Separation and preconcentration of trace inorganic elements

Alfassi, Z. B.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4952-5_2

Z. B. Alfassi

469 Accesses

Abstract

The best method of chemical analysis for each matrix will be that (or those) method(s) which can determine the constituents of the matrix, both qualitatively and quantitatively, without any chemical separation. It is relatively easily done for the major constituents of the matrix, but for the determination of the trace elements in the matrix sometimes separation procedures are prerequisites. Some matrices allow the determination of most of their trace elements without any chemical treatment, as e.g. the measurement of the concentration of contaminants in pure silicon by instrumental neutron activation analysis (Alfassi 1990). Several books deal extensively with the separation and preconcentration of trace inorganic elements (Minczewski et al.1982, Mizuike 1983, Alfassi and Wai 1992), including all the major methods but also those less frequently used as e.g. fire assay, isotachophoresis and separation on filter papers. However, owing to lack of space only the major preconcentration techniques will be dealt with in this chapter. The lowest limit of detection might be obtained if the sample is completely separated into its constituents; however, this is not always possible and when possible it is time-consuming and prone to errors and contaminations. Since most modern instrumental analytical methods are multi-element, it is sufficient to separate the sample into several fractions; each fraction consists of elements which can be determined simultaneously. The preconcentration step not only usually involves the increase of the concentration of the species of interest, but also eliminates part or all of the interferences (usually high-concentration elements of the matrix). Both aspects of preconcentration and interference removal must be examined for every preconcentration procedure. Usually the usefulness of a separation procedure is judged by four criteria:

1.
Preconcentration factor P
2.
Recovery yield R
3.
Interference removal, called the decontamination factor D
4.
Specificity

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Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva, Israel
Z. B. Alfassi

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Alfassi, Z.B. (1998). Separation and preconcentration of trace inorganic elements. In: Alfassi, Z.B. (eds) Instrumental Multi-Element Chemical Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4952-5_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4952-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6078-3
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