Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

vacA polymorphism

  • Chapter
Helicobacter pylori

  • 182 Accesses

Abstract

In 1988 Leunk et al. described vacuolation of epithelial cells following in-vitro exposure to Helicobacter pylori culture supernatant1. The effect was induced by 55% of tested strains, and initial characterization suggested that it was caused by a high molecular weight protein. In 1989 Figura et al. showed that H. pylori-infected patients with peptic ulcers were more likely to be colonized by these toxigenic strains than were infected patients without ulcers2. Following these early observations the vacuolating cytotoxin has been widely researched with regard to its structure, its effect on epithelial cells and its clinical importance. It is now recognized not only as a major virulence determinant of H. pylori, but also as a tool for investigating epithelial cell biology, and a model for understanding H. pylori genetic heterogeneity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Leunk RD, Johnson PT, David BC et al. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol. 1988;26:93–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Figura N, Guglielmetti P, Rossolini A et al. Cytotoxin production by Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with peptic ulcers and from patients with chronic gastritis only. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:225–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Goosens H, Glupczynski Y, Burette A. Role of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of duodenal and gastric ulcer. Med Microbiol (Lett). 1992;1:153–9.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rautelin H, Blomberg B, Järnerot G et al. Nonopsonic activation of neutrophils and cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori: ulcerogenic markers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29:128–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tee W, Lambert JR, Dwyer B. Cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori from patients with upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1203–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Atherton JC, Cao P, Peek RM et al. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori: association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:17771–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang QB, Nakshabendi IM, Mokhashi MS, Dawodu JB, Gemmel CG, Russel RI. Association of cytotoxin production and neutrophil activation by strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients with peptic ulceration and chronic gastritis. Gut. 1996;38:841–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weel JFL, Vand der Hulst RWM, Gerritis Y et al. The interrelationship between cytotoxinassociated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori -related diseases. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1171–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fox JG, Correa P, Taylor NS et al. High prevalence and persistence of cytotoxin-positive Helicobacter pylori strains in a population with high prevalence of atrophic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:1554–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Murakita H, Hirai M, Ito S et al. Cytotoxin and urease activities of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Japanese patients with atrophic gastritis or duodenal ulcer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;11:819–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Atherton JC. The clinical relevance of strain types of Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 1997;40:701–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Smoot DT, Regan JH, Earlington MH et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on primary cultures of human gastric epithelial cells. Gut. 1996;39:795–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Harris PR, Cover TL, Crowe DR et al. Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin induces vacuolation of primary gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4867–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Telford JL, Ghiara P, Dell’Orco M et al. Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its key role in gastric disease. J Exp Med. 1994;179:1653–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cover TL, Cao P, Murthy UK et al. Serum neutralizing antibody response to the vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:913–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cover TL, Cao P, Lind CD et al. Correlation between vacuolating cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori isolates in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun. 1993;61:5008–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cover TL, Blaser Mi Purification and characterisation of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J Blot Chem. 1992;15:10570–5.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lupetti P, Heuser JE, Manetti R et al. Oligomeric and subunit structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J Cell Biol. 1996;133:801–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cover TL, Hanson PI, Heuser JE. Acid-induced dissociation of VacA, the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, reveals its pattern of assembly. J Cell Biol. 1997;138:759–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. de Bernard M, Papini E, de Filippis V et al. Low pH activates the vacuolating toxin of Helicobacter pylori which becomes acid and pepsin resistant. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:23937–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Garner JA, Cover TL. Binding and internalization of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4192–203.

    Google Scholar 

  22. de Bernard M, Arico B, Papini E, Rizzuto R, Grandi G, Rappuoli R. Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA induces vacuole formation by acting in the cell cytosol. Mol Microbiol. 1997;26:665–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Papini E, de Bernard M, Milia E et al. Cellular vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori originate from late endosomal compartments. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994;91:9720–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Molinari M. Galii C, Norais N et al. Vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori toxin contain both late endosomal and lysosomal markers. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:25339–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cover TL, Vaughn SG, Cao P, Blaser MJ. Potential of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin activity by nicotine and other weak bases. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:1073–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ricci V, Sommi P, Fiocca R, Romano M, Solcia E, Ventura U. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin accumulates within the endosomal-vacuolar compartment of cultured epithelial cells and potentiates the vacuolating effect of ammonia. J Pathol. 1997;183:453–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Papini E, Satin B, Bucci C et al. The small GTP binding protein rab7 is essential for cellular vacuolation induced by Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin. EMBO J. 1997;16:15–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cover TL, Tummuru MKR, Cao P et al. Divergence of genetic sequences for the vacuolating cytotoxin among Helicobacter pylori strains. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:10566–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schmitt W, Haas R. Genetic analysis of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin: structural similarities with the IgA protease type of exported protein. Mol Microbiol. 1994;12:307–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Phadnis SH, Ilver D, Janzon L et al. Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolating toxin gene of Helicobacter pylori cytotoxic activity. Infect Immun. 1994;62:1557–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Izard JW, Kendall DA. Signal peptides: exquisitely designed transport promoters. Mol Microbiol. 1994;13:765–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pohlner J, Halter R, Beyreuther K et al. Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease. Nature. 1987;325:458–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Klauser T, Kramer J, Otzelberger K. Characterization of the Neisseria IgA β-core, the essential unit for outer membrane targeting and extracellular protein secretion. J Mol Biol. 1993;234:579–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Halter R, Pohlner J, Meyer TE. Mosaic-like organization of IgA protease genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae generated by horizontal allelic exchange in vivo. EMBO J. 1989;8:2737–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhou J, Spratt BG. Sequence diversity within the artF, fbp and recA genes of natural isolates of Neisseria meningitidis : interspecies recombination within the argF gene. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:2135–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kuipers EJ, Israel DA, Blaser MJ. DNA transfer in Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 1996;39 (Suppl. 2):A10.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Atherton JC, Twells RJ, Hawkey CJ et al. New, internationally-applicable, polymerase chain reaction-based typing of Helicobacter pylori vacA. Gut. 1997;40 (Suppl. 1):A1.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Go MR, Kapur V, Graham DY et al. Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J Bacteriol. 1996;178:3934–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hazell SL, Andrews RH, Mitchell HM, Daskalopoulus G. Genetic relationship among isolates of Helicobacter pylori: evidence for the existence of a Helicobacter pylori species-complex. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1997;150:27–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Atherton JC, Peek RM, Tham KT et al. Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:92–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Atherton JC, Morales MR, Blaser MJ et al. Importance of the vacA promoter region and signal sequence analyzed by construction of vacA chimeras. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:A53.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ghiara P, Marchetti M, Blaser MJ et al. Role of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factors vacuolating cytotoxin, CagA, and urease in a mouse model of disease. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4154–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Stephens JC, Folwell AM, Swann RA et al. H. pylori cagA status, vacA genotypes and ulcer disease. Gut. 1996;39 (Suppl. 1):W7.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rudi J, Kolb C, Maiwald M, Kuck D, Sieg A, Stremmel W. Diversity in the Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genes and its relationship to associated diseases. Gut. 1997;41 (Suppl. 1):A111.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Strobel S, Bereswill S, Steinbruckner B, Ries H, Kist M: Genotyping of the vacA gene: correlation of genotype with duodenal ulceration and identification of untypeable isolates. Gut. 1997;41 (Suppl. 1):A112.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Queiroz DMM, Mendes EN, Rocha GA et al. Gastric carcinoma (GC) strains of H. pylori present vacA sequence that allows to differentiate them from duodenal ulcer (DU) and chronic gastritis (CG) strains. Gut. 1996;39(Suppl. 3):A66.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Go MF, Cissel L, Graham DY. Failure of vacA genotype to correlate with type of gastroduodenal disease. Gut. 1997;41(Suppl. 1):A110.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. C. Atherton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada

    Richard H. Hunt (Professor of Medicine, Director) (Professor of Medicine, Director)

  2. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, 9 Meibergdreef, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Guido N. J. Tytgat (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Atherton, J.C. (1998). vacA polymorphism. In: Hunt, R.H., Tytgat, G.N.J. (eds) Helicobacter pylori. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4882-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4882-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6046-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4882-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation