Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cell death in embryogenesis

  • Chapter
Cell death in biology and pathology

Abstract

Cell death is a paradox of development which is usually considered to be a process of growth and diversification. Why should an embryo destroy its resources of energy, nutrition and information? Nevertheless, it is now clear that substantial cell death is a normal part of embryonic development (reviewed in Saunders, 1966; Saunders and Fallon, 1967), and its frequent incidence is charted by Glücksmann (1951). Glücksmann distinguishes three types of cell death in development: (i) moiphogenetic, involved in alterations in form, (ii) histogenetic, involved in tissue or organ differentiation and (iii) phylogenetic, removing larval and vestigial structures. In fact, these categories overlap, and the mechanisms of cell death do not appear to differ according to category. The process of rudimentation — organ or tissue regression (whether phylogenetic or morphogenetic) and its control — has recently been extensively reviewed in a congress report (Raynaud, 1977a).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amprino, R. Ambrosi, G. (1973), Experimental analysis of the chick embryo limb bud growth. Arch. Biol (Bruxelles), 84, 35–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelici. D. Pourtois, M. (1968), The role of acid phosphatase in the fusion of the secondary palate.J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 20, 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, K.J. and Holt, S.J. (1968), Cytological and cytochemical studies on cell death and digestion in foetal rat foot: the role of macrophages and hydrolytic enzymes. J. Cell Sci, 3, 245–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J. M. (1977), Growth of normal and talpid2 chick wing buds: an experimental analysis. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (eds. D. A. Ede, J. R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J. A. and Fallon, J. F. (1977), The absence of cell death during development of free digits in amphibians. Dev. Biol, 55, 331–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, B., Jacob, H. J. and Jacob, M. (1977), Experimental analysis of the origin of the wing musculature in avian embryos. Anat. Embryol, 150, 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copp, A.J. (1978), Interaction between inner cell mass and trophectoderm of the mouse blastocyst. I. A study of cellular proliferation. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 48, 109–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, W. M. (1973), Neuronal death as a regulative mechanism in the control of cell number in the nervous system. In Development and Aging in the Nervous System (ed. M. Rockstein ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 19–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawd, D. S. (1969), Studies on the ‘opaque patch’ of cell death in the mesenchyme of the developing chick limb. Ph. D. thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawd, D.S. and Hinchliffe, J. R. (1971), Cell death in the ‘opaque patch’ in the central mesenchyme of the developing chick limb: a cytological, cytochemical and electron microscope analysis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 26, 401–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D. A. (1968), Abnormal development at the cellular level in talpid and other mutants. In The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen’s Egg (eds. T. C. Carter and B. M. Freeman ), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D. A. (1976), Cell interactions in vertebrate limb development. In Cell Surface in Animal Embryogenesis and Development (eds. G. Poste and G. L. Nicholson ), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 495–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D. A. (1977), Limb skeleton deficiencies in some mutants of the chick embryo. In Mechanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 187–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede D.A. and Flint, O. (1972), Patterns of cell division, cell death and chondro– genesis in cultured aggregates of normal and talpid3 mutant chick limb mesenchyme cells. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 27, 245–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D.A. and Flint, O. P. (1975a), Intercellular adhesion and formation of aggregates in normal and t alp id3 mutant chick limb mesenchyme. Cell Sci, 18, 97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D. A. and Flint, O. P. (1975b), Cell movement and adhesion in the developing chick wing bud: studies on cultured mesenchyme cells from normal and talpid3 mutant embryos. J. Cell Sci, 18, 301–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ede, D.A. Kelly, W. A. (1964), Developmental abnormalities in the trunk and limbs of the talpid3 mutant of the fowl. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 12, 339–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Shershaby, A. M. Hinchliffe, J. R. (1974), Cell redundancy in the zona-intact preimplantation mouse blastocyst: a light and electron microscopic study of dead cells and their fate. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 31, 643–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Shershaby, A. M. Hinchliffe, J. R. (1975), Epithelial autolysis during implan-tation of the mouse blastocyst: an ultrastructural study. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 33, 1067–1080.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, J. L. E. (1969), Mechanism of cellular autophagy. In Lysosomes in Biology and Pathology, vol. 2, (eds. J.T. Dingle and H.B. Fell), North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3 54–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Errick, J. Saunders, J.W., Jr. (1976), Limb outgrowth in the chick embryo induced by dissociated and reaggregated cells of the apical ectodermal ridge. Dev. Biol, 50, 26–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, J. F. (1972), The morphology and fate of the apical ectodermal ridge in the normal and Janus Green B-treated chick foot. Am. Zool, 12, 701–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, J. F. Cameron, J. A. (1977), Interdigital cell death during limb development of the turtle and lizard with an interpretation of evolutionary significance. J. Embryol Exp. Morphol, 40, 285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, J.F. Crosby, G. M. (1975), Normal development of the chick wing following removal of the polarizing zone. J. Exp. Zool, 193, 449–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fell, H.B. and Canti, R.G. (1935), Experiments on the development in vitro of the avian knee-joint. Proe. R. Soe. London Ser. B, 116, 316–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finn, C. A. Porter, D.G. (1975), The Uterus. Elek Science, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel S. C. and Mathur, J.K. (1977), Morphogenesis in reptilian limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (eds. D.A. Ede, J. R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 387–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glücksmann, A. (1930), Uber die Bedeutung von Zellvorgängen für die Formbildung epitheliales Organe. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsges, 93, 35–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glücksmann, A. (1951), Cell deaths in normal vertebrate ontogeny. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc, 26, 59–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R. M., Pratt, R. M. (1976), Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation. J. Embryol Exp. Morphol, 36, 225–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R. M., Pratt, R. M. (1977), Inhibition by diazo-oxonorleucine (DON) of rat palatal glycoprotein synthesis and epithelial cell adhesion in vitro. Exp. Cell Res, 105, 27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruenwald, P. (1975), Embryological basis of abnormal development with special reference to cell death. In The Mammalian Foetus (ed. E. S. Hafez ), Chas. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 251–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grüneberg, H. (1963), The Pathology of Development, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haffen, K. and Salzgeber, B. (1977), Les modalites de la regression du mesonephros chez les amniotes. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des organes chez les Embryonsde Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 251–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamburger, V. (1939), The development and innervation of transplanted limb primordia of chick embryos. J. Exp. Zool, 80, 347–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamburger, V. and Levi-Montalcini, R. (1949), Proliferation, differentiation and degeneration in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo under normal and experimental conditions. J. Exp. Zool 111, 457–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, T. H., Teng, C.S. (1965), Sexual stabilisation of Müllerian ducts in the chick embryo. In Organogenesis (eds. R. L. de Haan and H. Ursprung), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 681–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1972), Cell death in relation to the genesis of form and pattern in the developing chick and amphibian limb. In Colloque International sur le Developpement du Membre (ed. P. Sengel ), Grenoble, p. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1974a), Experimental modification of patterns of cell death and chondrogenesis in insulin-induced micromelia of the developing chick limb: an autoradiographic analysis of 35 S04 uptake into chondroitin sulphate. Teratology, 9, 263–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1974b), The patterns of cell death in chick limb morphogenesis. Lib. J. Set, 4A, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1977a), ‘Rudimentation’, reduction and specialisation in the development and evolution of the bird wing. In Mecanismes de la Rudimen- tation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 411–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchcliffe, J.R. (1977b), The development of winglessness (ws) in the chick. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1977c), The chondrogenic pattern in chick limb morphogenesis. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (D.A. Ede, J.R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 293–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1981a). Control by the posterior border of cell death patterns in limb bud development of amniotes: evidence from experimental amputations and from mutants. 4th Symposium on Pre-natal Development, Berlin (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. (1981b), Cell death and the development of limb form in the developing wing and webbed foot of the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R., Ede, D.A. (1967), Limb development in the polydactylous talpid3 mutant of the fowl. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 17, 385–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. and Ede, D.A. (1973), Cell death and the development of limb form and skeletal pattern in normal and wingless (ws) chick embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 30, 753–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R., Garcia-Porrero, J. A. and Gumpel-Pinot, M. (1981), The role of the zone of polarising activity (ZPA) in controlling the maintenance and antero-posterior differentiation of the apical mesenchyme of the chick wing bud: Histochemical techniques in the analysis of a developmental problem. Histochem. J. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. and Johnson, D.R. (1980), The Development of the Vertebrate Limb, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchliffe, J.R. and Thorogood, P. V. (1974), Genetic inhibition of mesenchymal cell death and the development of form and skeletal pattern in the limbs of talpid3 mutant chick embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 31, 747–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurle, J. and Hinchliffe, J.R. (1977), Cytological and stereoscan studies of cell death in the posterior necrotic zone of the embryonic chick wing-bud. Proc. R. Microsc. Soc, 12, 214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurle, J. and Hinchliffe, J.R. (1978), Cell death in the posterior necrotic zone (PNZ) of the chick wingbud: a stereoscan and ultrastructural survey of autolysis and cell fragmentation. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 43, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurle, J. M., Lafarga, M. and Ojeda, J. L. (1977), Cytological and cytochemical studies of the necrotic area of the bulbus of the chick embryo heart. J. Embryol Exp. Morphol, 41, 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janners, M. Y. and Searls, R. L. (1970), Changes in the rate of cellular proliferation during the differentiation of cartilage and muscle in the mesenchyme of the embryonic chick wing. Dev. Biol, 23, 136–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. R. (1969), Polysyndactyly, a new mutant gene in the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 21, 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A. (1947), Recherches sur la differentiation sexuelle de l’embryon de lapin. I. Microsc. Morphol Exp, 36, 271–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A. (1971), Hormonal factors in the sex differentiation of the mammalian foetus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 259, 1 19–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurand, A. (1965), Ultrastructural aspects of early development of the forelimb buds in the chick and the mouse. I, 162, 387– 405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurand, A. (1966), Early changes in limb buds of chick embryos after thalidomide treatment. J. Embryol Exp. Morphol, 16, 289–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurand, A. (1977), Ultrastructural study of the effects of thalidomide on limb buds of chick embryos. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurand, A. and Pavan, C. (1975), Ultrastructural aspects of histolytic processes in the salivary gland cells during metamorphic stages in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi (Diptera, Sciaridae). Cell differ, 4, 219–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, R. O. (1 970), An electron microscopic study of mesenchyme during develop-ment of interdigital spaces in man. Anat. Res, 168, 43–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, R.O. and Fallon, J. R. (1976), Ultrastructural analysis of the apical ectodermal ridge during vertebrate limb morphogenesis. I. The human forelimb with special reference to gap junctions. Dev. Biol, 51, 241–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H. and Currie, A. R. (1972), Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer, 26, 239–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieny, M. (1964), Etude du mecanisme de la regulation dans le developpement du bourgeon de membre de l’embryon de poulet. I. Regulation des excedents. Dev. Biol, 9, 197–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieny, M. and Pautou, M.P. (1976), Regulation des excedents dans le developpement du bourgeon de membre de l’embryon d’oiseau. Analyse experimentale de combinaisons xenoplastiques cailleJpoulet. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entw-Mech Org, 179, 327–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieny, M., Pautou, M.P. and Sengel, P. (1976), Limb morphogenesis as studied by Janus Green B and vinblastine-induced malformations. In Tests of Teratogenicity in vitro, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 389–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D.M. (1977), Abnormal organogenesis in limbs. In Handbook of Teratology (eds. J.G. Wilson and F.C. Fraser), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 453– 479.’

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochhar, D.M., Agnish, N. D. (1977), ‘Chemical surgery’ as an approach to study morphogenetic events in embryonic mouse limb. Dev. Biol, 61, 388– 394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konegni, J. S., Chan, B.C., Moriarty, T.M., Weinstein, S. and Gibson, R. D. (1965), A comparison of standard organ culture and standard transplant techniques in the fusion of palatal processes of rat embryos. Cleft Palate J, 2, 219– 228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litvac, B., Litvac, E. (1973), Early structural changes during the morphogeneti- cal necrosis of the mesenchyme in the interdigital membrane of the chick embryo. Rev. Roum. d’Embryol, 10, 127–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz-Ostertag, Y. (1974), Nouvelles preuves de Taction de la testosterone sur la developpement des canaux de Müller de l’embryon d’oiseau en culture in vitro. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser.D, 278, 2351–2353.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, J. (1977), Ontogeny of rumplessness and its genetic determination. In Mechanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes ehez les Embryons de Ver- tebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menkes, B. and Deleanu, M. (1964), Leg differentiation and experimental syndactyly in chick embryo. Rev. Romaine Embryol. Cytol, 1, 69–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menkes, B., Deleanu, M. and Hies, A. (1965), Comparative study of some areas of physiological necrosis of the embryo of man, laboratory mammalians and fowl. Rev. Romaine Embryol. Cytol, 2, 161–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1967a), Histochemical observations on the developing foot of normal, oligosyndactylous (OsJ+) and syndactylous (smJsm) mouse embryos. Arch. Biol. (Liege), 78, 223–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1967b), Evolution des processus degeneratifs dans le cape apicale au cours du developpement des membres chez le rat et la souris. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 265, 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1970), Evolution et determinisme des degenerescences cellulaires au cours de la morphogenese des membres et leurs modifications teratologiques. In Malformations Congenitales des Mammiferes (ed. H. Tuchmann-Duplessis ), Colloques Pfizer, Amboise, pp. 131–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1971), Etude morphogenetique de la syndactylie postaxiale provoquee chez le rat par l’hadacine. II. Les bourgeons de membres chez les embryons de 12 a 14 jours. Arch. Biol. (Liege), 82, 253–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1977a), Histochemical expression of morphogenetic gradients during limb morphogenesis (with particular reference to mammalian embryos). Birth Defects, 13, 37–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milaire, J. (1977b), Rudimentation digitale au cours du developpement normale de Fautopod chez les mammiferes. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 221–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojeda, J. L. and Hurle, J.M. (1975), Cell death during the formation of tubular heart of the chick embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 33, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pautou, M.M. (1974), Evolution compare de la necrose morphogene interdigitale dans le pied de l’embryon de poulet et de canard. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 278, 2209–2212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pautou, M.P. (1975), Morphogenese de l’autopode chez l’embryon de poulet. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 34, 511–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pautou, M.P. (1978), Cessation de l’activite de la crete apicale ectodermique au course de la morphogenese de l’autopode chez l’embryon de poulet: analyse histologique. Arch. Biol. (Bruxelles), 89, 27–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pautou, M.P. and Kieny, M. (1971), Sur les mecanismes histologiques et cytologiques de la necrose morphogene interdigitale, chez l’embryon de poulet. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 272, 2025–2028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pexieder, T. (1975), Cell death in the morphogenesis and teratogenesis of the heart. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol, 51, 1–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinot, M. (1970), Relations entre le mesenchyme somitique et la plaque laterale dans l’organogenese precoce des membres, chez le poulet. Ann. Biol, 9, 277– 284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, R. and Oppenheim, R.W. (1979), Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. IV. Evidence that a functional neuromuscular interaction is involved in the regulation of naturally occurring cell death and the stabilization of synapses. J. Comp. Neurol, 187, 425–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, R. D. and Fallon, J. F. (1974), Autoradiographic analysis of macromolecular synthesis in prospectively necrotic cells of the chick limb bud. I. Protein synthesis. Exp. Cell Res, 86 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, R. D. and Fallon, J. F. (1976), Autoradiographic analysis of macromolecular synthesis in prospectively necrotic cells of the chick limb bud. II. Nucleic acids. Exp. Cell Res, 100, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourtois, M. (1969), Study on the fusion of palatal processes in vitro and in vivo. J. Dent. Res, 48, 1 135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, R. M. and Greene, R. M. (1976), Inhibition of palatal epithelial cell death by altered protein synthesis. De v. Biol, 54, 135–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, R. M. and Martin, G. R. (1975), Epithelial cell death and cyclic AMP increase during palatal development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 72, 874–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestige, M. C. (1965), Cell turnover in the spinal ganglia of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 13, 63–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestige, M.C. (1967a), The control of cell number in lumbar spinal ganglia during the development of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 17, 453–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestige, M.C. (1967b), The control of cell number in the lumbar ventral horns during the development of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 18, 359–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestige, M.C. (1970). Differentiation, degeneration and the role of the periphery: quantitative considerations. In The NeuroSciences (ed. F. O. Schmitt ), Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestige, M.C. and Wilson, M.A. (1972), Loss of axons from ventral roots during development. Brain Res, 41, 467–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J.M., Donahoe, P.K., Ito, Y. and Hendren, W.H. (1977), Programmed cell death in the Müllerian duct induced by Miillerian inhibiting substance. Am. J. Anat, 149, 353–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. (1972), Morphogenese des membres rudimentaires chez les reptiles: un probleme d’embryologie et devolution. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr, 97, 469– 485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. (1977a) (ed.), Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. (1977b), Les modalites de la rudimentation des membres chez les embryons de reptiles serpentiformes. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. (1977c), Somites and early morphogenesis of reptile limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (eds. D.A. Ede, J. R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 373–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. and Adrian, M. (1975), Caracteristiques ultrastructurales des divers constituants des ebauches des membres, chez les embryons d’Orvet (Anguis fragilis L.) et de Lezard vert (Lacerta viridis Laur). C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 280, 2591–2594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, A. and Vasse, J. (1972), Les principales etapes du developpement de Febauche du membre anterieur de l’Orvet (.Anguis fragilis L.) etudiees au moyen de l’autoradiographie. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 274, 1938–1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renous, S., Raynaud, A., Gase, JP. and Pieau, C. (1976), Caracteres rudimentaires, anatomiques et embryologiques, de la ceinture pelvienne et des appendices posterieurs du Python reticule (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801). Bull. Mus. Natln. Hist. Nat., Paris (3e ser), 379, 547–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, E. J., Scott, W. J. and Wilson, J. G. (1973), Relationship of temporal patterns of cell death and development to malformations in the rat limb. Possible mechanisms of teratogenesis with inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Teratology, 7, 219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rooze, M. A. (1977), The effects of the Dh. gene on limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Birth Defects, 13, 69–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzgeber, B. (1968), fitude sur la genese de malformations experimentales des membres chez l’embryon de poulet. Ann. Embryol. Morphol, 1, 313–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzgeber, B. (1976a) Effects of nitrogen mustard on the development of limb buds. Studies on the genesis of limb malformations. In Tests of Teratogenicity in vitro, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzgeber, B. (1976b), Limb malformation production in chicken embryos treated with nitrogen mustard at 48 hours of incubation. In Drugs and Foetal Development (eds. M.A. Klingberg, A. Abramovici and J. Chemke ), Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzgeber, B. and Gumpel-Pinot, M. (1977), foude des effets de l’yperite azotee et des rayons X dans la production experimentale de la micromelie, de la phoco– melie et de l’ectromelie chez l’embryon de poulet. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzgeber, B. and Weber, R. (1966), Le regression du mesonephros chez l’embryon de poulet. fitude des activites de la phosphatase acide et des cathepsines. Analyse biochimique, histochimique et observations au microscope electronique. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 15, 397–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. W., Jr. (1966), Death in embryonic systems. Science, 154, 604 - 612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J.W., Jr. (1972), Developmental control of three-dimensional polarity in the avian limb. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 193, 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J.W., Jr. (1977) The experimental analysis of chick limb bud development. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (eds. D. A. Ede, J. R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. W., Jr. and Fallon, J. F. (1967), Cell death in morphogenesis. In Major Problems in Developmental Biology (ed. M. Locke ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 289–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J.W., Jr., Gasseling, M.T. and Errick, J. (1976), Inductive activity and enduring cellular constitution of a supernumerary apical ectodermal ridge grafted to the limb bud of the chick embryo. Dev. Biol., 50, 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J.W., Jr., Gasseling, M.T. and Saunders, L.C. (1962), Cellular death in morphogenesis of the avian wing. Dev. Biol, 5, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxen, L. and Rapola, J, (1969), Congenital defects, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxen, L. and Wartiovaara, J. (1976), Embryonic induction. In The Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals (eds. C. F. Graham and P.F. Wareing ), Black- well, Oxford, pp. 127–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheib, D. (1963), Properties and role of acid hydrolases of the Miillerian ducts during sexual differentiation in the male chick embryo. In Lysosomes (eds. A.V.S. de Reuck and M.P. Cameron ), Ciba Foundation Symposium, Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheib, D. (1977), Mecanismes cellulaires et delerminisme hormonal de la regression

    Google Scholar 

  • des canaux de Müller chez l’embryon de poulet: etude cytologique et bio- chemique. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres, Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheib, D. and Wattiaux, R. (1962), fitude des hydrolases acides des canaux de Müller de l’embryon de poulet. Activites totales et solubles des canaux d’embryons de 8 ä 10 jours d’incubation. Dev. Biol, 5, 205–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter, G. (1973), Ultrastructural observations on cell necrosis during formation of the neural tube in mouse embryos. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsges, 141, 251–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. J., Ritter, E.J. and Wilson, J.G. (1977), Delayed ectodermal cell death as a mechanism of Polydactyly induction. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 42, 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seegmiller, R. E., Overman, D.O. and Runner, M.N. (1972), Histological and fine structural changes during chondrogenesis in micromelia induced by 6-amino- nicotinamide. Dev. Biol., 28, 555–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengel, P. (1976), Morphogenesis of skin, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, J. and Hughes, A. F. W. (1973), The role of cell death during morphogenesis of the mammalian eye. J. Morphol, 140, 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smiley, G. R. and Koch, W. E. (1971), Fine structure of mouse secondary palate development in vitro. J. Dent. Res, 59, 1671–1677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell, D. (1973), Growth and regulation in the development of the chick limb. Ph. D. thesis, London University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell, D. (1979), The zone of polarising activity, evidence for a role in normal chick morphogenesis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol, 50, 217–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell, D. and Tickle, C. (1977), Pattern formation along the anterio-posterior axis of the chick limb bud. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis (eds. D.A. Ede, J. R. Hinchliffe and M. Balls ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tata, J.R. (1966), Requirement for RNA and protein synthesis for induced regression of the tadpole tail in organ culture. Dev. Biol, 13, 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teng, C. S. and Teng, C.T. (1976), Studies on sex-organ development. Oestrogen- receptor translocation in the developing chick Müllerian duct. Bioehem. J, 154, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, C. H. (1962), New Patterns in Genetics and Development, Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, D.J. (1977), The mechanism of spina bifida in the chick. Ph.D. thesis, Aberdeen University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R. (1977), Biochemical aspects of tail atrophy during anuran metamorphosis. In Mecanismes de la Rudimentation des Organes chez les Embryons de Vertebres. Colloques CNRS 266, Paris, pp. 137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. A. and Gross, J. (1970), Studies on possible mechanisms of programmed cell death in the chick embryo. Dev. Biol, 22, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, E. and Kahn, J. (1947), Le regulation de l’ebauche des membres chez les oiseaux. C.R. Seances Soc. Biol, 141, 915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert, L. (1978), Pattern formation in biological development. Sci. Am, 239, 124–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert, L., Lewis, J. and Summerbell, D. (1975), Morphogenesis of the vertebrate limb. In Cell patterning, Ciba Foundation Symposium 29, new series, Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 95–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. (1942), The development of dominant rumplessness in chick embryo. Genetics, 27, 641–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. (1959), Micromelia as a direct effect of insulin. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments. J. Morphol, 104, 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. (1964), Controlled degeneration during development. In Cellular injury (eds. A. V. S. de Reuck and J. Knight), Ciba Foundation Symposium, Churchill, London, pp. 352–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. (1968), Abnormal morphogenesis in limb development. In Limb devel-opment and deformity: problems of evaluation and rehabilitation (ed. C. A. Swinyard ), Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 100–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. (1974), Effects of contact between mutant (wingless) limb buds and those of genetically normal chick embryos: confirmation of a hypothesis. Dev. Biol, 39, 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwilling, E. and Hansborough, L. A. (1956), Interaction between limb bud ectoderm and mesoderm in the chick embryo. III. Experiments with polydactylous limbs. J. Exp. Zool, 132, 219–39.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. R. Hinchliffe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff, UK

    I. D. Bowen

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, St John’s University, New York, USA

    R. A. Lockshin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Chapman and Hall Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hinchliffe, J.R. (1981). Cell death in embryogenesis. In: Bowen, I.D., Lockshin, R.A. (eds) Cell death in biology and pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6921-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6921-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6923-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6921-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation