Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Formulation of Microbial Herbicides

  • Chapter
Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

Abstract

In his recent review, TeBeest (1996) points out that ‘the science of using plant pathogens to control weeds is almost as old as the science of plant pathology’, and cites references showing continuous effort in biological control of weeds from about 1890. Regrettably, most of the references report failures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amsellem, Z., Sharon, A. and Gressel, J. (1991) Abolition of selectivity of two mycoherbicidal organisms and enhanced virulence of avirulent fungi by an invert emulsion. Phytopathol. 81, 985–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amsellem, Z., Sharon, A., Gressel, J. and Quimby, P. C. (1990) Complete abolition of high inoculum threshold of two mycoherbicides (Alternaria cassiae and A. crassa) when applied in invert emulsion. Phytopathol. 80, 925–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, R. N. and Walker, H. L. (1985) Colletotrichum coccodes: a pathogen of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum). Weed Sci. 33, 902–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, B. A. (1993a). Potential for bioherbicides in developing countries, in Proceedings of the 10th Australian and 14th Asian-Pacific Weed Conference, Brisbane, Vol. 1, pp. 81–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, B. A. (1993b) Vegetable oil suspension emulsions reduce dew dependence of a mycoherbicide. Crop Prot. 12, 477–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, B. A., McRae, C. F. and Say, M. M. (1988) Possible control of Xanthium spinosum by a fungus. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 21, 219–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, B. A. and Morin, L. (1995) Constraints in the development of bioherbicides. Weed Tech. 9, 638–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld, B. A., Say, M. M., Ridings, H. I. and Andrews, J. (1990) Field applications of Colletotrichum orbiculare to control Xanthium spinosum. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 32) 315–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothast, R. J., Schisler, D. A., Jackson, M. A. et al. (1993) Use of pregelatinized starch and other polysaccharides • for improved storage and efficiency of biocontrol agents, in Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, Vol. 13 (eds P. D. Berger, B. N. Devisetty and F. R. Hall), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 45–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, R. C. (1986) Commercialization of Collego®-an industrialist’s view. Weed Sci. 34, 24–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. (1982) Evaluation of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae as a potential bioherbicide for controlling Texas gourd, PhD thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. (1986) Evaluation of Alternaria crassa for biological control of Datura stramonium: host range and virulence. Plant Sci. Lett. 45, 223–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. (1988) Efficacy and host range of a recently discovered fungal pathogen for biocontrol of hemp sesbania. Proc. Southern Weed Sci. Soc. 41, 267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. (1994) Unrefined corn oil improves the mycoherbicidal activity of Colletotrichum truncatum for hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) control. Weed Tech. 8, 526–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. and Abbas, H. K. (1994) Host range alteration of the bioherbicidal fungus Alternaria crassa with fruit pectin and plant filtrates. Weed Sci. 42, 487–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D., Abbas, H. K. and Connick, W. J. (1993a) Evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum as a potential bioherbicide for sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), coffee senna (C. occidentalis) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata). Weed Sci. 41, 678–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D., Quimby, P. C., Bryson, C. T. et al. (1993b) Biological control of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) under field conditions with Colletotrichum truncatum formulated in an invert emulsion. Weed Sci. 41, 497–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D., Quimby, P. C., Caesar, A. J. et al. (1996) Adjuvants, formulations and spraying systems for improvement of mycoherbicides. Weed Tech. 10, 637–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D., Quimby, P. C., Connick, W. J. et al. (1991) Progress in the production, formulation and application of mycoherbicides, in Microbial Control of Weeds (ed. D. O. TeBeest), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 209–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D., Templeton, G. E. and Oliver, L. R. (1984) Texas gourd (Cucurbita texana) control with Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Weed Sci. 32, 649–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyette, C. D. and Walker, H. L. (1985) Evaluation of Fusarium lateritium as a biological herbicide for controlling velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa). Weed Sci. 34, 106–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardina, J. (1986) Enhancement of anthracnose severity on Florida beggarweed. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 26, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardina, J., Littrell, R. H. and Hanlin, R. T. (1988) Anthracnose of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) caused by Colletotrichum truncatum. Weed Sci. 36, 329–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charudattan, R. (1991) The mycoherbicide approach with plant pathogens, in Microbial Control of Weeds (ed. D. O. TeBeest), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 24–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charudattan, R., Linda, S. B., Kluepfel, M. and Osman, Y. A. (1985) Biocontrol efficiency of Cercospora rodmanii on water hyacinth. Phytopathol. 75, 1263–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charudattan, R., Walker, H. L., Boyette, C. D. et al. (eds) (1986) Evaluation of Alternaria cassiae as a Mycoherbicide for Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Regional Field Tests, Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 317 for Southern Regional Research Project S-136, Department of Research Information, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christy, A. L., Herbst, K. A., Kosta, S. J. et al. (1993) Synergising weed biocontrol agents with chemical herbicides, in Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety, ACS Symposium Series 524 (eds S. O. Duke, J. J. Menn and J. R. Plimmer), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, B. W. (1982) Mass production of microorganisms for biological control, in Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens (eds R. Charudattan and H. L. Walker), Wiley, New York, pp. 139–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciotola, M., Watson, A. K. and Hallett, S. G. (1995) Discovery of an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum with potential to control Striga hermonthica in Africa. Weed Res. 35, 303–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Combellack, J. H. (1981) An assessment of the problems of efficiently spraying herbicides onto weeds in cropped areas, in Proceedings of the 6th Australian Weeds Conference, Queensland, Vol. 1, pp. 93–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J. (1988) Formulation of living biological control agents with alginate, in Pesticide Formulations: Innovations and Developments, ACS Symposium Series 371 (eds B. Cross and H. B. Scher), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 241–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J. (1990) Microbial pesticide controlled-release formulations, in Controlled Delivery of Crop-Protection Agents (ed. R. M. Wilkins), Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 233–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J. (1994) Objective 4: improve mass-production and formulation of plant patho gens for weed controlin Annual Report of Cooperative Regional Project S-234, Discovery and Development of Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds,USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, pp. 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J., Boyette, C. D., Daigle, D. J. et al. (1995) Extending shelf life of granular bioherbicide formulations, in Proceedings of an International Symposium on Controlled Release Bioactive Materials, Vol. 22, Controlled Release Society, USA, pp. 99–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J., Boyette, C. D. and McAlpine, J. R. (1991a) Formulation of mycoherbicides using a pasta-like process. Biol. Cont. 1, 281–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J., Daigle, D. J. and Quimby, P. C. (1991b) An improved invert emulsion with high water retention for mycoherbicide delivery. Weed Tech. 5, 442–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connick, W. J., Nickle, W. R. and Boyette, C. D. (1993) Wheat flour granules containing mycoherbicides and entomogenous nematodes, in Pest Management: Biologically Based Technologies (eds R. D. Lumbsden and J. L. Vaughn), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 238–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J. E. and Kuiack, C. (1989) Esterase activity as a marker for sporulation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae in submerged culture. Mycol. Res. 93, 236–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daigle, D. J., Connick, W. J., Quimby, P. C. et al. (1990) Invert emulsions: carrier and water source for the mycoherbicide Alternaria cassiae. Weed Tech. 4, 327–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daigle, D. J. and Cotty, P. J. (1991) Factors that influence germination and mycoherbicidal activity of Alternaria cassiae. Weed Tech. 5, 82–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daigle, D. J. and Cotty, P. J. (1992) Production of conidia of Alternaria cassiae with alginate pellets. Biol. Control 2, 278–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorworth, C. E. (1995) Biological control of red alder (Alnus rubra) with the fungus Nectria ditissima. Weed Tech. 9, 243–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkle, R. L. and Shasha, B. S. (1988) Starch-encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis: a potential new method for increasing environmental stability of entomopathogens. Environ. Entomol. 17, 120–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egley, G. H., Hanks, J. E. and Boyette, C. D. (1993) Invert emulsion droplet size and mycoherbicidal activity of Colletotrichum truncatum. Weed Tech. 7, 417–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fravel, D. R., Marois, J. J., Lumsden, R. D. and Connick, W. J. (1985) Encapsulation of potential biocontrol agents in alginate. Phytopathol. 75, 774–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gohbara, M. and Yamaguchi, K. (1993) Biological Agents for the Control of Paddy Weeds in Japan,Extension Bulletin No. 379, Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre, Taipei City, Taiwan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, N. T., Prusinkiewicz, E., Makowski, R. M. D. et al. (1990a) Effect of selected pesticides on survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, a bioherbicide for round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla). Weed Tech. 4, 701–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, N. T., Prusinkiewicz, E., Mortensen, K. and Makowski, R. M. D. (1990b) Herbicide interactions with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, a bioherbicide for round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) control. Weed Tech. 4, 716–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, M. P. (1992) Mycoherbicides: the biological control of weeds with fungal pathogens. Pflanzens. -Nachricht. Bayer 45, 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, M. P. (1993) Formulation of microbial herbicides to improve performance in the field, in Quantitative Approaches in Weed and Herbicide Research and their Practical Application, Proceedings of the 8th EWRS Symposium, European Weed Research Society, Wageningen, pp. 219–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, C. A. (1970) Persimmon wilt research, in Annual Report 1960–1970, Noble Foundation Agricultural Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, E. (1981) latrogenic plant diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 19, 69–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiny, D. K. (1992) Control of field bindweed employing a phytopathogenic fungus Phoma proboscis. European Patent 0 497 728 Al.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiny, D. K. and Templeton, G. E. (1991) Effects of spore concentration, temperature and dew period on disease on field bindweed caused by Phoma proboscis. Phytopathol. 81, 905–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, D. C. and McCain, A. H. (1978) The use of various substrates for large scale production of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cannabis inoculum. Phytopathol. 68, 1099–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland, R. E. (1996) Chemical interactions with bioherbicides to improve efficacy. Weed Tech. 10,651–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber-Meinicke, G., Defago, G, and Sedlar, L. (1989) Ramularia rubella (Bon.) Nannf. as a potential mycoherbicide against Rumex weeds. Botanica Helvetica 99, 81–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A. and Bothast, R. J. (1990) Carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio influence submerged culture conidiation by the potential bioherbicide Colletotrichum truncatum NRRL 13757. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3435–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A. and Schisler, D. A. (1992) The composition and attributes of Colletotrichum trunca-turn spores are altered by the nutritional environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2260–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A. and Schisler, D. A. (1995) Liquid culture production of a microsclerotia of Colletotrichum truncatum for use as bioherbicidal propagules. Mycol. Res., 99, 879–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A., Schisler, D. A., Slininger, P. J. et al. (1996a) Fermentation strategies for improving the fitness of a bioherbicide. Weed Tech. 10, 645–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A., Shasha, B. S. and Schisler, D. A. (1996b) Formulation of Colletotrichum truncatum microsclerotia for improved biocontrol of the weed hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata). Biol. Control 7, 107–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. A. and Slininger, P. J. (1993) Submerged culture conidial germination and conidiation of the bioherbicide Colletotrichum truncatum are influenced by the amino acid corn-position of the medium. J. Ind. Microbiol. 12, 417–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, D. S. (1986) DeVineTM - the way it was developed - an industrialist’s view. Weed Sci. 34, 15–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. A. and Auld, B. A. (1995) Influence of spore dose and water volume on a mycoherbicide’s efficacy in field trials. Biol. Control 5, 173–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, T. A. and Auld, B. A. (1996) Wounding improves the efficacy of Colletotrichum orbiculare as a mycoherbicide for Bathurst burr. Aust. J. Expl Agric. 36, 185–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makowski, R. M. D. (1993) Effect of inoculum concentration, temperature, dew period and plant growth stage on disease of round-leaved mallow and velvetleaf by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae. Phytopathol. 83, 1229–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marrs, R. H., Frost, A. J., Plant, R. A. and Lunnis, P. (1993) Effect of herbicide on vegetation, in The Environmental Effects of Pesticide Drift (ed. A. S. Cooke), English Nature, Peterborough, pp. 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElwee, M. (1987) Studies on the development of fungal pathogens (Ascochyta pteridis and Phoma aquilina) as agents of biological control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.), PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElwee, M., Irvine, J. I. M. and Burge, M. N. (1990) A mycoherbicidal approach to bracken control, in Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds, Forest Research Institute Bulletin 155 (eds C. Bassett, L. J. Whitehouse and J. A. Zabkiewicz), New Zealand Ministry of Forestry, pp. 74–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R. and Shasha, B. S. (1990) Sprayable self-encapsulating starch formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis.J. Econ. Entomol. 83 1813–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. R. and Shasha, B. S. (1992) Adherent starch granules for encapsulation of insect control agents. J. Econ. Entornol. 85 1425–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae, C. F. and Auld; B. A. (1988) The influence of environmental factors on anthracnose of Xanthium spinosum . Phytopathol. 78 1182–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae, C. F. and Stevens, G. R. (1990) Role of conidial matrix of Colletotrichum orbiculare in pathogenesis of Xanthium spinosum . Mycol. Res. 94 890–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1986) Dichotomophthora portulacae causing black stem rot on common purslane in Texas. Plant Dis. 70 603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. K. (1988) Gibbago trianthemae, a recently described hyphomycete with bioherbicide potential for control of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) . Plant Dis. 72 354–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, L., Watson, A. K. and Reeleder, R. D. (1990) Effect of dew, inoculum density and spray additives on infection of field bindweed by Phomopsis convolvulus . Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12 48–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M. J. (1989) A method for controlling Hakea sericea Schrad. seedlings using the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. Weed Res. 29 449–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, K. (1988) The potential of an endemic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for biological control of round leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 36 473–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potyka, I. (1996) Emulsion-formulation of microbial herbicides, PhD thesis, University of Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, R. (1993) Role of adjuvants in modifying the efficacy of a bioherbicide on forest species: compatibility studies under laboratory conditions. Pestic. Sci. 38 273–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, R. (1994) Influence of several pesticides and adjuvants on Chondrostereum purpureum - a bioherbicide agent for control of forest weeds. Weed Tech. 8 445–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C. (1985) Pathogenic control of prickly sida and velvetleaf: an alternative technique for producing and testing Fusarium lateritium. Proc. Southern Weed Sci. Soc. 38 365–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C. (1990) Control of undesirable vegetation, US Patent No. 4 902 333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C., Birdsall, J. L., Caesar, A. J. et al. (1994) Oil and absorbent coated granules con-taining encapsulated living organisms for controlling agricultural pests. US Patent No. 5 358 863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C., Fulgham, F. E., Boyette, C. D. and Connick, W. J. (1988a) An invert emulsion replaces dew in biocontrol of sicklepod - a preliminary study, in Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, Vol. 8 (eds D. A. Hovde and G. B. Beestman), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 264–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, P. C., Fulgham, F. E., Boyette, C. D. and Hoagland, R. E. (1988b) New formulations and nozzles boost efficacy of pathogens for weed control. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 28 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, D. J. (1990) Formulation requirements for biological control agents. Asp. Appl. Biol. 24 145–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E. and Fox, L. L. (1978) 2,4-D herbicides in Central Washington. Air Pollution Control Assoc. J. 28 1015–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savage, S. (1993) Biological control of Poa annua ssp. annua (annual bluegrass) with a novel pathovar of Xanthomonas campestris, in Abstracts, Proceedings of the XV International Botanical Congress, Yokohama,p. 107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Say, M. M. (1990) The role of free water in the spread of Colletotrichum orbiculare . Plant Prot. Quart. 5 171–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheepens, P. C. (1980) Control of Prunus serotina Erhr. with Pathogenic Fiingi: a Perspective, Verslag 29, Centrum voor Agrobiologisch Onderzoek, Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheepens, P. C. (1987) Joint action of Cochliobolus lunatus and atrazine on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Weed Res. 27 43–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheepens, P. C. (1990) Control of Prunus serotina in forests with the endemic fungus Chondrosterium purpureum, in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (ed. E. S. Delfosse), CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, pp. 545–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schisler, D. A., Jackson, M. A. and Bothas, R. J. (1991) Influence of nutrition during conidiation of Colletotrichum truncatum on conidial germination and efficacy in inciting disease on Sesbania exaltata. Phytopathol. 81 587–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schisler, D. A., Jackson, M. A., McGuire, M. R. and Bothast, R. J. (1996) Use of pregelatinized starch and casamino acids to improve the efficacy of Colletotrichum truncatum conidia produced in different nutritional environ ments, in Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Lincoln University, New Zealand (eds E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott), DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 659–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabana, Y. M., Charudattan, R., Devalerio, J. T. and Elwakil, M. A. (1997) An evaluation of hydrophilic polymers for formulating the bioherbicide agents Alternaria cassiae and A. eichhorniae. Weed Tech. 11,212–220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slininger, P. J. and Jackson, M. A. (1992) Oxygen delivery requirements of Colletotrichum trucaturn during germination, growth and sporulation. Int. Biotech. Abstr. 9, 459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stowell, L. J. (1991) Submerged fermentation of biological herbicides, in Microbial Control of Weeds (ed. D. O. TeBeest), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 225–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • TeBeest, D. O. (1996) Biological control of weeds with plant pathogens and microbial herbicides. Adv. Agron. 56,115–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • TeBeest, D. O., Templeton, G. E. and Smith, R. J. (1978) Temperature and moisture requirements for development of anthracnose on northern jointvetch. Phytopathol. 68, 389–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo, E. E. (1992) Bioherbicides, in Frontiers in Industrial Mycology (ed. F. Leatham), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 196–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo, E. E. and Obrero, F. P. (1976) Cephalosporium wilt of Cassia surratensis in Hawaii, in Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (ed. T. E. Freeman), University of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 217–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. (1980) Alternaria macrospora as a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Spurred Anoda: Production of Spores for Field Studies, Advances in Agricultural Technology No. 12, US Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. (1981) Granular formulation of Alternaria macrospora for the control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata). Weed Sci. 29, 342–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. and Boyette, C. D. (1985) Biocontrol of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in soybeans (Glycine max) with Alternaria cassiae. Weed Sci. 33, 212–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. and Boyette, C. D. (1986) Influence of sequential dew periods on biocontrol of sickle-pod (Cassia obtusifolia) by Alternaria cassiae. Plant Dis. 70, 962–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. and Connick, W. J. (1983) Sodium alginate for production and formulation of mycoherbicides. Weed Sci. 31, 333–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. L. and Riley, J. A. (1982) Evaluation of Alternaria cassiae for the control of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia). Weed Sci. 30, 651–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R. E. (1990) The fungus Chondrosterium purpureum as a silvicide to control stump sprouting in hardwoods. NJ Appl. Forestry 7, 17–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R. E. (1994) Biological control of red alder using stem treatments with the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum. Can. J. Forestry Res. 24, 1527–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R. E. and Simpson, R. A. (1989) Hardwood stump treatments with fungi to control sproutingin Vegetation Management Activities of Forestry Canada: A Compendium of Summaries, Forestry Canada, Ottawa, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidemann, G. J. and TeBeest, D. O. (1990) Genetic variability of fungal pathogens and their weed hosts, in Microbes and Microbial Products as Herbicides (ed. R. E. Hoagland), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 176–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidemann, G. J. and Templeton, G. E. (1988) Control of Texas gourd, Cucurbita texana, with Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Weed Tech. 2, 271–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winder, R. S. and Van Dyke, C. G. (1987) The effect of various adjuvants on the biological control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) with the fungus Bipolaris sorghicola. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer. 27, 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Womack, J. G. and Burge, M. N. (1993) Mycoherbicide formulation and the potential for bracken control. Pestic. Sci. 37, 337–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Womack, J. G., Eccleston, G. M. and Burge, M. N. (1996) A vegetable oil-based invert emulsion for mycoherbicide delivery. Biol. Control 6, 23–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wymore, L. A. and Watson, A. K. (1986) An adjuvant increases survival and efficacy of Colletotrichum coccodes, a potential mycoherbicide for velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Phytopathol. 76, 1115–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wymore, L. A. and Watson, A. K. (1989) Interaction between a velvetleaf isolate of Colletotrichum coccodes and thidiazuron for velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) control in the field. Weed Sci. 37, 478–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wymore, L. A., Watson, A. K. and Gotlieb, A. R. (1987) Interaction between Colletotrichum coccodes and thidiazuron for control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 35, 377–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, S., Johnson, D. R., Dowler, W. M. and Con-nick, W. J. (1993) Infection of leafy spurge by Alternaria alternata and A. angustiovoidea in the absence of dew. Phytopathol. 83, 953–8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Michael P. Greaves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter J. Holloway
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bruce A. Auld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

H. D. Burges

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Greaves, M.P., Holloway, P.J., Auld, B.A. (1998). Formulation of Microbial Herbicides. In: Burges, H.D. (eds) Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6066-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4926-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation