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The Hypersensitive Response

  • Chapter
Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases

Summary

In this chapter the hypersensitive response is defined, described and analyzed. HR is described at the levels of physiology (e.g. changes in membrane potentials, ion channels etc.), biochemistry (e.g. protein phosphorylation in signal transduction, lipoxygenase and reactive oxygen intermediates in membrane damage), and genetics (e.g. studies with various classes of mutants).

An attempt has been made to put recent developments in context with the wealth of earlier data on the HR to produce a “unifying” consensus. Thus, the recently discovered role of the type III bacterial secretory pathway in delivering both virulence and avirulence gene products directly into the host cell cytoplasm has solved many incongruencies between Avr protein action, elicitor effects, and the HR induced by intact living, micro-organisms.

Emerging information on programmed cell death phenomena in the HR, analagous to some of those observed in animal systems, is discussed in the light of earlier observations and speculations, and here again the analysis of mutants is clearly of central importance.

The relationship of the HR to other defence reponses and to resistance per se against various different kinds of pathogens is also considered. The last section draws attention to some of the questions which, despite recent progress, remain to be answered.

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Abbreviations

avr:

avirulence

CAD:

caspase-induced DNase

CHS:

chalcone synthase

DAD:

defender against apoptotic death

DFF:

DNA fragmentation factor

GST:

glutathione-S-transferase

HR:

hypersensitive response

hrp:

hypersensitive response and pathogenicity

ICE:

interleukin-1B conerting enzyme

LOX:

lipoxygenase

LRR:

leucine-rich repeat

LZ:

leucine-zipper

MAP:

mitogen-activated protein

Ψm :

mitochondrial transmembrane potential

NLS:

nuclear localization signal sequence

PAL:

phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

PCD:

programmed cell death

PR:

pathogenesis-related (protein)

ROI:

reactive oxygen intermediates

SA:

salicylic acid

SAR:

systemic acquired resistance

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TMS:

trans membrane-spanning (helix)

TMV:

tobacco mosaic virus

XR:

K+/H+ exchange response

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BASF AG, Agricultural Research Station AP/RF, D-67114, Limburgerhof, Germany

    Thorsten Jabs

  2. Institut für Biologie III, RWTH Aachen, D-52056, Aachen, Germany

    Alan J. Slusarenko

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  1. Thorsten Jabs
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  1. RWTH, Aachen, Germany

    A. J. Slusarenko

  2. Society for General Microbiology, Reading, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

  3. Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    L. C. van Loon

  4. University of Manchester, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

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Jabs, T., Slusarenko, A.J. (2000). The Hypersensitive Response. In: Slusarenko, A.J., Fraser, R.S.S., van Loon, L.C. (eds) Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3937-3_9

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