Abstract
Pain is a puzzle to those who have it, those who treat it, and those who seek to understand it (6, 19, 23). Chronic pain is not only a puzzle, it is a personal, social, medical, and legal disaster for many who suffer it. Chronic pain is probably the greatest single health problem in the United States today in terms of the number of people involved and the financial costs. There are between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people immobilized by pain each day. Estimating $40 a day, as does the National Institute of Health, this adds up to $13 billion dollars a year in health-care costs associated with this problem (7). Viewed in terms of the individual patient, the costs of treating a person with low back pain may easily exceed $100,000 (8). A patient with low back pain who has been out of work for six months has only a 50% chance of ever returning to work (29).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, W. H., Yeh, S. Y., Woods, L. A., and Mitchell, C. L. Drug-test interaction as a factor in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 168:251, 1969.
Anderson, T. P., Cole, T. M., Gullickson, G., Hudgens, A., Roberts, A. H. Behavior modification of chronic pain: A treatment program by a multidisciplinary team. J. Clin. Orthopaedics and Related Research, in press.
Beals, R. K., and Hickman, N. W. Industrial injuries of the back and extremities. J. Bone Joint Surg. 54A:1593, 1972.
Beecher, H. K. The powerful placebo. JAMA 159:1602, 1955.
Beecher, H. K. Measurement of Subjective Responses: Quantitative Effects of Drugs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Bloedel, J. R., and McCreery, D. B. Organization of peripheral and central pain pathways. Surg. Neurol. 4:65, 1975.
Bonica, J. J. The management of pain. Postgrad. Med. 53:56, 1973.
Bonica, J. Preface. Advances in Neurology 4:vii, 1974.
Brena, S. F., and Koch, D. L. A “pain estimate” model for quantification and classification of chronic pain states. Anesthesiology Review 2:8, 1975.
Erickson, D. E. Personal communication, 1977.
Evans, F. J. The placebo response in pain reduction. Advances in Neurology 4:289, 1974.
Fordyce, W. E., Fowler, R. S., DeLateur, B. An application of behavior modification technique to a problem of chronic pain. Behav. Res. and Ther. 6:105, 1968.
Fordyce, W. E., Fowler, R. S., Lehmann, J. F., DeLateur, B. J. Some implications of learning in problems of chronic pain. J. Chron. Dis. 21:171, 1968.
Fordyce, W. E., Fowler, R. S. Jr., Lehmann, J. F., DeLateur, B. J., Sand, P. L., and Trieschmann, R. B. Operant conditioning in the treatment of chronic pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil 54:399, 1973.
Fordyce, W. E. Behavioral Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1976.
Fordyce, W. E. Treating chronic pain by contingency management. Advances in Neurology 4:583, 1974.
Fordyce, W. E. Personal communication, 1977.
Gottlieb, H., Hockersmith, V., Koller, R., and Strite, L. A successful treatment program for chronic back pain patients. Symposium presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, Illinois, 1975.
Hilgard, E. R. Pain as a puzzle for psychology and physiology. Am. Psychol. 24:103, 1969.
Hilgard, E. R., and Hilgard, J. R. Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain. Los Altos, Cal.: William Kaufmann, 1975.
Hudgens, A. J. The social worker’s role in a behavioral management approach to chronic pain. Social Work in Health Care. 3:77, 1977.
Kayan, S., Woods, L. A., and Mitchell, C. L. Experience as a factor in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 6:333, 1969.
Melzack, R. The Puzzle of Pain. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Ogsbury, J. S. III, Simon, R. H., Lehman, R. A. W. Facet “denervation” in the treatment of low back syndrome. Pain 3:257, 1977.
Ray, C. D. (ed.). Pain seminar: Electrical stimulation of the human nervous system for the control of pain. Surg. Neurol. 4:61, 1975.
Reinhardt, L. Personal communication, 1977.
Roberts, A. H. The Pain Clinic and Pain Treatment Program Procedure Manual, 2nd ed. Minneapolis: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, 1977.
Siegel, S. Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89:498, 1975.
Sternbach, R. A., Wolf, S. R., Murphy, R. W., and Akeson, W. H. Traits of pain patients: The low-back “loser.” Psychosomatics 14:226, 1973.
Sternbach, R. A. Pain Patients: Traits and Treatment. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Swanson, D. W., Floreen, A. C., and Swenson, W. M. Program for managing chronic pain. I. Short term results. Mayo Clin. Proc. 51:409, 1976.
Swanson, D. W., Swenson, W. M., Marnta, T., and McPhee, M. C. Program for mangaging chronic pain. I. Program description and characteristics of patients. Mayo Clin. Proc. 51:401, 1976.
Szasz, T. The psychology of persistent pain: A portrait of l’homme douloureux, in A. Soulairac, J. Cahn, and Charpentier, J. (eds.), Pain. New York: Academic Press, 1968.
Thompson, T., and Pickens, R. (eds.). Stimulus Properties of Drugs. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Spectrum Publications, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roberts, A.H. (1981). The Behavioral Treatment of Pain. In: Ferguson, J.M., Taylor, C.B. (eds) The Comprehensive Handbook of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7280-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7280-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7282-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7280-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive