Abstract
Massive topological solitons of integer spin arise in Maxwell’s electrodynamics with the nonlinear gauge condition of Dirac and Nambu. The absolutely conserved topological charge of the solitons can be identified to the electric charge. The states exist only when the electromagnetic field is endowed with quantized rotational collective degrees of freedom.
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Kälbermann, G. (1997). Topological Solitons in Nonlinear Electrodynamics. In: Jeffers, S., Roy, S., Vigier, JP., Hunter, G. (eds) The Present Status of the Quantum Theory of Light. Fundamental Theories of Physics, vol 80. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5682-0_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5682-0_5
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