Skip to main content

Cyclins and gap junctions in liver growth and repair

  • Chapter
Liver Growth and Repair

Abstract

Cyclin and gap junction proteins are intimately involved in cell regulation and communication. In fact, both gene families are dramatically modulated during the synchronized cell cycles induced by liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. This chapter begins with an introduction to the cyclin gene family, and continues with a discussion of the various cyclin functions in cellular control, with emphasis on eukaryotic cells and in particular the mammalian liver. Finally, we discuss gap junction proteins and their roles in liver growth and repair.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agrawal, D., Dong, F., Wang, Y.Z. et al. (1995) Regulation of cyclin E and p27kip during mitosis in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 6(10), 1199–1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, J.H., Hoffman, J.S., Kren, B.T. et al. (1993) Cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 mRNA expression in models of regenerating liver and human liver diseases. American Journal of Physiology, 265, G857–G864.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, J.H., Hoffman, J.S., Kren, B.T. et al. (1994) Changes in cell cycle-associated gene expression in a model of impaired liver regeneration. FEBS Letters, 347, 157–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, J.H., Hu, M.Y. and Cerra, F.B. (1995) Distinct patterns of cyclin D1 regulation in models of liver regeneration and human liver. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 209, 648–655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, J.H., Meyer, A.H. and Hu, M.Y. (1997) Regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CiP1/sdil gene expression in hepatic regeneration. Hepatology, 25, 557–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amon, A., Irniger, S. and Nasmyth, K. (1994) Closing the cell cycle circle in yeast: G2 cyclin proteolysis initiated at mitosis persists until the activation of G1 cyclins in the next cycle. Cell, 77, 1037–1050.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aprelikova, O., Xiong, Y. and Liu, E.T. (1995) Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 18195–18197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, C., Richman, R. and Elledge, S.J. (1994) Human cyclin F. EMBO Journal, 13, 6087–6098.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, S., Spray. D.C. and Burk, R.D. (1993) Identification of proximal and distal regulatory elements of the rat connexin 32 gene. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1216, 197–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, S., Schoenfeld, A., Pietrangelo, A. et al. (1995) Basal promoter of the rat connexin 32 gene: identification and characterization of an essential element and its DNA-binding protein. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 1439–1445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailly, E., Pines, J., Hunter, T. et al. (1992) Cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin B1 in human cells: association with a detergent-resistant compartment and with the centrosome. Journal of Cell Science, 101, 529–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldin, V. and Ducommun, B. (1995) Subcellular localisation of human wee1 kinase is regulated during the cell cycle, journal of Cell Science, 108, 2425–2432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldin, V., Lukas, J., Marcote, M.J. et al. (1993) Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle progression in G1. Genes and Development, 7, 812–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barak, Y., Gottlieb, E., Juven-Gershon, T. et al. (1994) Regulation of mdm 2 expression by p53: alternative promoters produce transcripts with nonidentical translation potential. Genes and Development, 8, 1739–1749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J.F., Lewis, B.C., Hoang, A.T. et al. (1995) Cyclin A links c-Myc to adhesion-independent cell proliferation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 15923–15925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrio, L.C., Suchyna, T., Bargiello, T. et al. (1991) Gap junctions formed by connexins 26 and 32 alone and in combination are differently affected by applied voltage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 88, 8410–8414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, S., Bonetta, L., MacAllan, D. et al. (1994a) CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin Dl. Oncogene, 9, 71–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, S., Parry, D., Bonetta, L. et al. (1994b) Absence of cyclin D/cdk complexes in cells lacking functional retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene, 9, 1633–1640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berthoud, V.M., Iwanij, V., Garcia, A.M. et al. (1992) Connexins and glucagon receptors during development of rat hepatic acinus. American Journal of Physiology, 263, G650–G658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betticher, D.C., Thatcher, N., Altermatt, H.J. et al. (1995) Alternate splicing produces a novel cyclin D1 transcript. Oncogene, 11, 1005–1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla, R. and Draetta, G. (1994) Molecular cloning of PISSLRE, a novel putative member of the cdk family of protein serine/threonine kinases. Oncogene, 9, 3037–3041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner, R., Cohen, B.L., Sopta, M. et al. (1995) Direct transcriptional repression by pRB and its reversal by specific cyclins. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3256–3265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, M.F., Sweeney, K.J., Hamilton, J.A. et al. (1993) Expression and amplification of cyclin genes in human breast cancer. Oncogene, 8, 2127–2133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buehler, L.K., Stauffer, K.A., Gilula, N.B. et al. (1995) Single channel behavior of recombinant β2 gap junction connexons reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. Biophysical Journal, 68, 1767–1775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, C., Wick, M. and Muller, R. (1994) Lineage-specific regulation of cell cycle gene expression in differentiating myeloid cells. Journal of Cell Science, 107, 2047–2054.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bursch, W., Paffe, S., Putz, B. et al. (1990) Determination of the length of the histological stages of apoptosis in normal liver and in altered hepatic foci of rats. Carcinogenesis, 11, 847–853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso, M.C., Leonhardt, H. and Nadal-Ginard, B. (1993) Reversal of terminal differentiation and control of DNA replication: cyclin A and cdk2 specifically localize at subnuclear sites of DNA replication. Cell, 74, 979–992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carstens, C.-P., Kramer, A. and Fahl, W.E. (1996) Adhesion-dependent control of cyclin E/ cdk2 activity and cell cycle progression in normal cells but not in Ha-ras transformed NRK cells. Experimental Cell Research, 229, 86–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cascio, M., Kumar, N.M., Safarik, R. et al. (1995) Physical characterization of gap junction membrane connexons (hemi-channels) isolated from rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 18643–18648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, A., Jaumot, M., Verges, M. et al. (1994) Microsomal localization of cyclin A and cdk2 in proliferating rat liver cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 201, 1072–1078.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D.L. and Wolgemuth, D.J. (1992) Identification of a mouse B-type cyclin which exhibits developmentally regulated expression in the germ line. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 33, 259–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D.L. and Wolgemuth, D.J. (1993) Isolation of the murine cyclin B2 cDNA and characterization of the lineage and temporal specificity of expression of the B1 and B2 cyclins during oogenesis, spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis. Development, 118, 229–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Shi, L.F., Litchfield, D.W. et al. (1995a) Rescue from granzyme B-induced apoptosis by wee1 kinase. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 181, 2295–2300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S.C., Pelletier, D.B., Ao, P. et al. (1995b) Connexin 43 reverses the phenotype of transformed cells and alters their expression of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 6, 681–690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z.Q., Lefebvre, D., Bai, X.H. et al. (1995c) Identification of two regulatory elements within the promoter region of the mouse connexin 43 gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 3863–3868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogswell, J.P., Godlevski, M.M., Bonham, M. et al. (1995) Upstream stimulatory factor regulates expression of the cell cycle-dependent cyclin Bl gene promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 2782–2790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, S. (1992) Cell cycle regulation of the human cdc2 gene. EMBO Journal, 11, 1797–1804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, R., Hass, R., Gunji, H. et al. (1992) Down-regulation of cell cycle control genes by ionizing radiation. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 3, 637–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Bondt, H.L., Rosenblatt, J., Jancarik, J. et al. (1993) Crystal structure of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Nature, 363, 595–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deffie, A., Hao, M., Montes de Oca Luna, R. et al. (1995) Cyclin E restores p53 activity in contact-inhibited cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3926–3933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Leon, J.R., Buttrick, P.M. and Fishman, G.I. (1994) Functional analysis of the connexin 43 gene promoter in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 26, 379–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Mitri, M.S., Pisi, E., Brechot, C. et al. (1993) Low frequency of allelic loss in the cyclin A gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas: a study based on PCR. Liver, 13, 259–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devault, A., Martinez, A.M., Fesquet, D. et al. (1995) Matl (‘menage a trois’): a new RING finger protein subunit stabilizing cyclin H-cdk7 complexes in starfish and Xenopus CAK. EMBO Journal, 14, 5027–5036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Digweed, M., Gunthert, U., Schneider, R. et al. (1995) Irreversible repression of DNA synthesis in Fanconi anemia cells is alleviated by the product of a novel cyclin-related gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 305–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobashi, Y., Kudoh, T., Matsumine, A. et al. (1995) Constitutive overexpression of CDK2 inhibits neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 23031–23037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dulic, V., Lees, E. and Reed, S.I. (1992) Association of human cyclin E with a periodic G1-S phase protein kinase. Science, 257, 1958–1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, A. and Stillman, B. (1992) cdc2 family kinases phosphorylate a human cell DNA replication factor, RPA, and activate DNA replication. EMBO Journal, 11, 2189–2199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eghbali, B., Kessler, J.A., Reid, L.M. et al. (1991) Involvement of gap junctions in tumorigenesis: transfection of tumor cells with connexin 32 cDNA retards growth in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 88, 10701–10705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elfgang, C., Eckert, R., Lichtenberg-Fraté, H. et al. (1995) Specific permeability and selective formation of gap junction channels in connexin-transfected HeLa cells. Journal of Cell Biology, 129, 805–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elvira, M., Diez, J.A., Wang, K.K. et al. (1993) Phosphorylation of connexin-32 by protein kinase C prevents its proteolysis by μ-calpain and m-calpain. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 14294–14300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esinduy, C.B., Chang, C.C., Trosko, J.E. et al. (1995) In vitro growth inhibition of neoplastically transformed cells by non-transformed cells: requirement for gap junctional intercellular communication. Carcinogenesis, 16, 915–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, T., Rosenthal, E.T., Youngblom, J. et al. (1983) Cyclin: a protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell, 33, 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewen, M.E., Sluss, H.K., Sherr, C.J. et al. (1993) Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell, 73, 487–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, M.B., Nathanson, M.H., Mennone, A. et al. (1995) Altered expression and function of hepatocyte gap junctions after common bile duct ligation in the rat. American Journal of Physiology, 268, C1186–C1194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fantl, V., Stamp, G., Andrews, A. et al. (1995) Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development. Genes and Development, 9, 2364–2372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fausto, N. and Webber, E. (1994) Liver Regeneration, in The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 3rd edn (eds I.M. Arias, J.L. Boyer, N. Fausto et al.), Raven Press Ltd, New York, pp. 1059–1084.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R.P. and Morgan, D.O. (1994) A novel cyclin associates with MO15/CDK7 to form the CDK-activating kinase. Cell, 78, 713–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R.P., Jin, P., Chamberlin, H.M. et al. (1995) Alternative mechanisms of CAK assembly require an assembly factor or an activating kinase. Cell, 83, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, G.I., Eddy, R.L., Shows, T.B. et al. (1991) The human connexin gene family of gap junction proteins: distinct chromosomal locations but similar structures. Genomics, 10, 250–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fotedar, R., Flatt, J., Gupta, S. et al. (1995) Activation-induced T-cell death is cell cycle dependent and regulated by cyclin B. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 932–942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R.S., Estus, S. and Johnson, E. Jr (1994) Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expression in postmitotic neurons: selective induction of cyclin Dl during programmed cell death. Neuron, 12, 343–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, P. and Nigg, E.A. (1992) Cyclin B2 undergoes cell cycle-dependent nuclear translocation and, when expressed as a non-destructible mutant, causes mitotic arrest in HeLa cells. Journal of Cell Biology, 117, 213–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, P. and Nigg, E.A. (1994) Identification of a novel vertebrate cyclin: cyclin B3 shares properties with both A-and B-type cyclins. EMBO Journal, 13, 595–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, C.Y., Bassnett, S. and Zelenka, P.S. (1995) Cyclin B, p34cdc2, and H1-kinase activity in terminally differentiating lens fiber cells. Developmental Biology, 169, 185–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, F., Strausfeld, U., Fernandez, A. et al. (1991) Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. Cell, 67, 1169–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, F., Fernandez, A. and Lamb, N. (1995) Delayed cyclin A and B1 degradation in non-transformed mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Science, 108, 2599–2608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glotzer, M., Murray, A.W. and Kirschner, M.W. (1991) Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway. Nature, 349, 132–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, J., Ardelt, B., Traganos, F. et al. (1994) Unscheduled expression of cyclin Bl and cyclin E in several leukemic and solid tumor cell lines. Cancer Research, 54, 4285–4288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, J., Traganos, F. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1995) Growth imbalance and altered expression of cyclins B1, A, E, and D3 in MOLT-4 cells synchronized in the cell cycle by inhibitors of DNA replication. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 6, 1485–1493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C.F., Arms, K. and Gurdon, J.B. (1966) The induction of DNA synthesis by frog egg cytoplasm. Developmental Biology, 14, 349–381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafia, X., Claudio, P.P., De Luca, A. et al. (1994a) PISSLRE, a human novel CDC2-related protein kinase. Oncogene, 9, 2097–2103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grafia, X., De Luca, A., Sang, N. et al. (1994b) PITALRE, a nuclear CDC2-related protein kinase that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 3834–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guadagno, T.M., Ohtsubo, M., Roberts, J.M. et al. (1993) A link between cyclin A expression and adhesion-dependent cell cycle progression. Science, 262, 1572–1575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, K.L., Jenkins, C.W., Li, Y. et al. (1994) Growth suppression by p18, a p16INK4/MTS1 — and p14INK4b/MTS2-related CDK6 inhibitor, correlates with wild-type pRb function. Genes and Development, 8, 2939–2952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurdon, J.B. (1968) Changes in somatic cell nuclei inserted into growing and maturing amphibian oocytes. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 20, 401–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M., Bates, S. and Peters, G. (1995) Evidence for different modes of action of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors — p15 and p16 bind to kinases, p21 and p27 bind to cyclins. Oncogene, 11, 1581–1588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley-Hyde, J., Mushinski, J.F., Sadofsky, M. et al. (1992) Expression of murine cyclin B1 mRNAs and genetic mapping of related genomic sequences. Genomics, 13, 1018–1030.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J.W., Elledge, S.J., Keyomarsi, K. et al. (1995) Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p21. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6, 387–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwell, L.H. and Weinert, T.A. (1989) Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science, 246, 629–634.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatakeyama, M., Brill, J.A., Fink, G.R. et al. (1994) Collaboration of G1 cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes and Development, 8, 1759–1771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmich, M.R., Pant, H.C., Wada, E. et al. (1992) Neuronal cdc2-like kinase: a cdc2-related protein kinase with predominantly neuronal expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 10867–10871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henglein, B., Chenivesse, X., Wang, J. et al. (1994) Structure and cell cycle-regulated transcription of the human cyclin A gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 5490–5494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennemann, H., Kozjek, G., Dahl, E. et al. (1992) Molecular cloning of mouse connexins 26 and 32: similar genomic organization but distinct promoter sequences of two gap junction genes. European Journal of Cell Biology, 58, 81–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirama, T. and Koeffler, H.P. (1995) Role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the development of cancer. Blood, 86, 841–854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoang, A.T., Cohen, K.J., Barrett, J.F. et al. (1994) Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 6875–6879.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, I., Draetta, G. and Karsenti, E. (1994) Activation of the phosphatase activity of human cdc25A by a cdk2-cyclin E dependent phosphorylation at the G1/S transition. EMBO Journal, 13, 4302–4310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, R., Ohba, Y., Nagata, A. et al. (1993) Dephosphorylation of human p34cdc2 kinase on both Thr-14 and Tyr-15 by human cdc25B phosphatase. FEBS Letters, 318, 331–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hovland, R., Campbell, G., Pryme, I. et al. (1995) The mRNAs for cyclin A, c-myc and ribosomal proteins L4 and S6 are associated with cytoskeletal-bound polysomes in HepG2 cells. Biochemical Journal, 310, 193–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, J.A., Howell, M., Hunt, T. et al. (1995) Identification of a developmental timer regulating the stability of embryonic cyclin A and a new somatic A-type cyclin at gastrulation. Genes and Development, 9, 1164–1176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, T. and Pines, J. (1994) Cyclins and cancer II: cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell, 79, 573–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, A., Maity, A., McKenna, W.G. et al. (1995) Cell cycle-dependent regulation of the cyclin Bl promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 28419–28424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikejima, K., Watanabe, S., Kitamura, T. et al. (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits intercellular communication via gap junctions in rat hepatocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 214, 440–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaki, Y., Cheng, L., Mudge, A.W. et al. (1995) Programmed cell death by default in embryonic cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6, 1443–1458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai, M., Miyashita, T. and Shimazu, T. (1991) Inhibition of glucose production during hepatic nerve stimulation in regenerating rat liver perfused in situ. Possible involvement of gap junctions in the action of sympathetic nerves. European Journal of Biochemistry, 200, 69–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, M., Firth, M. and Pines, J. (1995) Human cyclins Bl and B2 are localized to strikingly different structures: B1 to microtubules, B2 primarily to the Golgi apparatus. EMBO Journal, 14, 1646–1654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jans, D.A., Moll, T., Nasmyth, K. et al. (1995) Cyclin-dependent kinase site-regulated signal-dependent nuclear localization of the SWI5 yeast transcription factor in mammalian cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 17064–17067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, P.D., Russo, A.A., Polyak, K. et al. (1995) Mechanism of CDK activation revealed by the structure of a cyclinA-CDK2 complex. Nature, 376, 313–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, W., Kahn, S.M., Zhou, P. et al. (1993) Overexpression of cyclin D1 in rat fibroblasts causes abnormalities in growth control, cell cycle progression and gene expression. Oncogene, 8, 3447–3457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jou, Y.S., Layhe, B., Matesic, D.F. et al. (1995) Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and malignant transformation of rat liver epithelial cells by neu oncogene. Carcinogenesis, 16, 311–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, J.U., Stäger, M. and Desrosiers, R.C. (1994) Virus-encoded cyclin. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 7235–7244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juven, T., Barak, Y., Zauberman, A. et al. (1993) Wild type p53 can mediate sequence-specific transactivation of an internal promoter within the mdm2 gene. Oncogene, 8, 3411–3416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanemitsu, M.Y. and Lau, A.F. (1993) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the disruption of gap junctional communication and connexin 43 phosphorylation independent of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-sensitive protein kinase C: the possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4, 837–848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J.Y. and Sherr, C.J. (1993) Inhibition of granulocyte differentiation by G1 cyclins D2 and D3 but not Dl. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 11513–11517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J., Matsushime, H., Hiebert, S.W. et al. (1993) Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes and Development, 7, 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J.Y., Matsuoka, M., Strom, D.K. et al. (1994) Regulation of cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by cdk4-activating kinase. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 2713–2721.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkhoff, E. and Ziff, E.B. (1995) Cyclin D2 and Ha-Ras transformed rat embryo fibroblasts exhibit a novel deregulation of cell size control and early S phase arrest in low serum. EMBO Journal, 14, 1892–1903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyomarsi, K. and Pardee, A.B. (1993) Redundant cyclin overexpression and gene amplification in breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 1112–1116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyomarsi, K., Conte, D. Jr, Toyofuku, W. et al. (1995) Deregulation of cyclin E in breast cancer. Oncogene, 11, 941–950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa, M., Higashi, H., Suzuki-Takahashi, I. et al. (1995) Phosphorylation of E2F-1 by cyclin A-cdk2. Oncogene, 10, 229–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, H., Stewart, E., Poon, R. et al. (1992) Identification of the domains in cyclin A required for binding to, and activation of, p34cdc2 and p32cdk2 protein kinase subunits. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3, 1279–1294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, H., Stewart, E., Poon, R.Y. et al. (1994) Cyclin A and cyclin B dissociate from p34cdc2 with half-times of 4 and 15 h, respectively, regardless of the phase of the cell cycle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 29153–29160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff, A., Cross, F., Fisher, A. et al. (1991) Human cyclin E, a new cyclin that interacts with two members of the CDC2 gene family. Cell, 66, 1217–1228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff, A., Giordano, A., Desai, D. et al. (1992) Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science, 257, 1689–1694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, T., Sawada, N., Oyamada, M. et al. (1994) Rapid appearance of connexin 26-positive gap junctions in centrilobular hepatocytes without induction of mRNA and protein synthesis in isolated perfused liver of female rat. Journal of Cell Science, 107, 3579–3590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolesnitchenko, V., Wahl, L.M., Tian, H. et al. (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope-initiated G2-phase programmed cell death. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 11889–11893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornbluth, S., Sebastian, B., Hunter, T. et al. (1994) Membrane localization of the kinase which phosphorylates p34cdc2 on threonine 14. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5, 273–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kranenburg, O., Scharnhorst, V., Van der Eb, A.J. et al. (1995) Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity triggers neuronal differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Cell Biology, 131, 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krek, W., Ewen, M.E., Shirodkar, S. et al. (1994) Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-dependent protein kinase. Cell, 78, 161–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kren, B.T., Kumar, N.M., Wang, S. et al. (1993) Differential regulation of multiple gap junction transcripts and proteins during rat liver regeneration, journal of Cell Biology, 123, 707–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreutzer, M.A., Richards, J.P., De Silva-Udawatta, M.N. et al. (1995) Caenorhabditis elegans cyclin A-and B-type genes: a cyclin A multigene family, an ancestral cyclin B3 and differential germline expression. Journal of Cell Science, 108, 2415–2424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krutovskikh, V., Mazzoleni, G., Mironov, N. et al. (1994) Altered homologous and heterologous gap-junctional intercellular communication in primary human liver tumors associated with aberrant protein localization but not gene mutation of connexin 32. International Journal of Cancer, 56, 87–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krutovskikh, V.A., Mesnil, M., Mazzoleni, G. et al. (1995) Inhibition of rat liver gap junction intercellular communication by tumor-promoting agents in vivo. Association with aberrant localization of connexin proteins. Laboratory Investigation, 72, 571–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N.M. (1991) Gap junctions: a multigene family. Advances in Structural Biology, 1, 209–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N.M. and Gilula, N.B. (1996) The gap junction communication channel. Cell, 84, 381–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labbe, J.C., Martinez, A.M., Fesquet, D. et al. (1994) p40MO15 associates with a p36 subunit and requires both nuclear translocation and Thr176 phosphorylation to generate cdk-activating kinase activity in Xenopus oocytes. EMBO Journal, 13, 5155–5164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahav-Baratz, S., Sudakin, V., Ruderman, J.V. et al. (1995) Reversible phosphorylation controls the activity of cyclosome-associated cyclin-ubiquitin ligase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 9303–9307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahti, J.M., Xiang, J., Heath, L.S. et al. (1995) PITSLRE protein kinase activity is associated with apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laing, J.G. and Beyer, E.C. (1995) The gap junction protein connexin 43 is degraded via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 26399–26403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapidot-Lifson, Y., Patinkin, D., Prody, C.A. et al. (1992) Cloning and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of a human homolog of cdc2 required in hematopoiesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 579–583.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H.H., Chiang, W.H., Chiang, S.H. et al. (1995) Regulation of cyclin D1, DNA topoisomerase I, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoters during the cell cycle. Gene Expression, 4, 95–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lew, D.J., Dulic, V. and Reed, S.I. (1991) Isolation of three novel human cyclins by rescue of G1 cyclin (Cln) function in yeast. Cell, 66, 1197–1206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lew, J. and Wang, J.H. (1995) Neuronal cdc2-like kinase. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 20, 33–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lew, J., Huang, Q.-Q., Qi, Z. et al. (1994) A brain-specific activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Nature, 371, 423–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Jenkins, C.W., Nichols, M.A. et al. (1994) Cell cycle expression and p53 regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Oncogene, 9, 2261–2268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.J., Friedman, D.J., Wang, C. et al. (1995a) Induction of apoptosis in uninfected lymphocytes of HIV-1 Tat protein. Science, 268, 429–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S., MacLachlan, T.K., De Luca, A. et al. (1995b) The cdc-2-related kinase, PISSLRE, is essential for cell growth and acts in G2 phase of the cell cycle. Cancer Research, 55, 3992–3995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, S.M., Zhang, J., Jeffery, D.A. et al. (1995) A kinase-cyclin pair in the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Nature, 374, 193–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Taffet, S., Stoner, L. et al. (1993) A structural basis for the unequal sensitivity of the major cardiac and liver gap junctions to intracellular acidification: the carboxyl tail length. Biophysical Journal, 64, 1422–1433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J.J., Chao, J.R., Jiang, M.C. et al. (1995) Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3654–3663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, L.F., Pines, J., Hunter, T. et al. (1992) A single cyclin A gene and multiple cyclin B1-related sequences are dispersed in the mouse genome. Genomics, 13, 415–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, W.R. (1979) Junctional intercellular communication and the control of growth. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 183, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorca, T., Labbé, J.-C., Devault, A. et al. (1992) Dephosphorylation of cdc2 on threonine 161 is required for cdc2 kinase inactivation and normal anaphase. EMBO Journal, 11, 2381–2390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovec, H., Sewing, A., Lucibello, F.C. et al. (1994) Oncogenic activity of cyclin D1 revealed through cooperation with Ha-ras: link between cell cycle control and malignant transformation. Oncogene, 9, 323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loyer, P., Glaise, D., Cariou, S. et al. (1994) Expression and activation of cdks (1 and 2) and cyclins in the cell cycle progression during liver regeneration. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 2491–2500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X.P., Koch, K.S., Lew, DJ. et al. (1992) Induction of cyclin mRNA and cyclin-associated histone H1 kinase during liver regeneration. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 2841–2844.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, J., Pagano, M., Staskova, Z. et al. (1994) Cyclin D1 protein oscillates and is essential for cell cycle progression in human tumour cell lines. Oncogene, 9, 707–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, J., Aagaard, L., Strauss, M. et al. (1995a) Oncogenic aberrations of p16INK4/CDKN2 and cyclin D1 cooperate to deregulate G1 control. Cancer Research, 55, 4818–4823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, J., Bartkova, J., Rohde, M. et al. (1995b) Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 2600–2611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, C.H. and Russell, P. (1995) Cell cycle regulation of human WEE1. EMBO Journal, 14, 2166–2175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maity, A., McKenna, W.G. and Muschel, RJ. (1995) Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation of cyclin B1 mRNA in the cell cycle and following irradiation in HeLa cells. EMBO Journal, 14, 603–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makela, T.P., Tassan, J.P., Nigg, E.A. et al. (1994) A cyclin associated with the CDK-activating kinase MO15. Nature, 371, 254–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maridor, G., Gallant, P., Golsteyn, R. et al. (1993) Nuclear localization of vertebrate cyclin A correlates with its ability to form complexes with cdk catalytic subunits. Journal of Cell Science, 106, 535–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markiewicz, D.A., McKenna, W.G., Flick, M.B. et al. (1994) The effects of radiation on the expression of a newly cloned and characterized rat cyclin B mRNA. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, 28, 135–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D.P., Schmidt, R.E., DiStefano, P.S. et al. (1988) Inhibitors of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis prevent neuronal death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation. Journal of Cell Biology, 106, 829–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S.J., McGahon, A.J., Nishioka, W.K. et al. (1995) p34cdc2 and apoptosis. Science, 269, 106–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Hernandez, A. and Amenta, P.S. (1995) The extracellular matrix in hepatic regeneration. FASEB Journal, 9, 1401–1410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masui, Y. and Markert, C.L. (1971) Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 177, 129–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka, M., Kato, J.Y., Fisher, R.P. et al. (1994) Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by mouse MO15-associated kinase. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 7265–7275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushime, H., Roussel, M.F., Ashmun, R.A. et al. (1991) Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell, 65, 701–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushime, H., Ewen, M.E., Strom, D.K. et al. (1992) Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins. Cell, 71, 323–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, P.P., Yamamoto, M. and Rose, B. (1992) Transcription of the gene for gap junctional protein connexin 43 and expression of functional cell-to-cell channels are regulated by cAMP. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3, 839–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meikrantz, W., Gisselbrecht, S., Tarn, S.W. et al. (1994) Activation of cyclin A-dependent protein kinases during apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 3754–3758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, M., Enders, G.H., Wu, C.L. et al. (1992) A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases. EMBO Journal, 11, 2909–2917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., Dahl, G. and Werner, R. (1988) Structure of a gap junction gene: rat connexin 32. Bioscience Reports, 8, 455–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitaka, T., Kojima, T., Mizuguchi, T. et al. (1995) Growth and maturation of small hepatocytes isolated from adult rat liver. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 214, 310–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyajima, M., Nornes, H.O. and Neuman, T. (1995) Cyclin E is expressed in neurons and forms complexes with cdk5. Neuroreport, 6, 1130–1132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashita, T., Takeda, A., Iwai, M. et al. (1991) Single administration of hepatotoxic chemicals transiently decreases the gap-junction-protein levels of connexin 32 in rat liver. European Journal of Biochemistry, 196, 37–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, A.P., Eghbali, B. and Spray, D.C. (1991) Connexin 32 gap junction channels in stably transfected cells: unitary conductance. Biophysical Journal, 60, 1254–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, A.P., de Carvalho, A.C., Verselis, V. et al. (1991) Voltage-dependent gap junction channels are formed by connexin 32, the major gap junction protein of rat liver. Biophysical Journal, 59, 920–925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, A.P., Fishman, G.I. and Spray, D.C. (1992) Phosphorylation shifts unitary conductance and modifies voltage dependent kinetics of human connexin 43 gap junction channels. Biophysical Journal, 62, 51–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, A.P., Rook, M.B., Fishman, G.I. et al. (1994) Gap junction channels: distinct voltage-sensitive and-insensitive conductance states. Biophysical Journal, 67, 113–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motokura, T., Bloom, T., Kim, H.G. et al. (1991) A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl 1-linked candidate oncogene. Nature, 350, 512–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, S.J. and Caradonna, S. (1993) Cell cycle regulation of a human cyclin-like gene encoding uracil-DNA glycosylase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 1310–1319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, A.W. and Kirschner, M.W. (1991) What controls the cell cycle? Scientific American, 264, 56–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschel, R.J., Zhang, H.B., Iliakis, G. et al. (1991) Cyclin B expression in HeLa cells during the G2 block induced by ionizing radiation. Cancer Research, 51, 5113–5117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musil, L.S. (1994) Structure and assembly of gap junctions, in Molecular Mechanisms of Epithelial Cell Junctions: From Development to Disease (ed S. Citi), R.G. Landes Company, Austin, Texas, pp. 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, T., Sanokawa, R., Sasaki, Y.F. et al. (1995) Cyclin I: a new cyclin encoded by a gene isolated from human brain. Experimental Cell Research, 221, 534–542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus, I.M., Dahl, G. and Werner, R. (1995) Use of alternate promoters for tissue-specific expression of the gene coding for connexin 32. Gene, 158, 257–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neveu, M.J., Babcock, K.L., Hertzberg, E.L. et al. (1994a) Colocalized alterations in connexin 32 and cytochrome P450IIB1/2 by phenobarbital and related liver tumor promoters. Cancer Research, 54, 3145–3152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neveu, M.J., Hully, J.R., Babcock, K.L. et al. (1994b) Multiple mechanisms are responsible for altered expression of gap junction genes during oncogenesis in rat liver. Journal of Cell Science, 107, 83–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neveu, M.J., Hully, J.R., Babcock, K.L. et al. (1995) Proliferation-associated differences in the spatial and temporal expression of gap junction genes in rat liver. Hepatology, 22, 202–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, E.A. (1993) Cellular substrates of p34cdc2 and its companion cyclin-dependent kinases. Trends in Cell Biology, 3, 296–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, M., Kumar, N.M. and Gilula, N.B. (1991) Developmental regulation of gap junction gene expression during mouse embryonic development. Developmental Biology, 146, 117–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, J.H., Alfa, C.E., Young, T. et al. (1991) Conserved structural motifs in cyclins identified by sequence analysis. Journal of Cell Science, 99, 669–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkubo, Y., Kishimoto, T., Nakata, T. et al. (1994) SV40 large T antigen reinduces the cell cycle in terminally differentiated myotubes through inducing cdk2, cdc2, and their partner cyclins. Experimental Cell Research, 214, 270–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, M., Okanoue, T., Takami, S. et al. (1994) Morphological alterations of gap junctions in phalloidin-treated rat livers. Journal of Gastroenterology, 29, 172–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsubo, M., Theodoras, A.M., Schumacher, J. et al. (1995) Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 2612–2624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, K. and Beach, D. (1994) Cyclin G is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. EMBO Journal, 13, 4816–4822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ookata, K., Hisanaga, S.-I., Okano, T. et al. (1992) Relocation and distinct subcellular localization of p34cdc2 — cyclin B complex at meiosis reinitiation in starfish oocytes. EMBO Journal, 11, 1763–1772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, M., Pepperkok, R., Verde, F. et al. (1992) Cyclin A is required at two points in the human cell cycle. EMBO Journal, 11, 961–971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano, M., Tarn, S.W., Theodoras, A.M. et al. (1995) Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Science, 269, 682–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G. and Fauci, A.S. (1994) Tracking HIV during disease progression. Current Opinion in Immunology, 6, 600–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, L.L., Sylvestre, P.J., Byrnes, M.J. et al. (1995) Identification of a 95-kDa weel-like tyrosine kinase in HeLa cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 9638–9642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterlini, P., Flejou, J.F., Demitri, M.S. et al. (1995) Structure and expression of the cyclin A gene in human primary liver cancer. Correlation with flow cytometric parameters. Journal of Hepatology, 23, 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, D.L. (1995) New functions for gap junctions. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 7, 665–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paules, R.S., Levedakou, E.N., Wislon, S.J. et al. (1995) Defective G2 checkpoint function in cells from individuals with familial cancer syndromes. Cancer Research, 55, 1763–1773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, M., Sanghera, J.S., Pelech, S.L. et al. (1992) Mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate nuclear lamins and display sequence specificity overlapping that of mitotic protein kinase p34cdc2. European Journal of Biochemistry, 205, 287–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipp, A., Schneider, A., Vasrik, I. et al. (1994) Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 4032–4043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piaggio, G., Farina, A., Perrotti, D. et al. (1995) Structure and growth-dependent regulation of the human cyclin B1 promoter. Experimental Cell Research, 216, 396–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, J. (1995) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: theme and variations. Advances in Cancer Research, 66, 181–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1989) Isolation of a human cyclin cDNA: evidence for cyclin mRNA and protein regulation in the cell cycle and for interaction with p34cdc2. Cell, 58, 833–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1990) Human cyclin A is adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60 and behaves differently from cyclin B. Nature, 346, 760–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1991) Human cyclins A and B1 are differentially located in the cell and undergo cell cycle-dependent nuclear transport. Journal of Cell Biology, 115, 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pines, J. and Hunter, T. (1994) The differential localization of human cyclins A and B is due to a cytoplasmic retention signal in cyclin B. EMBO Journal, 13, 3772–3781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poon, R. and Hunter, T. (1995) Dephosphorylation of cdk 2 thr160 by the cyclin-dependent kinase-interacting phosphatase KAP in the absence of cyclin. Science, 270, 90–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poon, R., Toyoshima, H. and Hunter, T. (1995) Redistribution of the cdk inhibitor p27 between different cyclin-cdk complexes in the mouse fibroblast cell cycle and in cells arrested with lovastatin or ultraviolet irradiation. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6, 1197–1213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quelle, D.E., Ashmun, R.A., Shurtleff, S.A. et al. (1993) Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes and Development, 7, 1559–1571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raff, M.C. (1992) Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature, 356, 397–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, S., Carlile, G. and Evans, W.H. (1993) Assembly of hepatic gap junctions. Topography and distribution of connexin 32 in intracellular and plasma membranes determined using sequence-specific antibodies. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 1260–1265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, P.N. and Johnson, R.T. (1970) Mammalian cell fusion: studies on the regulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis. Nature, 225, 159–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S.S. and Kohtz, D.S. (1995) Positive and negative regulation of D-type cyclin expression in skeletal myoblasts by fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor β. A role for cyclin D1 in control of myoblast differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 4093–4100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S.S., Chu, C. and Kohtz, D.S. (1994) Ectopic expression of cyclin D1 prevents activation of gene transcription by myogenic basic helix-loop-helix regulators. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 5259–5267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisman, D. and Rotter, V. (1993) The helix-loop-helix containing transcription factor USF binds to and transactivates the promoter of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 345–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, P., de Feijter, A.W., Paul, D.L. et al. (1994) Enhancement of liver cell gap junction protein expression by glucocorticoids. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1807–1813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resnitzky, D. and Reed, S.I. (1995) Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulation of the G1-to-S transition. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3463–3469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resnitzky, D., Hengst, L. and Reed, S.I. (1995) Cyclin A-associated kinase activity is rate limiting for entrance into S phase and is negatively regulated in G1 by p27Kip1. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 4347–4352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S., Wells, R. and Rechsteiner, M. (1986) Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis. Science, 234, 364–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojkind, M., Novikoff, P.M., Greenwel, P. et al. (1995) Characterization and functional studies on rat liver fat-storing cell line freshly isolated hepatocyte coculture system. American Journal of Pathology, 146, 1508–1520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, E., Spray, D.C. and Reid, L.M. (1992) Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of connexin mRNAs in periportal and pericentral rat hepatocytes. European Journal of Cell Biology, 59, 21–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, A.R., Zindy, F., Le Deist, F. et al. (1995) Overexpression of human cyclin A advances entry into S phase. Oncogene, 10, 1501–1509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenwald, I.B., Lazaris-Karatzas, A., Sonenberg, N. et al. (1993) Elevated levels of cyclin D1 protein in response to increased expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 13, 7358–7363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenwald, I.B., Kaspar, R., Rousseau, D. et al. (1995) Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E regulates expression of cyclin D1 at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 21176–21180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R., Adamczewski, J.P., Seroz, T. et al. (1994) The MO15 cell cycle kinase is associated with the TFIIH transcription-DNA repair factor. Cell, 79, 1093–1101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saez, J.C., Bennett, M.V. and Spray, D.C. (1987) Carbon tetrachloride at hepatotoxic levels blocks reversibly gap junctions between rat hepatocytes. Science, 236, 967–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saez, J.C., Gregory, W.A., Watanabe, T. et al. (1989) cAMP delays disappearance of gap junctions between pairs of rat hepatocytes in primary culture. American Journal of Physiology, 257, C1–C11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saez, J.C., Nairn, A.C., Czernik, A.J. et al. (1990) Phosphorylation of connexin 32, a hepatocyte gap-junction protein, by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. European Journal of Biochemistry, 192, 263–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, H., Oyamada, M., Enomoto, K. et al. (1992) Differential changes in expression of gap junction proteins connexin 26 and 32 during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 83, 1210–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer, I.E., Siriwardana, S., Langan, T.A. et al. (1994) Cyclin D1 overexpression vs. retinoblastoma inactivation: implications for growth control evasion in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 7827–7831.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serizawa, H., Makela, T.P., Conaway, J.W. et al. (1995) Association of Cdk-activating kinase subunits with transcription factor TFIIH. Nature, 374, 280–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, Z. and Robbins, P.D. (1995) Differential regulation of E2F and Sp1-mediated transcription by G1 cyclins. Oncogene, 10, 221–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., Kam, C.M., Powers, J.C. et al. (1992a) Purification of three cytotoxic lymphocyte granule serine proteases that induce apoptosis through distinct substrate and target cell interactions. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 176, 1521–1529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., Kraut, R.P., Aebersold, R. et al. (1992b) A natural killer cell granule protein that induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 175, 553–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., Nishioka, W.K., Th’ng, J. et al. (1994) Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science, 263, 1143–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiekhattar, R., Mermelstein, F., Fisher, R.P. et al. (1995) Cdk-activating kinase complex is a component of human transcription factor TFIIH. Nature, 374, 283–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiver, J.W., Su, L. and Henkart, P.A. (1992) Cytotoxicity with target DNA breakdown by rat basophilic leukemia cells expressing both cytolysin and granzyme A. Cell, 71, 315–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sicinski, P., Donaher, J.L., Parker, S.B. et al. (1995) Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in the retina and breast. Cell, 82, 621–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigrist, S., Jacobs, H., Stratmann, R. et al. (1995) Exit from mitosis is regulated by drosophila fizzy and sequential destruction of cyclins A, B and B 3. EMBO Journal, 14, 4827–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L.D. and Ecker, R.E. (1971) The interaction of steroidswith Rana pipiens oocytes in the induction of maturation. Developmental Biology, 25, 232–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E., Frenkel, B., Schlegel, R. et al. (1995) Expression of cell cycle regulatory factors in differentiating osteoblasts: postproliferative up-regulation of cyclins B and E. Cancer Research, 55, 5019–5024.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, C. and Newport, J.W. (1992) Coupling of mitosis to the completion of S phase in Xenopus occurs via modulation of the tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates p34cdc2. Cell, 68, 787–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobczak-Thepot, J., Harper, F., Florentin, Y. et al. (1993) Localization of cyclin A at the sites of cellular DNA replication. Experimental Cell Research, 206, 43–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M.J. (1994) The function(s) of CAK, the p34cdc2-activating kinase. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 19, 496–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M.J., Glotzer, M., Lee, T.H. et al. (1990) Cyclin activation of p34cdc2. Cell, 63, 1013–1024.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sosinsky, G. (1995) Mixing of connexins in gap junction membrane channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 9210–9214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spray, D.C. (1994) Physiological and pharmacological regulation of gap junction channels, in Molecular Mechanisms of Epitheial Cell Junctions: From Development to Disease (ed S. Citi), R.G. Landes Company, Austin, Texas, pp. 195–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spray, D.C., Fujita, M., Saez, JC. et al. (1987) Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans induce gap junction synthesis and function in primary liver cultures. Journal of Cell Biology, 105, 541–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spray, D.C., Bai, S., Burk, R.D. et al. (1994) Regulation and function of liver gap junctions and their genes. Progress in Liver Diseases, 12, 1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer, K.A. (1995) The gap junction proteins β1-connexin (connexin-32) and β2-connexin (connexin-26) can form heteromeric hemichannels. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 6768–6772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L.S., Boonstra, J. and Burghardt, R.C. (1992) Reduced cell-cell communication between mitotic and nonmitotic coupled cells. Experimental Cell Research, 198, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stutenkemper, R., Geisse, S., Schwarz, H.J. et al. (1992) The hepatocyte-specific phenotype of murine liver cells correlates with high expression of connexin 32 and connexin 26 but very low expression of connexin 43. Experimental Cell Research, 201, 43–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugarman, J.L., Schonthal, A.H. and Glass, C.K. (1995) Identification of a cell-type-specific and E2F-independent mechanism for repressionof cdc2 transcription. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3282–3890.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R., Ruangvoravat, C., Joo, D. et al. (1993) Structure, sequence and expression of the mouse Cx43 gene encoding connexin 43. Gene, 130, 191–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tahara, E. (1995) Molecular biology of gastric cancer. World Journal of Surgery, 19, 484–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarn, S.W., Theodoras, A.M., Shay, J.W. et al. (1994) Differential expression and regulation of cyclin D1 protein in normal and tumor human cells: association with Cdk4 is required for cyclin D1 function in G1 progression. Oncogene, 9, 2663–2674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K., Kanaoka, Y., Jinno, S. et al. (1993) Cyclin G: a new mammalian cyclin with homology to fission yeast Cig1. Oncogene, 8, 2113–2118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, D.M., Yeung, J., Lee, K.Y. et al. (1995) An isoform of the neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activator. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 26897–26903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tassan, J.P., Schultz, S.J., Bartek, J. et al. (1994) Cell cycle analysis of the activity, subcellular localization, and subunit composition of human CAK (CDK-activating kinase). Journal of Cell Biology, 127, 467–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tassan, J.P., Jaquenoud, M., Fry, A.M. et al. (1995a) In vitro assembly of a functional human CDK 7-cyclin H complex requires MAT1, a novel 36kDa RING finger protein. EMBO Journal, 14, 5608–5617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tassan, J.P., Jaquenoud, M., Leopold, P. et al. (1995b) Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92, 8871–8875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N.L., Mead, J.E., Braun, L. et al. (1986) Sequential protooncogene expression during rat liver regeneration. Cancer Research, 46, 3111–3117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoshima, H. and Hunter, T. (1994) p27, a novel inhibitor of G1 cyclin-Cdk protein kinase activity, is related to p21. Cell, 78, 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, O., Druge, P.M. and Willecke, K. (1983) Degradation and resynthesis of gap junction protein in plasma membranes of regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy or cholestasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 80, 755–759.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trembley, J.H., Kren, B.T. and Steer, C.J. (1994) Posttranscriptional regulation of cyclin B messenger RNA expression in the regenerating rat liver. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 5, 99–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trembley, J.H., Ebbert, J.O., Kren, B.T. et al. (1996) Differential regulation of cyclin B1 RNA and protein expression during hepatocyte growth in vivo. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 7, 903–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, L.-H., Delalle, I., Caviness, V. Jr et al. (1994) p35 is a neural-specific regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Nature, 371, 419–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Heuvel, S. and Harlow, E. (1993) Distinct roles for cyclin-dependent kinases in cell cycle control. Science, 262, 2050–2054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Wijnen, A.J., Aziz, F., Graña, X. et al. (1994) Transcription of histone H4, H3, and H1 cell cycle genes: promoter factor HiNF-D contains CDC2, cyclin A, and an RB-related protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 12882–12886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. and Prives, C. (1995) Increased and altered DNA binding of human p53 by S and G2/ M but not G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Nature, 376, 88–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Chenivesse, X., Henglein, B. et al. (1990) Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature, 343, 555–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Zindy, F., Chenivesse, X. et al. (1992) Modification of cyclin A expression by hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene, 7, 1653–1656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T.C., Cardiff, R.D., Zukerberg, L. et al. (1994) Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature, 369, 669–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Mehta, P.P. and Rose, B. (1995) Inhibition of glycosylation induces formation of open connexin-43 cell-to-cell channels and phosphorylation and Triton X-100 insolubility of connexin-43. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 26581–26585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, A. (1992) Gap junctions in development — a perspective. Seminars in Cell Biology, 3, 81–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, N., Broome, M. and Hunter, T. (1995) Regulation of the human WEElHu CDK tyrosine 15-kinase during the cell cycle. EMBO Journal, 14, 1878–1891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.T., Wu, L., Carbonaro-Hall, D.A. et al. (1993) Identification of a novel cyclin-like protein in human rumor cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 8871–8880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wimmel, A., Lucibello, F.C., Sewing, A. et al. (1994) Inducible acceleration of G1 progression through tetracycline-regulated expression of human cyclin E. Oncogene, 9, 995–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Withers, D.A., Harvey, R.C., Faust, J.B. et al. (1991) Characterization of a candidate bcl-1 gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11, 4846–4853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Won, K.A., Xiong, Y., Beach, D. et al. (1992) Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89, 9910–9914.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki, H., Krutovskikh, V., Mesnil, M. et al. (1993) Gap junctional intercellular communication and cell proliferation during rat liver carcinogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Suppl. 5), 191–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizumi, M., Lee, W., Hsieh, C. et al. (1995) Disappearance of cyclin A correlates with permanent withdrawal of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle in human and rat hearts. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95, 2275–2280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, W., Dahl, G. and Werner, R. (1994) The connexin 43 gene is responsive to oestrogen. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 255, 125–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zauberman, A., Lupo, A. and Oren, M. (1995) Identification of p53 target genes through immune selection of genomic DNA: the cyclin G gene contains two distinct p53 binding sites. Oncogene, 10, 2361–2366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, M. and Thorgeirsson, S.S. (1994) Modulation of connexins during differentiation of oval cells into hepatocytes. Experimental Cell Research, 213, 37–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Kobayashi, R., Galaktionov, K. et al. (1995) P19skp1 and p45skp2 are essential elements of the cyclin A-cdk2 S phase kinase. Cell, 82, 915–925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zindy, F., Lamas, E., Chenivesse, X. et al. (1992) Cyclin A is required in S phase in normal epithelial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 182, 1144–1154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwicker, J., Lucibello, F.C., Wolfraim, L.A. et al. (1995) Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A cdc25C and cdc2 genes is based on a common mechanism of transcriptional repression. EMBO Journal, 14, 4514–4522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Alastair Strain Anne Mae Diehl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Trembley, J.H., Kren, B.T., Steer, C.J. (1998). Cyclins and gap junctions in liver growth and repair. In: Strain, A., Diehl, A.M. (eds) Liver Growth and Repair. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4932-7_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4932-7_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6069-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4932-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics