Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The mononuclear phagocytic functions of the liver

  • Chapter
Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

The reticuloendothelial system was the name originally proposed by Aschoff for a system of cells of great morphological diversity linked together by the property of phagocytosis1. This cell system comprises endothelial cells, fibrocytes, reticular cells of spleen and lymph nodes, reticuloendothelial cells of lymph and blood sinuses including Kupffer cells, histiocytes, splenocytes and monocytes. Several attempts have been made through the years to find a better descriptive term than the reticuloendothelial system. The most recent proposal, and generally an acceptable one, has been the introduction of the term mononuclear phagocyte system, ‘comprising a group of cells that are related by similarities of morphology, function and origin’2. This mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises precursor cells (in the bone marrow), promonocytes (in the bone marrow), monocytes (in the bone marrow and in the blood) and macrophages in connective tissue (histiocytes), liver (Kupffer cells), lung (alveolar macrophages), spleen (free and fixed macrophages), lymph nodes (free and fixed macrophages), bone marrow (macrophages), serous cavities (pleural and peritoneal macrophages), bone tissue (osteoclasts), and nervous system (microglial cells). The part of the mononuclear phagocytic system to be described here is the system of macrophages in the liver, the Kupffer cells. Most studies concerned with the MPS have not made a distinction between Kupffer cells and other macrophages but described the system as a whole. However, the fact that the Kupffer cells comprise by far the greatest part of the MPS, together with their strategic localization in relation to the blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract, justifies discussing them as a special entity. In recent years the idea has repeatedly been put forward that the function of these cells is different from other phagocytic cells, especially with regard to immune phenomena. In this chapter we wish to describe the functions of the Kupffer cells with special emphasis on their role in immune processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aschoff, L. (1924). Das reticulo-endotheliale System. Ergebn. Inn. Med. Kinder heilk., 26, 1

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fürth, R. van, Cohn, Z. A., Hirsch, J. G., Humphrey, J. H., Spector, W. G. and Langevoort, H. L. (1972). The mononuclear phagocyte system: a new classification of macrophages, monocytes, and their precursor cells. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 46, 845

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jandl, J. H., Files, N. M., Barnett, S. B. and Macdonald, R. A. (1965). Proliferative response of the spleen and liver to hemolysis. J. Exp. Med., 122, 299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Weibel, E. R., Stä ubli, W., Gnägi, H. R. and Hess, F. A. (1969). Correlated morphometric and biochemical studies on the liver cell. I. Morphometric model, stereologic methods, and normal morphometric data for rat liver. J. Cell. Biology, 42, 68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Greengard, O., Federman, M. and Knox, W. E. (1972). Cytomorpho-metry of developing rat liver and its application to enzymic differentiation. J. Cell Biology, 52, 261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gates, G. A., Henley, K. S., Pollard, H. M., Schmidt, E. and Schmidt, F. W. (1961). The cell population of human liver. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 57, 182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gray’s Anatomy (1973). R. Warwick and P. L. Williams (eds.) p. 1308 (Edinburgh: Longman)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Elias, H. (1952). Morphology of the stellate cells of Kupffer. The Chicago Med. School Quarterly, 13, 60

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stuart, A. E. (1970). The reticulo-endothelial system. (Edinburgh and London: Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wisse, E. and Daems, W. T. (1970) Fine structural study on the sinusoidal lining cells of rat liver. In Mononuclear phagocytes. R. van Fürth (ed). p. 200 (Oxford: Blackwell)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Emeis, J. J. and Wisse, E. (1971). Electron microscopic cytochemistry of the cell coat of Kupffer cells in rat liver. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 15. The reticulo-endothelial system and immune phenomena. N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming (eds.) p. 1 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Aterman, K. (1958). Some observations on the sinusoidal cells of the liver. Acta Anat. Basel), 32, 193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Carr, I. (1970). The fine structure of the mammalian lymphoreticular system. Int. Rev. Cytol., 27, 283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wisse, E. (1972). An ultrastructural characterization of the endothelial cell in the rat liver sinusoid under normal and various experimental conditions, as a contribution to the distinction between endothelial and Kupffer cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 38, 528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shaba, J. K., Patrick, R. S. and McGee, J. O. D. (1973)-Collagen synthesis by mesenchymal cells isolated from normal and acutely-damaged mouse liver. Br. J. Exp. Path., 54, 110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Roser, B. (1968). The distribution of intravenously injected Kupffer cells in the mouse. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 5, 455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Berliner, D. L., Nabors, C. J. Jr. and Dougherty, T. F. (1964). The role of hepatic and adrenal reticuloendothelial cells in steroid biotransformation. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 1, 1

    Google Scholar 

  18. Melly, M. A., Duke, L. J. and Koenig, M. G. (1972). Studies on isolated cultured rabbit Kupffer cells. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 12, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Civen, M. and Brown, C. B. (1973). Distribution of tyrosine alfa-ketoglutarate transaminase activity in Kupffer cell and whole liver fractions of rat liver. J. Reticuloe?idothel. Soc, 14, 522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Berg, T. and Boman, D. (1973). Distribution of lysosomal enzymes between parenchymal and Kupffer cells of rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Amst.), 321, 585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lundkvist, U., Goeringer, G. C. and Perlmann, P. (1966). Immunochemical characterization of parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells of rat liver. Exp. Mol. Path., 5, 427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zimmermann, W. E. and Rehfeld, K. H. (1971)-Function and importance of the RES during perfusion of the liver. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 15, The reticuloendothelial system and immune phenomena. N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming (eds.) p. 119 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Schimassek, H. and Helms, J. (1967). The function of the reticuloendothelial system studied with isolated perfused rat livers. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1, The reticuloendothelial system and atherosclerosis. N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti, (eds.) p. 46 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Di Luzio, N. R. (1972). Employment of lipids in the measurement and modification of cellular, humoral, and immune responses. Adv. Lipid. Res., 10, 43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kitchen, A. G. and Megiriam, R. (1971). Heparin enhancement of Kupffer cell phagocytosis in vitro. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 9, 13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Biozzi, G. and Stiffel, C. (1965). The physiopathology of the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver and spleen. In Progress in liver diseases, 2, H. Popper and F. Schaffner (eds.) p. 166 (New York and London: Grune and Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cooksley, W. G. E., Powell, L. W. and Halliday, J. W. (1973). Reticuloendothelial phagocytic function in human liver disease and its relationship to haemolysis. Br. J. Haemat., 25, 147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Iio, M. and Wagner, H. N. Jr. (1963). Studies of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). I. Measurement of phagocytic capacity of the RES in man and dog. J. Clin. Invest., 42, 417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wagner, H. N. and Iio, M. (1964). Studies of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). III. Blockade of the RES in man. J. Clin. Invest., 43, 1525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Di Luzio, N. R. and Riggi, S. J. (1964). The development of a lipid emulsion for the measurement of reticuloendothelial function. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 1, 136

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jones, E. A. (1967). Hepatic scintillography. Gut, 8, 418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rogers, D. E. (1960). Host mechanisms which act to remove bacteria from the blood stream. Bact. Rev., 24, 50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Biozzi, G., Stiffel, C. and Mouton, D. (1963). Stimulation et dépression de la fonction phagocytaire du système réticuloendothélial par des émulsions de lipides. Relations avec quelques phénomènes immuno-logiques. Rev. franc. Étud. Clin. Biol., 8 341

    Google Scholar 

  34. Benacerraf, B. (1964). Functions of the Kupffer cells. In The liver, 2, C. Rouiller (ed.) p. 37 (New York and London: Academic Press)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Beeson, P. B., Brannon, E. S. and Warren, J. V. (1945). Observations on the sites of removal of bacteria from the blood in patients with bacterial endocarditis. J. Exp. Med., 81, 9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Howard, J. G. (1961). The reticuloendothelial system and resistance to bacterial infection. Scot. Med. J., 6, 60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bang, F. B. and Warwick, A. (1959). Macrophages and mouse hepatitis. Virology, 9 715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sabesin, S. M. and Koff, R. S. (1974). Pathogenesis of experimental viral hepatitis. New Eng. J. Med., 290, 944 and 996

    Google Scholar 

  39. Frei, P. C., Benacerraf, B. and Thorbecke, G. J. (1965). Phagocytosis of the antigen, a crucial step in the induction of the primary response. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 53, 20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Thorbecke, G. J., Maurer, P. H. and Benacerraf, B. (1960). The affinity of the reticulo-endothelial system for various modified serum proteins. Br. J. Exp. Path., 41, 190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Buys, C. H. C. M., Elferink, G. L., Bouma, J. M. W., Gruber, M. and Nieuwenhuis, P. (1973). Proteolysis of formaldehyde-treated albumin in Kupffer cells and its inhibition by suramin. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 14, 209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Thomas, H. C. and Vaez-Zadeh, F. (1974). A homeostatic mechanism for the removal of antigen from the portal circulation. Immunology, 26, 375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Haakenstad, A. O. and Mannik, M. (1974). Saturation of the reticuloendothelial system with soluble immune complexes. J. Immunol., 112, 1939

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wagner, H. N. and Iio, M. (1964). Studies of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). III. Blockade of the RES in man. J. Clin. Invest., 43, 1525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Souhami, R. L. (1972). The effect of colloid carbon on the organ distribution of sheep red cells and the immune response. Immunology, 22, 685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Triger, D. R. and Wright, R. (1973). Studies on hepatic uptake of antigen. II. The effect of hepatotoxins on the immune response. Immunology, 25, 951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Patek, P. R., de Mignard, V. A. and Bernick, S. (1967). Age changes in structure and responses of reticuloendothelial cells of rat liver. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 4, 211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wagner, H. N., Migita, T. and Solomon, N. (1966). Effect of age on reticuloendothelial function in man. J. Geront., 21, 57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Saba, T. M. (1970). Mechanism mediating reticuloendothelial system depression after surgery. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 133, 1132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Saba, T. M. (1972). Effect of surgical trauma on the clearance and localization of blood-borne particulate matter. Surgery, 71, 675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Scovill, W. A. and Saba, T. M. (1973). Humoral recognition deficiency in the etiology of reticuloendothelial depression induced by surgery. Ann. Surg., 178, 59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Deo, M. G., Bhan, I. and Ramalingaswami, V. (1973). Influence of dietary protein deficiency on phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial cells. J. Pathol., 109, 215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Trejo, R. A., Di Luzio, N. R., Loose, L. D. and Hoffman, E. O. (1972). Reticuloendothelial and hepatic functional alterations following lead acetate administration. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 17, 145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hoffman, E. O. Trejo, R. A., Di Luzio, N. R. and Lamberty, J. (1972). Ultrastructural alterations of liver and spleen following acute lead administration in rats. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 17, 159

    Google Scholar 

  55. Zschiesche, W., Augsten, K., Ozegowski, W. and Krebs, D. (1970). Alkylating anticancer agents and phagocytosis. I. Effects of a homologous series of 1, 2-substituted 5-bis (β-chloroethyl)-amino-benzi-midazole dérivates on carbon clearance. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 8, 538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Zschiesche, W. (1972). Alkylating anticancer agents and phagocytosis.II. Effects of alkylating agents on numerical distribution and histochemistry of reticuloendothelial cells. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc., 12, 16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gotjamanos, T. (1971). The effect of azathioprine on phagocytic activity and morphology of reticuloendothelial organs in mice. Pathology, 3, 171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pisano, J. C., Patterson, J. T. and Di Luzio, N. R. (1972). Reticuloendothelial function in immune-suppressed animals. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 12, 361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lemperle, G., Herdter, F. and Gospos, F. (1971). The stimulating or depressing effect of various drugs on the phagocytic function of the RES. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 15, The reticuloendothelial system and immune phenomena. N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming (eds.) p. 87 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Benveniste, J., Higounet, F. and Salomon, J.-C. (1970). Effects of various doses of prednisolone on the phagocytic activity in axenic and holoxenic mice. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 8, 499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ali, M. V. and Nolan, J. P. (1967). Alcoholic induced depression of reticuloendothelial function in the rat. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 70, 295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Louria, D. B. (1963). Susceptibility to infection during experimental alcoholic intoxication. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns., 76, 102

    Google Scholar 

  63. Graham, C. W. and Saba, T. M. (1973). Opsonin levels in reticuloendothelial regulation during and following pregnancy. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 14, 121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Grogan, J. B. (1970). Reticuloendothelial system function after single and multiple injections of antilymphocyte serum. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 8, 561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Howard, J. G. (1959). Activation of the reticuloendothelial cells of the mouse liver by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Path. Bad., 78, 465

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Friedberg, K. D., Garbe, G. and Westermann, M. (1971). Beeinflussung des reticulo-endothelialen Systems durch Cyclophosphamid, Endotoxin und Polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’ s Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 269, 57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Carmel, N., Markus, R., Gross, J. and Stern, K. (1972). Reticuloendothelial phagocytosis of 51Cr-labelled sheep red cells in mice. II. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on phagocytosis and hemopexin levels. Israel J. Med., 8. 1783

    Google Scholar 

  68. Agarwal, M. K. (1972). Assessment of the nature of reticuloendothelial contribution during endotoxicosis in mice. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 12, 40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Normann, S. J. (1973). Reticuloendothelial system function. VI. Experimental alterations influencing the correlation between portal blood flow and colloid clearance. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 13, 47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Saba, T. M. (1970). Liver blood flow and intravascular colloid clearance alterations following partial hepatectomy. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 7, 406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gotjamanos, T. (1971). The response of the reticuloendothelial system to skin transplantation. Phagocytic indices and weights of reticuloendothelial organs of mice bearing primary skin isografts and allografts. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 49, 249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wagner, H. N. Jr., Iio, M. and Hornick, R. B. (1963). Studies of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). II. Changes in the phagocytic capacity of the RES in patients with certain infections. J. Clin. Invest., 42, 427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wagner, H. N. Jr., Iio, M. and Hornick, R. B. (1963). Inhibition of the phagocytic capacity of the human reticuloendothelial system in viral infections. J. Clin. Invest., 42, 990

    Google Scholar 

  74. Munson, A. E., Regelson, W. and Wooles, W. R. (1970). Tissue localization studies in evaluating the functional role of the RES. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 7, 366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hupka, A. L. and Karler, R. (1973). Biotransformation of ethyl-morphine and heme by isolated parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells of rat liver. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 14, 225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sinar, Y., Kaplun, A., Hai, Y. and Halperin, B. (1974). Enhancement of resistance to infectious diseases by oral administration of brewer’s yeast. Infection Immunol. 9, 781

    Google Scholar 

  77. Di Luzio, N. R. and Morrow, H. S. III(1971). Comparative behaviour of soluble and particulate antigens and inert colloids in reticuloendo-thelial-stimulated or depressed mice. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 9, 273

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Halpern, B. N. Prévot, A. R., Biozzi, G., Stiffel, C., Mouton, D., Morard, J. C., Bouthildier, Y. and Descreusefond, C. (1964). Stimulation de l’activité phagocytaire du système reticuloendothelial provoquée par Corynebacterium parvum. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 1, 77

    Google Scholar 

  79. Donald, K. J. and Pound, A. W. (1971). The effect of a tubercle bacil-lary lipid on the clearance rate of colloidal carbon from the blood of rabbits. Brit. J. Exp. Path. 52, 256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Donald, K. J. and Pound, A. W. (1973). Proliferation and migration of reticuloendothelial cells following injection of a tubercle bacillary lipid. Br. J. Exp. Path., 54, 79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Nicol, T., Bilbey, D. L. J., Charles, L. M., Cordingley, J. L. and Vernon-Roberts, B. (1964). Oestrogen: the natural stimulant of body defense. J. Endocr., 30, 277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Grampa, G. (1967). Reticuloendothelial system stimulation by estrogens and thorium dioxide retention in rat liver. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1, The reticuloendothelial system and atherosclerosis. N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti (eds.) p. 214 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Warr, G. W. and Šljivič, V. S. (1973). Activity of the reticuloendothelial system and the antibody response. I. Effect of stilboestrol on RES activity and localization of sheep erythrocytes in the mouse. Br. J. Exp. Path., 54, 56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Flemming, K., Flemming, C. and Nothdurft, W. (1970). The phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system of mice following whole-body X-irradiation. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 7, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sljivic, V. (1970). Radiation and the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system. Br. J. Exp. Path., 51, 130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bissell, M. D., Hammaker, L. and Schmid, R. (1972). Liver sinusoidal cells. Identification of a subpopulation for erythrocyte catabolism. J. Cell Biology, 54, 107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Dumont, A. E., Stertzer, S. H. and Mulholland, J. H. (1962). Experimental biliary obstruction: effect of thorotrast on lymph and serum bilirubin levels. Amer. J. Physiol., 202, 704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Vannotti, A. (1957). The role of the reticuloendothelial system in iron metabolism. In Physiopathology of the reticulo-endothelial system. B. N. Halpern, B. Benacerraf and J. F. Delafresnaye (eds.) p. 172 (Oxford: Blackwell)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Noyes, W. D., Bothwell, T. H. and Finch, C. A. (1960). The role of the reticulo-endothelial cell in iron metabolism. Brit. J. Haemat., 6, 43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Walsh, R. T. and Barnhart, M. I. (1969). Clearance of coagulation and fibrinolysis products by the reticuloendothelial system. Thrombosis et diathesis haemorrhagica, Suppl. 36, 83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Barnhart, M. L. and Cress, D. C. (1967). Plasma clearance of products of fibrinolysis. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, 1, The reticuloendothelial system and atherosclerosis. N. R. Di Luzio, and R. Paoletti (eds.) p. 492 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Freeman, T., Gordon, A. H. and Humphrey, J. H. (1958). Distinction between catabolism of native and denatured proteins by the isolated perfused liver after carbon loading. Brit. J. Exp. Path., 39, 459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Freeman, T. (1959). The biological behaviour of normal and denatured human plasma albumin. Clin. chim. Acta, 4, 788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Buys, C. H. C. M., Elferink, G. L., Bouman, J. M. W., Gruber, M. and Nieuwenhuis, P. (1973). Proteolysis of formaldehyde-treated albumin in Kupffer cells and its inhibition by suramin. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 14, 209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Di Luzio, N. R. and Saba, T. M. (1971). Liver parenchymal and Kupffer cell metabolism of 14C-labelled acetate, palmitate, and triglyceride. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 10, 392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cornell, R. P. and Saba, T. M. (1971). Vascular clearance and metabolism of lipid by the reticuloendothelial system in dogs. Amer. J. Physiol., 221, 1511

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Nilsson, Å. and Zilversmit, D. B. (1972). Fate of intravenously administered particulate and lipoprotein cholesterol in the rat. J. Lipid. Res., 13, 32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Nilsson, Å. and Zilversmit, D. B. (1972). Release of phagocytosed cholesterol by liver macrophages and spleen cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Amst.), 260, 479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Di Luzio, N. R. and Riggi, S. J. (1967). Participation of hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cells in chylomicron and cholesterol metabolism. In Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1, The reticuloendothelial system and atherosclerosis. N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti (eds.) p. 382 (New York: Plenum Press)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Berliner, D. L., Nabors. C. J. Jr. and Dougherty, T. F. (1964). The role of hepatic and adrenal reticuloendothelial cells in steroid biotransformation. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 1, 1

    Google Scholar 

  101. Trejo, R. A. and Di Luzio, N. R. (1973). Comparative evaluation of macrophage inactivation of endotoxin. Proc Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 144, 901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Magarey, C. J. (1972). The control of cancer spread by the reticuloendothelial system. Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Engl., 50, 238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Woodruff, M. F. A., McBride, W. H. and Dunbar, N. (1974). Tumour growth, phagocytic activity and antibody response in Corynebacterium parvume-treated mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 17, 509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Paumgartner, G., Longueville, H. and Leevy, C. M. (1967). Determinants of phagocytosis in liver injury. T. Gastro-ent., 10, 469

    Google Scholar 

  105. Mitjavila, M. S., Gaillard, D. and Derache, M. R. (1971). Toxicologic Activité de système reticulo-endothélial lors d’une intoxication aiguë par l’acide tannique chez le Rat. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris), 272, 1313, Series D

    Google Scholar 

  106. Spratt, M. G. and Kratzing, C. C. (1971). The effect of dietary lipids and a-tocopherol on RES activity in choline deficiency. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc, 10, 319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Thomas, H. C., MacSween, R. N. M. and White, R. G. (1973). Role of the liver in controlling the immunogenicity of commensal bacteria in the gut. Lancet, i, 1288.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Grü n, M., Liehr, H., Grü n, W., Rasenack, U. and Brunswig, D.(1974). Influence of liver RES on toxic liver damage due to galactosamine. Acta Hepato-gastroenterol. (Stuttg.), 21, 5

    Google Scholar 

  109. Liu, Y. K. (1973). Phagocytic function of reticuloendothelial system in alcoholics. Clin. Res., 21, 606

    Google Scholar 

  110. Millette, B., Chartrand, R., Lavoie, P. and Viallet, A. (1973). The extra-hepatic uptake of radioactive colloidal gold in cirrhotic patients as an index of liver function and portal hypertension. Amer. J. Dig. Dis., New Ser., 18, 719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Halpern, B. N., Biozzi, F., Pequignot, G., Delaloye, B., Stiffel, C. and Mouton, D. (1959). Mesure de la circulation sanguine du foie et de l’activité phagocytaire du système réticulo-endothelial chez le sujet normal et le sujet cirrhotique. Path, et Biol., 7, 1637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rankin, J. G. Playuost, M. R. and Beal, R. W. (1961). Significance of alterations in extraction and distribution of colloidal chromic phosphate in patients with liver disease. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 58, 920

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Moreno, A. H., Burchell, A. R., Rousselot, L. M., Panke, W. F., Slafsky, S. F. and Burke, J. H. (1967). Portal blood flow in cirrhosis of the liver. J. Clin. Invest., 46, 436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Reynolds, T. B. and Redeker, A. G. (1965). Hepatic hemodynamics and portal hypertension. In Progress in liver diseases, 2. H. Popper and F. Schaffner, (eds.) p. 457 (New York and London: Grune and Stratton)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Winkler, K. (1970). The vascular derangement in cirrhosis. A pathophysiologic survey. In Skandia International Symposia 1969, Alcoholic cirrhosis and other toxic hepatopathias. A. Engel and T. Larsson (eds.) p. 195 (Stockholm: Nord. Bokhandlens Förlag)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Redeker, A. G., Geller, H. M. and Reynolds, T. B. (1958). Hepatic wedge pressure, blood flow, vascular resistance and oxygen consumption in cirrhosis before and after end-to-side portacaval shunt. J. Clin. Invest., 37, 606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Unanue, E. R. and Cerrottini, J.-C. (1970). The function of macrophages in the immune response. Seminars Haematol., 7, 225

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sulzberger, M. B. (1929). Hypersensitiveness to arsphenamine in guinea-pigs. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic), 20, 669

    Google Scholar 

  119. Chase, M. (1946). Inhibition of experimental drug allergy by prior feeding of the sensitizing agent. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 61, 257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Battisto, J. R. and Miller, J. (1962). Immunological unresponsiveness produced in adult guinea pigs by parenteral introduction of minute quantities of hapten or protein antigen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 111, 111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Cantor, H. M. and Dumont, A. (1969). Hepatic suppression of sensitization to antigen absorbed into the portal system. Nature (Lond.), 215, 744

    Google Scholar 

  122. Thomas, H. C. and Parrott, D. M. V. (1974). The induction of tolerance to a soluble protein antigen by oral administration. Immunology, 27, 631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Howard, J. G. (1970). The origin and immunological significance of Kupffer cells. In Mononuclear phagocytes. R. van Fürth (ed.) p. 178 (Oxford: Blackwell)

    Google Scholar 

  124. Uhr, J. W. and Weissmann, G. (1965). Intracellular distribution and degradation of bacteriophage in mammalian tissues. J. Immunol., 94, 544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Inchley, C. J. (1969). The activity of mouse Kupffer cells following intravenous injection of T4-bacteriophage. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 5, I73

    Google Scholar 

  126. Franzi, R. E. (1972). The primary immune response in mice. III. Retention of sheep red blood cell immunogens by the spleen and liver. Infect. Immunity, 6, 469

    Google Scholar 

  127. Archer, S. and Wust, C. J. (1973). Comparison of immunogenic RNA extracted from peritoneal exudate cells and Kupffer cells of the rat. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 207, 241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Geier, M. R., Trigg, M. E. and Merril, C. R. (1973). Fate of bacteriophage Lambda in non-immune germ-free mice. Nature (Lond.), 246, 221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Good, R. A. (1972). Concluding remarks. In Phagocytic mechanisms in health and disease. R. C. Williams and H. H. Fudenberg (eds.) p. 190 (Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Havens, W. P., Shaffer, J. M. and Hopke, C. J. (1951). The production of antibody by patients with chronic hepatic disease. J. Immunol., 67, 347

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Cherrick, G. R., Pothier, L., Dufour, J.-J. and Sherlock, S. (1959). Immunologic response to tetanus toxoid inoculation in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. New Eng. J. Med., 261, 340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Søborg, M. and Tygstrup, N. (1970). Increased cellular immunological response in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Scand. J. Gastroent., 5, Suppl. 7, 43

    Google Scholar 

  133. Bjørneboe, M., Jensen, K. B., Scheibel, I., Thomsen, Aa. C. and Bentzon, M. W. (1970). Tetanus antitoxin production and gamma globulin levels in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Acta Med. Scand., 188, 541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Fox, R. A., Dudley, F. J. and Sherlock, S. (1973). The primary immune response to haemocyanin in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 14, 473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Fiaschi, E., Naccarato, R. and Fagiolo, U. (1970). Quelques aspects d’immunité humorale et cellulaire dans l’hépatite virale aiguë. Rev. Méd. Franc, 45, 215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Havens, W. P. Jr., Schlosser, M. E. and Klatchko, J. (1956). The production of antibody by partially hepatectomized rats. J. Immunol., 76, 46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Paronetto, F. and Popper, H. (1964). Enhanced antibody formation in experimental acute and chronic liver injury produced by carbon tetrachloride or allyl alcohol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.), 116, 1060

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Bjørneboe, M. (1971). Anti-Salmonella agglutinin in chronic active liver disease. Letter to the editor, Lancet, ii, 484

    Google Scholar 

  139. Esser, G. (1969). Pfortaderhochdruck und Eiweisstoff-Wechsel, p. 21 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  140. Protell, R. L., Soloway, R. D., Martin, W. J., Schoenfield, L. J. and Summerskill, W. H. J. (1971). Anti-Salmonella agglutinins in chronic active liver disease. Lancet, ii, 330

    Google Scholar 

  141. Bjørneboe, M., Prytz, H. and Ørskov, F. (1972). Antibodies to intestinal microbes in serum of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet, i, 58

    Google Scholar 

  142. Poe, W. J. and Michael, J. G. (1974). The lack of cellular co-operation in the immune response to E. coli 0127. J. Immunol., 113, 1033

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Triger, R. D., Alp, M. H. and Wright, R. (1972). Bacterial and dietary antibodies in liver disease. Lancet, i, 60

    Google Scholar 

  144. Closs, O., Haukenes, G., Gjone, E. and Blomhoff, J. P. (1971). Raised antibody titres in chronic liver disease. Letter to the editor, Lancet, ii, 1202

    Google Scholar 

  145. Triger, D. R., Kurtz, J. B., MacCallum, F. O. and Wright, R. (1972). Raised antibody titres to measles and rubella viruses in chronic active hepatitis. Lancet, i, 665

    Google Scholar 

  146. Bjørneboe, M. and Prytz, H. (1972). Relation between australia antigen and autoimmune hepatitis. Letter to the editor, Lancet, i, 1335

    Google Scholar 

  147. Closs, O., Haukenes, G., Blomhoff, J. P. and Gjone, E. (1973). High titres of antibodies against rubella and morbilli virus in patients with chronic hepatitis. Scand. J. Gastroent., 8, 523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Laitinen, O. and Vaheri, A. (1974). Very high measles and rubella virus antibody titres associated with hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and infectious mononucleosis. Lancet, i, 194

    Google Scholar 

  149. Thomas, H. C., Holden, R., Ironside, J. and Sommerville, R. G. (1974). Viral and bacterial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases. Digestion, 10, 383

    Google Scholar 

  150. Triger, D. R., Kurtz, J. B. and Wright, R. (1974). Viral antibodies and autoantibodies in chronic liver disease. Gut, 15, 94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Alwen, J. (1973). Antibodies to adenovirus in patients with infectious hepatitis. Letter to the editor, Lancet, i, 1452.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Almeida, J. D., Gay, F. W. and Wreghitt, T. G. (1974). Pitfalls in the study of hepatitis A. Lancet, ii, 748

    Google Scholar 

  153. Fiala, M., Nelson, R. J., Myhre, B. A., Guze, L. B., Overby, L. R. and Ling, C. M. (1974). Cytomegalovirus in non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Letter to the editor, Lancet, ii, 1206.

    Google Scholar 

  154. MacSween, R. N. M., Galbraith, I., Thomas, M. A., Watkinson, G., and Ludlam, G. B. (1973). Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation and Toxoplasma gondii antibody studies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 15, 35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Waldenstrom, J., Winblad, S., Hallén, J., Liungman, S. and Persson, B. (1964). Hypergammaglobulinä mie und Ausfall verschiedener serologischer Reaktionen bei alkoholischer und kryptogenetischer Leberzirrhose. Acta hepato-splenol. (Stuttg.), 11, 347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Blank, H. (1972). Immunologische Serumuntersuchungen und Hauttes-tungen nach Splenektomie. Dissertationsdruck, p. 46 (Augsburg: Blasaditsch)

    Google Scholar 

  157. Prytz, H., BJørneboe, M., Ørskov, F. and Hilden, M. (1973). Antibodies to Escherichia coli in alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver or fatty liver. Scand. J. Gastroent., 8, 433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Louria, D. B. and Almy, T. P. (1963). Susceptibility to infection during experimental alcohol intoxication. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns., 76, 102

    Google Scholar 

  159. Prytz, H., Bjørneboe, M., Poulsen, H., Christoffersen, P. and Ørskov, F. (1974). Hepatic morphology, immunoglobulins and antibodies to E. coli in cirrhosis. Digestion, 10, 375

    Google Scholar 

  160. Prytz, H., Bjorneboe, M., Johansen, T. S. and Ørskov, F. (1974). The influence of portasystemic shunt operation on immunoglobulins and Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Acta Med. Scand., 196, 109

    Google Scholar 

  161. Benhamou, J.-P., Sicot, C. and Erlinger, S. (1971). Exposés de physiologie et de Physiopathologie hépatique. I. Le débit sanguin hépatique. Presse Med., 79, 185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Crosti, P. F., Giovanelli, C. A., Bardi, V. and Vigo, P. L. (1971). Hepatic blood flow in cirrhosis. Letter to the editor, Lancet, ii, 322

    Google Scholar 

  163. Zaki, F. G. and Hoffbauer, E. W. (1964). Serum proteins in fatty cirrhosis of the rat. Arch. Path., 77, 9

    Google Scholar 

  164. Cook, H. A., Griffin, A. C. and Luck, J. M. (1949). Tissue proteins and carcinogenesis. II. Electrophoretic studies on serum proteins during carcinogenesis due to azo dyes. J. Biol. Chem., 177, 373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. György, P., Stokes, J., Goldblatt, H. and Popper, H. (1951). Antimicrobial agents in the prevention of dietary hepatic injury (necrosis, cirrhosis) in rats. J. Exp. Med., 93, 513

    Google Scholar 

  166. Rutenburg, A. M., Sonnenblick, E., Koven, I., Aprahamian, H. A., Reiner, L. and Fine, J. (1957). The role of intestinal bacteria in the development of dietary cirrhosis in rats. J. Exp. Med., 106, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Bauer, H., Paronetto, F., Porro, R. F., Einheber, A. and Popper, H. (1967). The influence of the microbial flora on liver injury and associated serum gamma globulin elevation. Lab. Invest., 16, 847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Triger, D. R., Cynamon, M. H. and Wright, R. (1973). Studies on hepatic uptake of antigen. I. Comparison of inferior vena cava and portal vein routes of immunization. Immunology, 25, 941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Kennan, A. L. (1964). Changes in plasma proteins after portacaval shunt in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.), 116, 543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Bismuth, H., Benhamou, J.-P. and Lataste, J. (1963). L’anastomose porto-cave expérimentale chez le rat normal. Presse Med., 71, 1859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Meyers, O. L. and Keraan, M. (1973). Experimental hyperglobulinaemia. In The Liver (Proc. of the Internat. Liver Conf., Cape Town). S. J. Saunders and J. Terblanche (eds.) p. 78 (London: Pitman)

    Google Scholar 

  172. Keraan, M., Meyers, O. L., Engelbrecht, G. H. C., Hickman, R., Saunders, S. J. and Terblanche, J. (1974). Increased serum immunoglobulin levels following portacaval shunt in the normal rat. Gut, 15, 468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Bennett, I. L. Jr. and Beeson, P. B. (1954). Bacteraemia: A consideration of some experimental and clinical aspects. Yale J. Biol. Med., 26, 241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Caroli, J. and Platteborse, R. (1958). Septicémie porto-cave. Cirrhoses du foie et septicémie a colibacille. Sem. Hôp. Paris, 34, 472/SP, 113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Tisdale, W. A. and Klatskin, G. (i960). The fever of Laennec’s cirrhosis. Yale J. Biol. Med., 33, 94

    Google Scholar 

  176. Jones, E. A., Crowley, N. and Sherlock, S. (1967). Bacteraemia in association with hepatocellular and hepatobiliary disease. Postgrad. Med. J., Suppl. 43, 7

    Google Scholar 

  177. Bergerault, P., LeBodic, Mme M.-F., Lenne, Mme Y., LeBodic, L., Oudea, P. and Miniconi, P. (1973). La fièvre ‘cryptogénétique’ de la cirrhose alcoolique. Corrélations cliniques, biologiques et anatomo-pathologiques dans 72 cas. Annales de Gastroenterologie et d’Hépatologie, 9, 537

    Google Scholar 

  178. Lemierre, A., Augier, P. and Mahoudeau-Campoyer, D. (1932). Sur quelques cas de colibacillémie. Rév. Med. (Paris), 49, 333

    Google Scholar 

  179. Jager, B. V. and Lamb, M. E. (1943). Sporadic infections caused by Salmonella suipestifer and Salmonella Oranienburg. New Eng. J. Med., 228, 299

    Google Scholar 

  180. Angrist, A. and Mollov, M. (1946). Bactériologic clinical and pathologic experience with 86 sporadic cases of Salmonella infection. Am. J. Med., 212, 336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Whipple. R. L. and Harris, J. F. (1950). B. coli septicaemia in Laennec’s cirrhosis of the liver. Ann. Intern. Med., 98, 462

    Google Scholar 

  182. Martin, W. J., Spittel, J. A., Morlock, C. G. and Baggenstoss, A. H. (1956). Severe liver disease complicated by bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli. Arch. Intern. Med., 98, 8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Tisdale, W. A. (1961). Spontaneous colon bacillus bacteremia in Laennec’s cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 40, 141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Marlon, A., Gentry, L. and Merigan, T. C. (1971). Septicemia with Pasteurellapseudotuberculosis and liver disease. Arch. Intern. Med., 127, 947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Abramovitch, H. and Butas, C. A. (1973). Septicemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 109, 1112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Defronzo, R. A., Murray, G. F. and Maddrey, W. C. (1973). Aeromonas septicaemia from hepatobiliary disease. Am. J. Dig. Dis., New Ser., 18, 323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Palutke, W. A., Boyd, C. B. and Carter, G. R. (1973). Pasteurella multocida septicaemia in a patient with cirrhosis. Report of a case. Am. J. Med. Sci., 266, 305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Chow, A. W. and Guze, L. B. (1974). Bacteriodacaea bacteraemia: Clinical experience with 112 patients. Medicine (Baltimore), 53, 93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kerr, D. N. S., Pearson, D. T. and Read, A. E. (1963). Infection of ascitic fluid in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Gut, 4, 394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Conn, H. O. (1964). Spontaneous peritonitis and bacteraemia in Laennec’s cirrhosis caused by enteric organisms. Ann. Intern. Med., 60, 568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Conn, H. O. and Fessel, J. M. (1971). Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: Variations on a theme. Medicine (Baltimore), 50, 161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Ansari, A. (1971). Spontaneous acute peritonitis with bacteraemia in patients with decompensated Laennec’s cirrhosis. Am. J. Gastroent, 55, 265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Curry, N., McCallum, R. W. and Guth, P. H. (1974). Spontaneous peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. A decade of experience. Am. J. Dig. Dis., New Ser., 19, 685

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Epstein, M., Calia, F. M. and Gabuzda, G. J. (1968). Pneumococcal peritonitis in patients with post necrotic cirrhosis. New Eng. J. Med., 278, 69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Sell, S. (1964). Immunoglobulins of the germ free guinea pig. J. Immunol., 93, 122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Sell, S. and Fahey, J. L. (1964). Relationship between gamma globulin metabolism and low serum gamma globulin in germ free mice. J. Immunol., 93, 81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Kunin, C. M. (1962). Antibody distribution against non-enteropathic E. coli. Arch. Int. Med., 110, 676

    Google Scholar 

  198. Webster, A. D. B., Efter, T. and Asherson, G. L. (1974). Escherichia coli antibodies: A screening test for immunodeficiency. Br. Med. J., 3, 16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Ørskov, J. and Moltke, O.(1928). Studien ü ber den Infektionsmechanismus bei verschiedenen Paratyphus-Infektionen an weissen Mä usen. Z. Immun.-Forseh., 59, 24

    Google Scholar 

  200. Arnold, L. (1929). Alterations in the endogenous enteric bacterial flora and microbic permeability of the intestinal wall in relation to the nutritional and meteorological changes. J. Hyg. (London), 29, 82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Hildebrand, G. J. and Wolochow, H. (1962). Translocation of bacteriophage across the intestinal wall of the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N. Y.), 109, 183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Hildebrand, G. J., Lamanna, C., Wolochow, H. and Meyers, C. E. (1963). Passage of microorganisms through the intestinal wall. Effect of surgical stress, hydrocortisone and the impairment of normal defence mechanisms. Proc. 2nd World Congress Gastroenterol, Munich 1962, 2, 752

    Google Scholar 

  203. Wolochow, H., Hildebrand, G. J. and Lamanna, C. (1966). Translocation of micro-organisms across the intestinal wall of the rat: Effect of microbial size and concentration. J. Infect. Dis., 116, 523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Takeuchi, A. (1971). Penetration of the intestinal epithelium by various micro-organisms. Current Topics Pathol., 54, 1

    Google Scholar 

  205. Carter, P. B. and Collins, F. M. (1974). The route of enteric infection in normal mice. J. Exp. Med., 139, 1189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Collins, F. M. (1972). Salmonellosis in orally infected specific pathogen-free C57B1 mice. Infection and Immunity, 5, 191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Coblentz, A., Kelly, K. H., Fitzpatrick, L. and Bierman, H. R. (1954). Microbiologic studies of the portal and hepatic venous blood in man. Am. J. Med. Sci., New Ser., 228, 298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Schatten, W. E., Desprez, J. D. and Holden, W. D. (i955). A bactériologie study of portal-vein blood in man. Arch. Surg., 71, 404

    Google Scholar 

  209. Taylor, F. W. (1956). Blood-culture studies of the portal vein. Arch. Surg., 72, 889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Dencker, H., Kamme, C., Norryd, C., Mardh, P. A. and Tylén, U. (1974). Examination for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in human portal blood collected by transumbilical catheterization. Scand. J. Gastroent., 9, 367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Prytz, H., Christensen, J. H. and Korner, B. To be published 212. Eade, M. N. and Brooke, B. N. (1969). Portal bacteraemia in cases of ulcerative colitis submitted to colectomy. Lancet, i, 1008

    Google Scholar 

  212. Martini, G. A., Phear, E. A., Ruebner, B. and Sherlock, S. (1957). The bacterial content of the small intestine in normal and cirrhotic subjects: Relation to methionine toxicity. Clin. Sc. i, 16, 35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Lal, D., Gorbach, S. L. and Levitan, R. (1972). Intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: Urea-splitting bacteria and neomycin resistance. Gastroenterology, 62, 275

    Google Scholar 

  214. Sborov, V. M., Morse, W. C., Giges, G. and Jahnke, E. J. (1952). Bacteriology of the human liver. J. Clin. Invest., 31, 986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. McCloskey, R. V. and Gold, M. (1973). Bacteraemia after liver biopsy. Arch. Intern. Med., 132, 213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Le Frock, J., Ellis, C., Turchik, J. B. and Weinstein, L. (1973). Transient bacteraemia associated with percutaneous liver biopsy. Clin. Res., 21, 843

    Google Scholar 

  217. Rogers, C. A. and Sharp, H. L. (1974). Complications of percutaneous liver biopsy. Letter to the editor, Lancet, i, 931

    Google Scholar 

  218. Rutenberg, A. M., Sonnenblick, E., Koven, I., Schweinburg, F. and Fine, J. (1959). Comparative response of normal and cirrhotic rats to intravenously injected bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., 101, 279

    Google Scholar 

  219. Schatten, W. E. (1954). The role of intestinal bacteria in liver necrosis following experimental excision of the hepatic arterial supply. Surgery, 36, 256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Gans, H., Mori, K., Lindsey, E., Kaster, B. L. F., Richter, D., Quinlan, R., Dineen, P. A. and Tan, B. H. (1971). Septicaemia as a manifestation of acute liver failure. Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 132, 783

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Bjørneboe, M. and Prytz, H. (1975). Kupffer cells and cirrhosis. Letter to the editor, Lancet, i, 45

    Google Scholar 

  222. Prytz, H., Bjørneboe, M., Koch, C. and Ørskov, F. To be published

    Google Scholar 

  223. Johnston, R. B. and Baehner, R. L. (1971). Chronic granulomatous disease: Correlation between pathogenesis and clinical findings. Pediatrics, 48, 730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Tygstrup, N., Juhl, E. and the Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases (1971). The treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis. The effect of continued drinking and prednisone on survival. In Alkohol und Leber (Alcohol and Liver) (Internat. Symposium Oktober 1970, Frieburg). W. Kerok, K. Sickinger and H. H. Hennekeuser (eds.) p. 519 (Stuttgart and New York: Schattauer Verlag)

    Google Scholar 

  225. The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases (1969). Effect of prednisone on the survival of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet, i, 119

    Google Scholar 

  226. The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases (1974). Sex, ascites and alcoholism in survival of patients with cirrhosis. Effect of prednisone. New Eng. J. Med., 291, 271

    Google Scholar 

  227. Campra, J., Hamlin, E. M., Kirschbaum, R. J., Olivier, M., Redeker, A. G. and Reynolds, T. B. (1973). Prednisone therapy of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Report of a controlled trial. Ann. Int. Med., 79, 625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Bjørneboe, M. (1974). Viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Clinics in Gastroenterology, 3, 409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Luckey, T. D., Reyniers, J. A., György, P. and Forbes, M. (1954). Germ free animals and liver necrosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 57, 932

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Broitman, S. A., Gottleib, L. S. and Zamcheck, N. (1964). Influence of neomycin and ingested endotoxin in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency cirrhosis in the adult rat. J. Exp. Med., 119, 633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Nolan, J. P. and Ali, M. V. (1968). Endotoxin and the liver. I. Toxicity in rats with choline deficient fatty livers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N. Y.), 129, 29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wilkinson, S. P., Arroyo, V., Gazzard, B. G., Moodie, H. and Williams, R. (1974). Relation of renal impairment and haemorrhagic diathesis to endotoxaemia in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet, i, 521

    Google Scholar 

  233. Nolan, J. P. and Ali, M. V. (1974). Endotoxaemia in liver disease. Letter to the editor, Lancet, i, 999

    Google Scholar 

  234. Schaffer, J. M., Bluemile, L. W., Sborov, V. M. and Neffe, J. R. (1950). Studies on the use of aureomycin in hepatic disease. IV. Aureomycin therapy in chronic liver disease. With a note on dermal sensitivity. Am. J. Med. Sci., 220, 173

    Google Scholar 

  235. Goldbloom, R. S. and Steigmann, F. (1951). Aureomycin therapy in hepatic insufficiency. Gastroenterology, 18, 93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Magarey, C. J. (1972). The control of cancer spread by the reticuloendothelial system. Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Engl., 50, 238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. Bjørneboe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hanne Prytz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastrointestinal Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh and University of Edinburg, UK

    Anne Ferguson Ph.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

  2. Department of Pathology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow and University of Glasgow, UK

    Roderick N. M. MacSween M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 MTP Press Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bjørneboe, M., Prytz, H. (1976). The mononuclear phagocytic functions of the liver. In: Ferguson, A., MacSween, R.N.M. (eds) Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6152-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6150-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation