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Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases pp 189–229Cite as

Resistance Genes and the Perception and transduction of Elicitor Signals in Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Summary

Plants lack immune systems of the types known in animals, but nevertheless are resistant to most potential pathogens. Like in animals, resistance is based on an active response of the plant to pathogen attack. Activated defense responses most often culminate in the so-called hypersensitive response in which cells exposed to the pathogen undergo rapid cell death and prevent further invasion. Also similar to animals, this reaction depends primarily on recognition of the invading pathogen. Disease resistance genes play a pivotal role in the recognition process. Several resistance genes have been cloned, and current evidence suggests that their products physically interact with the products of microbial avirulence genes, named specific elicitors. In addition to these highly specific recognition phenomena, based on matching genes in plant and pathogen, plants also have exquisitely sensitive perception systems for so-called general elicitors, i.e. substances characteristic of whole groups of micro-organisms, such as microbial glycopeptides, cell wall fragments, and sterols. The substances recognized occur not only in pathogens, but also in saprophytes and even in symbiotic microorganisms. Chemoperception of these substances may trigger only some reactions associated with defense responses, thus providing an early warning for the presence of a foreign organism, or contribute substantially to reactions associated with the hypersensitive response, depending on plant species and developmental stage. Transduction of microbial signals in plants has been extensively studied after treatment with general elicitors. It remains an open question, however, how the signals generated by the interaction between avirulence gene products and resistance gene products are related to those generated by the perception of general elicitors.

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Abbreviations

CD:

circular dichroism

cGMP:

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

DPI:

diphenylene iodonium

FSH:

follicle-stimulating hormone

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

GUS:

-glucuronidase

HR:

hypersensitive response

JA:

jasmonic acid

LH/CG:

luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin

LRR:

leucine-rich repeat

MHC:

major histocompatibility complex

NO:

nitric oxide

NOS:

nitric oxide synthase

PAL:

phenylalanine ammunia-lyase

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

PRs:

pathogenesis-related proteins

SA:

salicylic acid

SAR:

systemic acquired resistance

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanisches Institut der Universität, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Thomas Boller

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Noel T. Keen

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  1. RWTH, Aachen, Germany

    A. J. Slusarenko

  2. Society for General Microbiology, Reading, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

  3. Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    L. C. van Loon

  4. University of Manchester, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

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Boller, T., Keen, N.T. (1999). Resistance Genes and the Perception and transduction of Elicitor Signals in Host-Pathogen Interactions. In: Slusarenko, A.J., Fraser, R.S.S., van Loon, L.C. (eds) Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3937-3_7

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