Skip to main content

Abstract

‘What did you learn at school today?’, queries the interested parent on the child’s return at teatime. ‘Oh, nothing much’, responds the long-suffering child who faces this question each evening, ‘we learned another irregular French verb, the characteristics of glaciated mountains in geography, and Boyle’s law in physics.’

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Birch, H. G. (1945). The relation of previous experience to insightful problem solving. J. Comp. Psychol, 38, 367–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolles, R. C. (1970). Species-specific defence reactions and avoidance learning. Psychol. Rev., 77, 32–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolles, R. C. (1972). Reinforcement, expectancy and learning. Psychol. Rev., 79, 394–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breland, K. and Breland, M. (1961). The misbehaviour of organisms. Am. Psychol, 16, 681–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst, P. L. (1974). Animal studies bearing on abnormal behaviour. In Eysenck, H. J. (ed.). Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. ( London: Pitman )

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R., Moirer, N. and Hoffman, L. (1966). Functions of hints in individual problem solving. Ann f. Psychol, 79, 389–399

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Amato, M. and Schiff, D. (1964). Long-term discriminated avoidance performance in the rat. J. Comp. Psychol, 57, 123–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncker, K. (1945). On problem solving. Psychol Monogr., 58, 270

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, M. H. (1928). The effect of change of reward on the maze performance of rats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol, 4, 19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, W. (1969). Reinforcement in human learning. In Tapp. J. (ed.). Reinforcement and Behaviour ( New York: Academic Press )

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagne, R. M. (1965). The Conditions of Learning. ( New York: Holt )

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J. and Koelling, R. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Sci., 4, 123–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenspoon, J. (1955). The reinforcing effect of two spoken words on the frequency of two responses. Am. J. Psychol, 68, 409–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, E. R. (1952). Psychology of Learning. ( New York: Harper )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. F. (1976). Classical Conditioning and Instrumental Learning. ( Philadelphia: Lippincott )

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. (1949). Formation of learning sets. Psychol Rev., 56, 51–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. and Harlow, M. K. (1969). Effects of various mother-infant relationships on rhesus monkey behaviour. In Foss, B. M. (ed.). Determinants of Infant Behaviour. Vol. 4. ( London: Methuen )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organisation of Behaviour. ( New York: Wiley )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R., Atkinson, R. C. and Atkinson, R. L. (1975). Introduction to Psychology. 6th edn. ( New York: Harcourt Brace )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of Behaviour. ( New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1952). A Behaviour System. ( New Haven: Yale )

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear. Pedagog. Semin., 31, 308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamin, L. J. (1969). Predictability, surprise attention and conditioning. In Campbell, B. and Church, R. (eds.). Punishment and Aversive Behaviour. ( New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts )

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, T. D. (1971). Reinforcement frequency and task characteristics as factors in verbal conditioning without awareness. J. Exp. Psychol, 88, 103–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, W. (1927). The Mentality of Apes. ( London: Routledge )

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luchins, A. S. and Luchins, E. H. (1950). New experimental attempts at preventing mechanisation in problem solving. J. Genet. Psychol., 42, 279–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane, D. A. (1930). The role of kinesthesis in maze learning. Calif. Univ. Puhl Psychol., 4, 277–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. (1977). Learning. In Coleman, J. C. (ed.). Introductory Psychology. ( London: Routledge )

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, N. R. F. (1930). Reasoning in humans: on direction. J. Comp. Psychol, 10, 115–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, N. R. F. (1931), Reasoning in humans: the solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness. J. Comp. Psychol, 12, 181–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, S. F. and Seligman, M. (1969). Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. In Campbell, B. and Church, R. (eds.). Punishment. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts)

    Google Scholar 

  • Masserman, J. H. (1943). Behaviour and Neurosis. ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press )

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, R. (1937). Conditioned vasomotor response in human subjects. J. Psychol, 4, 75–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. E. (1944). Experimental studies in conflict. In Hunt, J. McV. (ed.). Personality and Behaviour Disorders. Vol. 1. ( New York: Ronald Press )

    Google Scholar 

  • Muenzinger, K. F. (1938). Vicarious trial and error at point of choice. J. Genet. Psychol, 53, 75–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes. ( Oxford: Oxford University Press )

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behav. Ther., 2, 307–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1951). How to teach animals. Sci. Am., 185, 26–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behaviour. ( New York: Macmillan )

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1965). Theoretical and epistemological issues in verbal conditioning. In Rosenberg, S. (ed.). Directions in Psycholinguistics. ( New York: Macmillan )

    Google Scholar 

  • Strassman, H., Thaler, M. and Schein, E. (1956). A prisoner of war syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry, 112, 998–1003

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal Intelligence. ( New York: Macmillan )

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, E. L. (1932). The Fundamentals of Learning. ( New York: Columbia University Press )

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Man. ( New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts )

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. and Honzik, C. H. (1930a). Introduction and removal of reward and maze performance in rats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol, 4, 257–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. and Honzik, C. H. (1930b). Degrees of hunger reward and non-reward and maze learning in rats. Univ. Calif. Publ Psychol, 4, 241

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C., Ritchie, B. F. and Kalish, D. (1946). Studies in spatial learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B. and Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. J. Exp. Psychol, 3, 1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. (1945). Productive Thinking. ( New York: Harper )

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcoxon, H., Dragoin, W. B. and Krai, P. A. (1971). Illness-induced aversions in rat and quail. Science, 171, 826–828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. B. (1936). Effectiveness of token rewards for chimpanzees. Comp. Psychol Monogr., 12, No. 60

    Google Scholar 

Further reading

  • Bolles, R. C. (1975). Learning Theory. (London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. and Bower, G. (1975). Theories of Learning. ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall )

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, J. P. (1976). Fundamentals of Learning. ( New York: Academic Press )

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, F. A. (1973). Fundamentals of Learning and Motivation. (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. Brown )

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachlin, H. (1970). Introduction to Modern Behaviourism. ( San Francisco: Freeman )

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, G. S. (1975). A Primer of Operant Conditioning. (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman )

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1974). About Behaviourism. ( London: Jonathan Cape )

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarpy, R. M. and Mayer, R. E. (1978). Foundations of Learning and Memory. (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman )

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 R. B. Burns & C. B. Dobson

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burns, R.B., Dobson, C.B. (1984). Learning. In: Introductory Psychology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6279-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6279-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85200-491-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6279-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics