallurgical techniques have resulted in a decline in this use of copper. Today, the main use of copper is in the form of its various alloys, many of which are of great importance in the electrical industry. Estimates of production showed that 7.4 million short tons of copper were used in the Western World in 1964, 4.4 million of which were mined. Usable world copper reserves amount to some 200 million tons, but continued exploration has resulted in the discovery of further substantial deposits (Massey, 1973).

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    Nicholas W. Lepp

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Lepp, N.W. (1981). Copper. In: Lepp, N.W. (eds) Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Pollution Monitoring Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7339-1_4

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