Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the Barents Sea fisheries.1 After an outline of the most important fish resources of this ocean area, their importance for Northern Norway and Northwestern Russia is briefly discussed. Next, a presentation follows of the jurisdiction of the Barents Sea and the regime set up to manage the fish stocks in question. The aim is to provide an outline of how the marine living resources of the Barents Sea are managed through the bilateral Norwegian-Russian regime, which has been in place since 1976, and through management efforts at the national level in both Norway and Russia.
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Notes
The overview is partly based on Hønneland, Jørgensen & Kovacs (1999).
Cf. Henneland & Jørgensen (1999) for a discussion of population changes in Murmansk oblast’ during the 1990s.
The fisheries sector of Northwestern Russia — mainly concentrated in Murmansk — is presented in more detail in Hømeland (1998a). The more general state of affairs in the economy of Murmansk oblast’ is discussed in Honneland & Jørgensen (1999).
Cf. Churchill & Ulfstein (1992) for an extensive elaboration on the legal setting of the Barents Sea fisheries.
Traktat mellem Norge, Amerikas Forente Stater, Danmark, Frankrike, Italia, Japan, Nederlandene, Storbritannia og Irland, og de britiske oversjøiske besiddelser og Sverige angående Spitsbergen (Treaty between Norway, the United States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, and the British overseas dependencies and Sweden concerning Spitzbergen), 9 February 1920. Norges Traktater (Norway’s Treaties). 1 (1661-1944): 409-417; Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For a recent, elaborate discussion of the legal status of the Treaty, cf. Ulfstein (1995). A discussion of the creation of the Svalbard regime is provided in Singh & Saguirian(1993).
Cf. e.g. St meld nr 49 (1994–95): Om dei årlege fiskeriavtalene Noreg inngår med andre land (On the annual fishery agreements that Norway concludes with other countries).
Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway on Fisheries Conservation and Enforcement; available at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Cf. Chapters 5,6 and 7 for a further discussion of these issues.
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (New York, 4 August 1995), reproduced in International Legal Materials, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1995: 1547-80.
Cf. Stokke (1998) for a further discussion of the Barents Sea Loophole.
This regulation, as well as those presented in the following, can be obtained from the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, Bergen.
In addition to these agreements, Norway has concluded bilateral agreements with Sweden, Finland and Poland which give these countries access to fishing in the NEZ, and is party to trilateral agreements with Denmark and Sweden concerning regulations in Skagerrak and the northern parts of Kattegat, as well as with Iceland and Greenland on capelin fishery in the area between these two states and Jan Mayen. Furthermore, it participates in the regional fishery organisation NAFO (the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization), which determines quotas in the international area outside the Canadian Economic Zone, and in NEAFC (the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission), which no longer distributes quotas, but discusses technical requirements in the fishery of the Northeastern Atlantic.
A certain management co-operation between the two states had also existed prior to this time, most notably between their marine biologists in assessing the state of the Barents Sea fish stocks.
St prp nr 86 (1974–75) Om samtykke til inngåelse av en avtale mellom Norge og Sovjetunionen om samarbeid innen fiskerinæringen (On consent to conclude an agreement between Norway and the Soviet Union on co-operation in the fishing industry).
St prp nr 74 (1976–77) Om samtykke til ratifikasjon av en avtale mellom Regjeringen i Kongeriket Norge og Regjeringen i Unionen av Sovjetiske Sosialistiske Republikker om gjensidige fiskeriforbindelser (On consent to ratify an agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Norway and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on mutual fishery relations).
St prp nr 90 (1980–81) Om samtykke til å inngå en avtale av 27. Februar 1980 meilom Kongeriket Norge og det Europeiske Økonomiske Fellesskap om fiskerier (On consent to conclude an agreement of 27 February 1980 between the Kingdom of Norway and the European Economic Community on fisheries).
St prp nr 102 (1991–92) Godkjenning av en avtale i form av en breweksling mellom Norge og Det europeiske fellesskap om utvikling av det bilaterale fiskerisamarbeidet (Approval of an agreement in the form of a correspondence between Norway and the European Economic Community on develop the bilateral fishery co-operation).
St prp nr 89 (1979–80) Om samtykke til å inngå en avtale av 7. Februar 1979 mellom Norges Regjering og Færøyenes Landsstyre om gjensidige fiskerirettigheter (On consent to conclude an agreement of 7 February 1979 between the Government of Norway and the “Landsstyre” of the Faroe Islands on mutual fishery rights).
In addition, a handful of Norwegian vessels fished on quotas they had bought from Greenland.
St prp nr 25 (1993–94) Samtykke til å inngå avtale av 24. September 1991 mellom Norges regjering på den eine sida og Grønlands Landsstyre og Danmarks regjering på den andre sida om gjensidige fiskerisamband (Consent to conclude an agreement of 24 September 1991 between the government of Norway on the one hand and the “Landsstyre” of Greenland and the government of Denmark on the other on mutual fishery relations).
The Fish Control is currently under reorganisation.
For a recent presentation of the political system of Murmansk ablast’, cf. Henneland and Jørgensen (1999).
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Hønneland, G. (2000). The Barents Sea Fisheries — Resources, Jurisdiction and Management. In: Coercive and Discursive Compliance Mechanisms in the Management of Natural Resources. Environment & Policy, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4044-7_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4044-7_4
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