Abstract
Whilst there is no doubt that many chemical and physical tests are useful in the analysis of an unknown vulcanizate, and it would be foolhardy to ignore some of the simpler ones such as the ‘burn’ test, the analyst with instrumental facilities will find that these rapidly tend to supersede the classical chemical methods in the routine analysis of polymeric materials.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham, R.J. and Loftus, P. (1978) Proton and 13C Spectroscopy, an Integrated Approach, Heyden, London.
Agbenyega, J.K. and Hendra, P.J. (1993) The Raman Spectra of Polymers, J. Wiley, Chichester.
Alekseeva, K.V. (1980) J. Anal. and Appl. Pyrol. 2, 19.
Andersen, M.E. (1984) Microbeam Anal. 19, 115.
Andersen, M.E. and Muggli, R.Z. (1981) Analyt. Chem. 53, 1772.
Von Ardenne, M. (1938) Z. Physik 109, 553.
Barnes, R.B., Williams, V.Z., Davis, A.R. and Giesecke, P. (1944) Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. 16, 9.
Beauchaine, J.P. and Rosenthal, R.J. (1987) Microbeam Anal. 22, 185.
Bovey, F.A. and Tiers, G.V.D. (1960) J. Polym. Sci. 44, 173.
Bovey, F.A., Tiers, G.V.D. and Filipovich, G. (1959) J. Polym. Sci. 38, 73.
Brazier, D.W. and Nickel, G.H. (1975) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 661.
Brown, P.S., Loadman, M.J.R. and Tinker, A.J. (1992) Rubber Chem. Technol. 65,744.
Bruck, D. (1988) Proc. 133rd Meeting of A.C.S. (Rubber Division).
Carlson, D.W., Ransaw, H.C. and Altenau, A.G. (1970) Analyt. Chem. 42,1278.
Carman, C.J. (1979) Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 103, 97.
Carter, R.O., Paputa Peck, M.C., Samus, M.A. and Killgoar, P.C. Jr (1989) Appl. Spectrosc. 43, 1350.
Chandler, L.A. and Collins, E.A. (1969) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1585.
Chase, B. (1987) Anal. Chem. 59, 881A.
Cianetti, E. and Pecci, G. (1969) Ind. Gomma 13, 47. See also Italian Air Force Laboratory Monograph (English) 1969.
Clark, J.K. and Scott, R.A. (1970) Rubber Chem. Technol. 43, 1332.
Clayboum, M., Colombel P. and Chalmers, J. (1991) Appl. Spectrosc. 45, 279.
Cleverley, B. (1979) Food Technol. NZ 14, 8.
Cleverley, B. and Herrmann, R. (1960) J. Appl. Chem. 10, 192.
Cole, H.M., Petterson, D.L., Sljaka, V.A. and Smith, D.S. (1966) Rubber Chem. Technol. 39, 259.
Corish, P.J. (1960) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 4, 86.
Dannis, M.L. (1963) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 7, 231.
Davison, W.H.T., Slaney, S. and Wragg, A.L. (1954) Chem. Ind. 1356.
Dawson, B. and Sewell, P.R. (1975) J. IRI 9, 180.
Delides, C., Pethrick, R.A., Cunliffe, A.V. and Klein, P.G. (1981) Polymer 22, 1205.
Dinsmore, H.L. and Smith, D.C. (1948) Analyt. Chem. 20, 11.
Edwards, B.C. (1975) J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Edn. 13, 1387.
Fahrenfort, J. (1961) Spectrochim. Acta 17, 698.
Fielding-Russell, G.S. (1972) Rubber Chem. Technol. 45, 252.
Foxton, A.A., Hillman, D.E. and Mears, P.R. (1969) J. IRI 3, 179.
Frankland, J.A., Edwards, H.G.M., Johnson, A.F., Lewis, I.R. and Poshyachinda, S. (1991) Spectrochim. Acta 47A, 1511.
Fukushima, E. and Roeder, S.B.W. (1981) Experimental Pulse NMR; A Nuts and Bolts Approach, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London.
Fyfe, C.A. (1983) Solid State NMR For Chemists, CFC Press, Guelph, Canada.
Gelling, I.R., Loadman, M.J.R. and Sidek, B.D. (1979) J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Edn. 17, 1383.
Gerrard, D.L. and Maddams, W.F. (1986) Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 22, 251.
Giacabbo, H. and Simon, W. (1964) Pharm. Acta Hely. 39, 162.
Goh, S.H. (1980) Thermochim. Acta 39, 353.
Gough, T.A. and Jones, C.E.R. (1975) Chromatographia 8, 12.
Griffiths, P.R. and de Haseth, J.A. (1986) Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, J.Wiley & Sons, New York.
Gross, D. (1975) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 289.
Hallmark, V.M. (1987) Spectroscopy 2, 40.
Harms, D.S. (1953) Analyt. Chem. 25, 1140.
Haslam, J., Willis, H.A. and Squirrell, D.C.M. (1972) Identification and Analysis of Plastics, 2nd edn, Iliffe, London.
Hendra, P.J. and Jackson, K.D.O. (1994) Spectrochim. Acta 50A, 1987.
Hendra, P.J. and Mould, H. (1988) Int. Laboratory 18, 34.
Hendra, P.J., Jones, C. and Warnes, G. (1991) Fourier Transform Raman Spectro-scopy; Instrumentation and Chemical Applications, Ellis Horwood, London.
Hendra, P.J., Jones, C.J., Wallen, P.J., Ellis, G., Kip, B.J., van Duin, M., Jackson,K.D.O. and Loadman, M.J.R. (1992) Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 45, 910.
Higgins, G.M.C. and Loadman, M.J.R. (1970) NR Technol. 10, 1.
Higgins, G.M.C. and Loadman, M.J.R. (1971) Ind. Gomma 15, 50.
Hull, C.D. (1997) Confidential Report, TARRC.
Hull, C.D. and Jackson, K.D.O. (1996) Unpublished work at TARRC.
Hull, C.D. and Jackson, K.D.O. (1997) Paper presented at IRC 97, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Hull, C.D., Jackson, K.D.O. and Loadman, M.J.R. (1996) J. Nat. Rubb. Res. 9(1), 23.
Hummel, D.O. and Scholl, F.K. (1984) Infrared Analysis of Polymers, Resins and Additives. An Atlas, Vols 1–3, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich.
Ikeda, R.M., Wallach, M.L. and Angelo, R.J. (1969) Block Polymers, S.L. Aggarwal (ed.), Pergamon Press, New York.
Jackson, K.D.O. (1995) Internal Report, MRPRA.
Jorgensen, A.H., Chandler, L.A. and Collins, E.A. (1973) Rubber Chem. Technol. 46, 1087.
Kim, H.G. and Mandelkern, L. (1972) J. Polym. Sci. Part A.2 10, 1125.
Kinsey, R.A. (1990) Rubber Chem. Technol. 63, 407.
Komoroski, R.A. (ed.) (1986) High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers in Bulk, VCH Publishers, Florida.
Krishen, A. (1972) Analyt. Cheer. 44, 494.
Krishen, A. (1974) ASTM STP 553, 74.
Kruse, P.F. and Wallace, W.B. (1953) Analyt. Chem. 25, 1156.
Kurosaki, K. (1988) Int. Polym. Sci. Technol. 15, 601.
Landi, V.R. (1972) Rubber Chem. Technol. 45, 222.
Lee, B. and Singleton, C. (1979) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 24, 2169.
Lerner, M. and Gilbert, R.C. (1964) Analyt. Chem. 36, 1382.
Leukroth, G. (1970) Gummi Asbest. Kunstst. 28, 1118.
van Lieshout, M.H.P.M., Janssen, H.-G. and Cramers, C.A. (1996) J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 19, 193.
LiGotti, I. (1972) Paper Presented at 20th Meeting, ISO TC45-WCI, Cologne.
Loadman, M.J.R. (1976) Unpublished work at MRPRA.
Loadman, M.J.R. (1986) J. Thermal Anal. 31, 1183.
Loadman, M.J.R. and Davey, J.E. (1978) Unpublished work at MRPRA.
Loadman, M.J.R. and McSweeney, G.P. (1975) Rev. Gen. Caoutch. Plast. 52, 805.
Loadman, M.J.R. and Tidd, B.K. (1976) Unpublished work at MRPRA.
Loadman, M.J.R. and Tinker, A.J. (1989) Rubber Chem. Technol. 62, 2.
MacKillop, D.A. (1968) Analyt. Chem. 40, 607.
Mandelstam, L. and Landsburg, G. (1928) Naturwiss 16, 557.
Maurer, J.J. (1973) Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. 14, 518.
Maurer, J.J. (1974) J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. 8, 73.
McClelland, J.F. (1987) Analyt. Chem. 55, 89A.
Ney, E.A. and Heath, A.B. (1968) J. IR1 2, 276.
Norem, S.D., O’Neill, M.J. and Gray, A.P. (1969) 3rd Proc. Toronto Symp. Thermal. Anal. 221.
Norem, S.D., O’Neill, M.J. and Gray, A.P. (1970) Thermochim. Acta, 1, 29.
Raman, C.V. and Krishnan, K.S. (1928) Nature 121, 501.
Rockley, M.G., Ratcliffe, A.E., Davis, D.M. and Woodard, M.K. (1984) Appl. Spectrosc. 38, 553.
Rosencwaig, A. (1980) Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Sircar, A.K. (1977) Rubber Chem. Technol. 50, 71.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1972) Rubber Chem. Technol. 45, 329.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1973a) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 17, 2569.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1973b) Rubber Chem. Technol. 46, 178.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1973c) Thermochim. Acta 7, 287.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1975a) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 301.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1975b) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 631.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1975c) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 640.
Sircar, A.K. and Lamond, T.G. (1975d) Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 653.
Sircar, A.K. and Voet, A. (1970) Rubber Chem. Technol. 43, 1327.
Slicter, C.P. (1990) Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd edn, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Smekal, A. (1923) Naturwiss 11, 873.
Smith, D.A. (1966a) Kaut. u Gummi 19, 477.
Smith, D.A. (1966b) J. Polym. Sci. Part B 4, 215.
Stewart, L.N. (1969) Proc. Toronto Symp. Therm. Anal. 205.
Stothers, J.B. (1972) Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy, Academic Press, London.
Talalay, L. (1963) Rubber Chem. Technol. 36, 581.
Tinker, A.J. (1995) Rubber Chem. Technol. 68, 460.
Tonelli, A.E. (1989) NMR Spectroscopy and Polymer Microstructure, VCH Publishers, New York.
Truett, W.L. (1977) Wilks Scientific Application Report No. 9.
Werstler, D.D. (1980) Rubber Chem. Technol 53, 1191.
Williams, C.H.G. (1862) J. Chem. Soc. 15, 110.
Yeager, F.W. and Becker, J.W. (1977) Analyt. Chem. 49, 722.
Yuen, H.K., Grote, W.A. and Young, R.C. (1980) Thermochim. Acta 42, 305.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loadman, M.J.R. (1998). Instrumental polymer analysis. In: Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4435-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4435-3_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5905-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4435-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive