Skip to main content

Friction Force Microscopy of Organic Thin Films and Crystals

  • Chapter
Book cover Micro/Nanotribology and Its Applications

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSE,volume 330))

Abstract

For the past five years, we have studied friction force microscopy of organic thin films on solid substrates plates, such as Langmuir-Blodgett films, self-assembled monolayers, and vapor deposited films. We have also studied molecular scale friction on surfaces of organic single crystals. In the present lecture, the author will discuss the effects of i) surface chemicals on AFM tips and samples, ii) surface densities of the molecules, iii) scanning directions on two-dimensional crystal faces, iv) atmospheres, such as in humidity controlled gases, in vacuum, and in water, and v) mechanical properties of the measuring systems including spring constants of a cantilever, measuring mechanical conditions, and surface roughness of substrates. Finally, the results without damaging will be discussed in terms of the mechanisms of energy dissipation modeled by recent molecular dynamics simulations attempted by others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D. (1954) Friction and Lubrication of Solids Part I, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D. (1964) Friction and Lubrication of Solids Part II, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tabor, D. (1992) “Friction as a dissipative process” in Fundamentals of friction: Macroscopic and microscopic processes, Singer, I.L. and Pollock, H.M. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 3–24.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Rabinowicz, E. and Tabor, D. (1951) Metallic transfer between sliding metals: an autoradiographic study, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A208, 455–475.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hardy, W.B. (1913) The tension of composite fluid surface-No.II., Proc. Roy. Soc. London A88, 313–333.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bailey, A.I. and Courtney-Pratt, J.S. (1954) The area of real contact and the shear strength of monomolecular layers of a boundary lubricant, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A227, 500–515.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tabor, D. and Winterton, R.H.S. (1969) The direct measurement of normal and retarded van der Waals forces, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A312, 435–450.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Israelachvili, J.N. and Tabor, D. (1972) The measurement of van der Waals dispersion forces in the range 1.5 to 130 nm, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A331, 19–38.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Israelachvili, J.N. (1991) Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Second Edition, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Briscoe, B.J. and Evans D.C.B. (1982) The shear properties of Langmuir-Blodgett layers, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A380, 389–407.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tomlinson, G.A. (1929) A molecular theory of friction., Phil. Mag. 7, 905–939.

    Google Scholar 

  12. McClelland, G.M. and Glosli, J.N., (1992) “Friction at the atomic scale” in the book cited in Ref. 3, pp. 405–425.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mate, C.M., McClelland, G.M., Erlandsson, R., and Chiang, S. (1987) Atomic-scale friction of a tungsten tip on a graphite surface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1942–1945.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Meyer, G. and Amer, N.M. (1990) Simultaneous measurement of lateral and normal forces with an optical-beam-deflection atomic force microscope, AppL Phys. Lett. 57, 2089–2091.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Marti, O., Colchero, J., and Mlynek, J. (1990) Combined scanning force and friction microscopy of mica, Nanotechnology, 1, 141–144.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Binnig, G., Quate, C.F., and Gerber, Ch. (1986) Atomic force microscope, Phys. Rev. Leu. 56, 930–933.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Erlandsson, R., Hadziioannou, G., Mate, C.M., McClelland, G.M., and Chiang, S. (1988) Atomic scale friction between the muscovite mica cleavage plane and a tungsten tip, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 5190–5193.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Germann, G.J., Cohen, S.R., Neubauer, G., McClelland, G.M., Seid, H., and Coulman, D. (1993) Atomic scale friction of a diamond tip on diamond (100) and (111) surfaces, J. AppL Phys. 73, 163–167.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fujisawa, S., Sugawara, Y., Ito, S., Mishima, S., Okada, T., and Morita, S. (1993) The two-dimensional stick-slip phenomenon with atomic resolution, Nanotechnology 4, 138–142.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fujisawa, S., Kishi, E., Sugawara, Y., and Morita, S. (1995) Atomic-scale frition observed with a two-dimensional frictional-force microscope, Phys. Rev. B51, 7849–7857.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Novotny, V. and Swalen, J.D. (1989) Tribology of Langmuir-Blodgett layers, Langmuir 5, 485–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Meyer, E., Overney, R., Brodbeck, D., Howald, L., Lüthi, R., Frommer, J., and Güntherodt, H.-J. (1992) Friction and wear of Langmuir-Blodgett films observed by friction force microscopy, Phys. Rev. Leu. 69, 1777–1780.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Overney, R.M., Meyer, E., Frommer, J., Brodbeck, D., Lüthi, R., Howald, L., Güntherodt, H.-J., Fujihira, M., Takano, H., and Gotoh, Y. (1992) Friction measurements on phase-separated thin films with a modified atomic force microscope, Nature 359, 133–135.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Meyer, E., Overney, R., Lüthi, R., Brodbeck, D., Howald, L., Frommer, J., Güntherodt, H.-J., Wolter, O., Fujihira, M., Takano, H., and Gotoh, Y. (1992) Friction force microscopy of mixed Langmuir-Blodgett films, Thin Solid Films 220, 132–137.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Overney, R.M., Bonner, T., Meyer, E., Rüetschi, M., Lüthi, R., Howald, L., Frommer, J., Güntherodt, H.-J., Fujihira, M., and Takano, H. (1994) Elasticity, wear, and friction properties of thin organic films observed with atomic force microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. TechnoL B12, 1973–1976.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Overney, R.M., Takano, H., and Fujihira, M. (1994) Elastic compliances measured by atomic force microscopy., Europhys. Lett. 26, 443–447.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Overney, R.M., Meyer, E., Frommer, J., Güntherodt, H.-J., Fujihira, M., Takano, H., and Gotoh, Y. (1994) Force microscopy study of friction and elastic compliance of phase-separated organic thin films, Langmuir 10, 1281–1286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Overney, R.M., Takano, H., Fujihira, M., Meyer, E., and Güntherodt, H.-J. (1994) Wear, friction and sliding speed correlations on Langmuir-Blodgett films observed by atomic force microscopy, Thin Solid Films 240, 105–109.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fujihira, M., Kawate, H., and Yasutake, M. (1992) Scanning surface potential microscopy for local surface analysis, Chem. Lett., 2223–2226.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fujihira, M. and Kawate, H. (1994) Scanning surface potential microscope for characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett films, Thin Solid Filins 242, 163–169.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yasutake, M., Aoki, D., and Fujihira, M. (1996) Surface potential measurements using the Kelvin probe force microscope, Thin Solid Films 273, 279–283.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fujihira, M., Sakomura, M., Aoki, D., and Koike, A. (1996) Scanning probe microscopies for molecular photodiodes, Thin Solid Films 273, 168–176.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fujihira, M. (1995) “Study of thin organic films by various scanning force microscopes” in Forces in scanning probe methods, Güntherodt, H.-J. et al. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 567–591.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Fujihira, M. (1996) “Fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy by scanning near-field optical / atomic force microscope (SNOM-AFM)” in Optics at the Nanometer Scale, Nieto-Vesperinas, M. and Garcia, N. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 205–221.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Fujihira, M. and Takano, H. (1994) Atomic force microscopy and friction force microscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett films for microlithography, J. Vac. Sci. TechnoL B12, 1860–1865.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fujihira, M. and Kawate, H. (1994) Structural study of Langmuir-Blodgett films by scanning surface potential microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B12, 1604–1608.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Overney, R.M., Takano, H., Fujihira, M., Paulus, W., and Ringsdorf, H. (1994) Anisotropy in friction and molecular stick-slip motion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3546–3549.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Overney, R.M., Takano, H., Fujihira, M., Overney, G., Paulus, W., and Ringsdorf, H. (1995) “Molecular scale study of domain boundaries and frictional stick-slip motion on lipid bilayers” in Forces in Scanning Probe Methods, Güntherodt, H.-J. et al. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 307–312.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Takano, H. and Fujihira, M. (1996) AFM microlithography of a thin chromium film covered with a thin resist Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film, Thin Solid Films 273, 312–316.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fujihira, M. and Morita, Y. (1994) Atomic force microscopy and friction force microscopy of chemically modified surfaces, J. Vac. Sci. TechnoL B12, 1609–1613.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Suzuki, K. (1994), FFM between chemically modified tip and sample surfaces, BS thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology, March.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Arai, T., Aoki, D., Okabe, Y., and Fujihira, M. (1996) Analysis of surface forces on oxides in aqueous solutions using AFM, Thin Solid Films 273, 322–326.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fujihira, M., Aoki, D., Okabe, Y., Takano, H., Hokari, H., Frommer, J., Nagatani, Y., and Sakai, E. (1996) Effect of capillary force on friction force microscopy: A scanning hydrophilicity microscope, Chem. Lett., 499–500.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fujihira, M., Monobe, H., Muramatsu, H., and Ataka, T. (1995) Near-field optical microscopic recording on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and chemically modified surfaces, Ultramicroscopy 57, 176–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Han, E.M., Do, L.M., Niidome, Y., and Fujihira, M. (1994) Observation of crystallization of vapor-deposited TPD films by AFM and FFM, Chem. Lett., 969–972.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Do, L.M., Han, E.M., Niidome, Y., Fujihira, M., Kanno, T., Yoshida, S., Maeda, A., and Ikushima A.J. (1994) Observation of degradation processes of Al electrodes in organic electroluminescence devices by electroluminescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy, J. AppL Phys. 76, 5118–5121.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Han, E.M., Do, L.M., Yamamoto, N., and Fujihira, M. (1995) Study of interfacial degradation and morphological change of the vapor-deposited bilayer of A1Q3/TPD for organic electroluminescent devices by AFM and PL technique, MoL Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 267, 411–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Han, E.M., Do, L.M., Yamamoto, N., and Fujihira, M. (1996) Temperature change in structure of bilayers of AMO/TPD-doped polycarbonate films for organic electroluminescent devices, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 280, 349–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Han, E.M., Do, L.M., Yamamoto, N., and Fujihira, M. (1996) Crystallization of organic thin films for electroluminescent devices, Thin Solid Films 273, 202–208.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Han, E.M., Do, L.M., Yamamoto, N., and Fujihira, M. (1996) Crystallization of organic thin films for electroluminescent devices, Thin Solid Films 273, 202–208.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Takano, H. and Fujihira, M. (1996) Study of molecular scale friction on stearic acid crystals by friction force microscopy, J. Vac. ScL Technol. B14, 1272–1275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Fujihira, M. and Takano, H. (1994) Observation of the phase-separated Langmuir-Blodgett films on vapor-deposited silver films with atomic force microscopy and friction force microscopy, Thin Solid Films 243, 446–449.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Yamanaka, K., Takano, H., Tomita, E., and Fujihira, M. Lateral force modulation atomic force microscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett film in water, Jpn. J. AppL Phys. submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Glosli, J.N., and McClelland, G.M. (1993) Molecular dynamics study of sliding friction of ordered organic monolayers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1960–1963.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tupper, K.J., and Brenner, D.W. (1994) Molecular dynamics simulations of friction in self-assembled monolayers, Thin Solid Films 253, 185–189.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Harrison, J.A., White, C.T., Colton, R.J., and Brenner, D.W. (1993) Effects of chemically-bound, flexible hydrocarbon species on the frictional properties of diamond surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 6573–6576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Harrison, J.A., and Brenner, D.W. (1995) “Atomic-scale simulation of tribological and related phenomena” in Handbook of micro/nanotribology, Bhushan, B. (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 397–439.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fujihira, M. (1986) “Modified electrodes” in Topics in organic electrochemistry, Fry, A.J. and Britton, W.E. (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 255–294.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Murray, R.W. (ed.) (1992) Molecular design of electrode surfaces (in Techniques of chemistry 22, Weissberger., A. (founding ed.), Saunders., W.H., Jr. (series ed.), A Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ulman, A. (1991) An introduction to ultrathin organic films from Langmuir-Blodgett to self-assembly, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ulman, A. (ed.) (1995) Organic thin films and surfaces: Directions for the nineties (in Thin Films 20), Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Wilbur, J.L., Biebuyck, H.A., MacDonald, J.C., and Whitesides, G.M. (1995) Scanning force microscopies can image patterned self-assembled monolayers, Langmuir 11, 825–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Frommer, J.E. (1996) Scanning probe microscopy of organics, an update, Thin Solid Films 273, 112–115.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Thomas, R.C., Houston, J.E., Crooks, R.M., Kim, T., and Michalske, T.A. (1995) Probing adhesion forces at the molecular scale, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 3830–3834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Green, J.B.D., McDermott, M.T., Porter, M.D., and Siperko, L.M. (1995) Nanometer-scale mapping of chemically distinct domains at well-defined organic interfaces using frictional force microscopy, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 10960–10965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Frisbie C.D., Rozsnyai, L.F., Noy, A., Wrighton, M.S., and Lieber, C.M. (1994) Functional group imaging by chemical force microscopy, Science 265, 2071–2075.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Han, T., Williams,J.M., and Beebe, T.P.Jr. (1995) Chemical bonds studied with functionalized atomic force microscopy tips, Analytica Chimica Acta 307, 365–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Fujihira, M., Monobe, H., Muramatsu, H., and Ataka, T. (1994) Scanning near-field fluorescence microscopy and nanoscopic fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with a non-contact scanning force microscope, Chem. Lett., 657–660.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Calvert, J.M., Chen, M.S., Dulcey, C.S., Georger, J.H., Peckerar, M.C., Schnur, J.M., and Schoen, P.E. (1991) Deep ultraviolet patterning of monolayer films for high resolution lithography, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9, 3447–3450.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ahuja, R., Caruso, P.L., Möbius, D., Paulus, W., Ringsdorf, H., and Wildburg, G. (1993) Formation of molecular strands by hydrogen bonds at the gas-water interface: Molecular recognition and quantitative hydrolysis of barbituric acid lipids, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 32, 1033–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Meyer, E., Howald, L., Overney, R., Brodbeck, D., Lüthi, R., Haefke, H., Frommer, J., and Güntherodt, H.-J. (1992) Structure and dynamics of solid surface observed by atomic force microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 42–44, 274–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Takano, H. and Fujihira, M. (1996), Slopes of nano-meter scale friction loops studied by friction force microscopy, in this meeting and to be published elsewhere.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hirano, M., Shinjo, K., Kaneko, R., and Murata, Y. (1991) Anisotropy of frictional forces in muscovite mica, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2642–2645.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Guckenberger, R., Heim, M., Cevc, G., Knapp, H.F., Wiegräbe, W., and Hillebrand, A. (1994) Scanning tunneling microscopy of insulators and biological specimens based on lateral conductivity of ultrathin water films, Science 266, 1538–1540.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yamanaka, K. and Tomita, E. (1995) Lateral force modulation atomic force microscope for selective imaging of friction forces, Jpn. J. AppL Phys. 34, 2879–2882.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Bhushan, B. (1995) “Introduction” in the book cited in Ref. 57, pp. 3–79.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Belak, J.F. (guest ed.) (1993) Nanotribology, MRS Bulletin 18, 15–61.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fujisawa, S., Ohta, M., Konishi, T., Sugawara, Y., and Morita, S. (1994) Difference between the forces measured by an optical lever deflection and by an optical interferometer in an atomic force microscope, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 644–647.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. Colchero, J. (1993) Reibungskraftmikroskopie, Dissertation, Universität Konstanz

    Google Scholar 

  80. Overney, R. (1992) Tribological investigations of thin films and cleavage faces with atomic force microscopy, Dissertation, Universität Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Johnson, K.L., Kendall, K., and Roberts, A.D. (1971) Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A324, 301–313.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Israelachvili, J.N. (1992) “Adhesion, friction and lubrication of molecularly smooth surfaces” in the book cited in Ref. 3, pp. 351–385.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Colchero,J., Marti, O., and Mlynek, J. (1995) “Friction on an atomic scale” in the book cited in Ref. 33, pp. 345–352.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Koike, A. and Yoneya, M. (1996) Molecular dynamics simulations of sliding friction of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers, J.Chem. Phys., in press

    Google Scholar 

  85. Tomanek, D., Zhong, W., and Thomas, H. (1991) Calculation of an atomically modulated friction force in atomic-force microscopy, Europhys. Lett. 15, 887–892.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Singer, I.L. (1994) Friction and energy dissipation at the atomic scale: A review, J. Vac. Sci. Technol Al2, 2605–2616.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Tomanek, D., and Zhong, W. (1991) Palladium-graphite interaction potentials based on first-principles calculations, Phys. Rev. B43, 12623–12625.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Fujiwara, I., Kamei, T., and Seto, J. (1995) Friction force microscopy study of the Langmuir-Blodgett films with different molecular structures, Jpn. J. Appt Phys. 34, 4932–4939.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Gimzewski, J. K., Gerber, Ch., Meyer, E., and Schlittler, R. R. (1994) Observation of a chemical reaction using a micromechanical sensor, Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 589–594.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fujihira, M. (1997). Friction Force Microscopy of Organic Thin Films and Crystals. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Micro/Nanotribology and Its Applications. NATO ASI Series, vol 330. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5646-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5646-2_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6381-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5646-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics