Abstract
Prognosis in rheumatic diseases remains uncertain in individual patients, as is the case in all diseases. However, the capacity to estimate prognosis in rheumatic diseases has advanced considerably during the 1980s, perhaps as much as in the three previous decades together, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). New concepts in prognosis provide a basis toward further understanding of RA in the 1990s, to advance management of this important chronic disease.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pincus, T. and Callahan, L. F. (1989). Reassessment of twelve traditional paradigms concerning the diagnosis, incidence, morbidity and mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. (Suppl.), 79, 67–95
Kelley, W. N., Harris, E. D., Jr., Ruddy, S. and Sledge, C. (eds.) (1985). Textbook of Rheumatology, p. 979. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders).
McCarty, D. J. (1985). Arthritis and Allied Conditions: A Textbook of Rheumatology, p. 675. (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger).
Kelley, W. N., Harris, E. D., Jr, Ruddy, S. and Sledge, C. B. (1989). Textbook of Rheumatology. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders).
Sharp, J. T. (1989). Scoring radiographic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 16, 568–569.
Luukkainen, R., Kajander, A. and Isomaki, H. (1977). Effect of gold on progression of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: better results with early treatment. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 6, 189–192.
Salaffi, F. and Ferraccioli, G. F. (1989). Progress of the anatomical damage in rheumatoid hands. Radiography of the natural course of the disease or of the course during treatment? Scand. J. Rheumatol., 18, 119–120.
Fuchs, H. A., Kaye, J. J., Callahan, L. F., Nance, E. P. and Pincus, T. (1989). Evidence of significant radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis within the first 2 years of disease. J. Rheumatol., 16, 585–591.
Luukkainen, R., Kaarela, K., Isomaki, H. et al. (1983). The prediction of radiological destruction during the early stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 1, 295–298.
Scott, D. L., Grindulis, K. A., Struthers, G. R., Coulton, B. L., Popert, A. J. and Bacon, P. A. (1984). Progression of radiological changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 43, 8–17.
Iannuzzi, L., Dawson, N., Zein, N. and Kushner, I. (1983). Does drug therapy slow radiographic deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis? N. Engl. J. Med., 309, 1023–1028.
Thould, A. K. and Simon, G. (1966). Assessment of radiological changes in the hands and feet in rheumatoid arthritis: their correlation with prognosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 25, 220–228.
Brook, A. and Corbett, M. (1977). Radiographic changes in early rheumatoid disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 36, 71–73.
Scott, D. L., Coulton, B. L., Bacon, P. A. and Popert, A. J. (1985). Methods of X-ray assessment in rheumatoid arthritis: a re-evaluation. Br. J. Rheumatol., 24, 31–39.
Duthie, J. J. R., Brown, P. E., Truelove, L. H., Baragar, F. D. and Lawrie, A. J. (1964). Course and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a further report. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 23, 193–204.
Rasker, J. J. and Cosh, J. A. (1981). Cause and age at death in a prospective study of 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 40, 115–120.
Scott, D. L., Coulton, B. L., Chapman, J. H., Bacon, P. A. and Popert, A. J. (1983). The long-term effects of treating rheumatoid arthritis. J. R. Coll. Physicians. Lond., 17, 79–85.
Scott, D. L., Symmons, D. P. M., Coulton, B. L. and Popert, A. J. (1987). Long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years. Lancet, 1, 1108–1111.
Wolfe, F. and Hawley, D. J. (1985). Remission in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 12, 245–252.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F., Sale, W. G., Brooks, A. L., Payne, L. E. and Vaughn, W. K. (1984). Severe functional declines, work disability, and increased mortality in seventy-five rheumatoid arthritis patients studied over nine years. Arthritis Rheum., 27, 864–872.
Yelin, E. H., Meenan, R., Nevitt, M. and Epstein, W. (1980). Work disability in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease, social, and work factors. Ann. Intern. Med., 93, 551–556.
Meenan, R. F., Yelin, E. H., Nevitt, M. and Epstein, W. V. (1981). The impact of chronic disease: a sociomedical profile of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 24, 544–549.
Mitchell, J. M., Burkhauser, R. V. and Pincus, T. (1988). The importance of age, education, and comorbidity in the substantial earnings losses of individuals with symmetric polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 31, 348–357.
Pincus, T. (1988). Is mortality increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? J. Musculoskel. Med., 5, 27–46.
Cobb, S., Anderson, F. and Bauer, W. (1953). Length of life and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 249, 553–556.
Monson, R. R. and Hall, A. P. (1976). Mortality among arthritics. J. Chron. Dis., 29, 459–467.
Uddin, J., Kraus, A. S. and Kelly, H. G. (1970). Survivorship and death in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 13, 125–130.
Mitchell, D. M., Spitz, P. W., Young, D. Y., Bloch, D. A., McShane, D. J. and Fries, J. F. (1986). Survival, prognosis, and causes of death in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 29, 706–714.
Allebeck, P., Ahlbom, A. and Allander, E. (1981). Increased mortality among persons with rheumatoid arthritis, but where RA does not appear on death certificate: eleven year follow-up of an epidemiological study. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 10, 301–306.
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Hazevoet, H. M. and Cats, A. (1984). Survival and cause of death in rheumatoid arthritis: A 25-year prospective follow-up. J. Rheumatol., 11, 158–161.
Mutru, O., Laakso, M., Isomaki, H. and Koota, K. (1985). Ten-year mortality and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br. Med. J., 290, 1797–1799.
Vollertsen, R. S., Conn, D. L., Ballard, D. J., Ilstrup, D. M., Kazmar, R. E. and Silverfield, J. C. (1986). Rheumatoid vasculitis: survival and associated risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore), 65, 365–375.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F. and Vaughn, W. K. (1987). Questionnaire, walking time and button test measures of functional capacity as predictive markers for mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 14, 240–251.
Pincus, T. and Callahan, L. F. (1986). Taking mortality in rheumatoid arthritis seriously — predictive markers, socioeconomic status and comorbidity. (Editorial.) J. Rheumatol., 13, 841–845.
Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biomet. Bull., 2, 47–53.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F. and Mitchell, J. M. (1987). Increased mortality in rheumatoid arthritis is explained in part on the basis of extensive comorbidity with other diseases. Arthritis Rheum., 30(Suppl. 4), S12.
Pincus, T. and Callahan, L. F. (1985). Formal education as a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Chron. Dis., 38, 973–984.
Rasker, J. J. and Cosh, J. A. (1981). The natural history of rheumatoid arthritis: a fifteen year follow-up study: the prognostic signification of features noted in the first year. Clin. Rheumatol., 3, 11–20.
Gordon, D. A., Stein, J. L. and Broder, I. (1973). The extra-articular features of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic analysis of 127 cases. Am. J. Med., 54, 445–452.
Proudfit, W. L., Bruschke, A. V. G. and Sones, F. M. Jr. (1978). Natural history of obstructive coronary artery disease: ten-year study of 601 nonsurgical cases. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis., 21, 53–78.
Kaplan, H. S. (1972). Survival as related to treatment. In Kaplan, H. S. (ed.) Hodgkin’s Disease, pp. 360–388. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
Spector, T. D., Thompson, P. W., Evans, S. J. W. and Scott, D. L. (1988). Are slow-acting antirheumatic drugs being given earlier in rheumatoid arthritis? (Letter.) Br. J. Rheumatol., 27, 498–499.
Wilske, K. R. and Healey, L. A. (1989). Remodeling the pyramid — a concept whose time has come. J. Rheumatol., 16, 565–567.
Ritchie, D. ML, Boyle, J. A., Mclnnes, J. M. et al. (1968). Clinical studies with an articular index for the assessment of joint tenderness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Q. J. Med., 147, 393–406.
Cooperating Clinics Committee of the American Rheumatism Association (1965). A seven-day variability study of 499 patients with peripheral rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 8, 302–335.
Lansbury, J. and Haut, D. D. (1956). Quantitation of the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. 4. Area of joint surfaces as an index to total joint inflammation and deformity. Am. J. Med. Sci., 232, 150–155.
American Rheumatism Association. (1982). Dictionary of the Rheumatic Diseases Vol. 1: Signs and Symptoms. (New York: Contact Associates International).
Egger, M. J., Huth, D. A., Ward, J. R., Reading, J. C. and Williams, H. J. (1985). Reduced joint count indices in the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 28, 613–619.
Fuchs, H. A., Brooks, R. H., Callahan, L. F. and Pincus, T. (1989). A simplified 28-joint quantitative articular index in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 32, 531–537.
Steinbrocker, O., Traeger, C. H. and Batterman, R. C. (1949). Therapeutic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 140, 659–662.
Larsen, A. (1974). A radiological method for grading the severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Academic dissertation.
Larsen, A. and Dale, K. (1977). Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films. Acta Radiol. Diag., 18, 481–491.
Sharp, J. T., Lidsky, M. D., Collins, L. C. and Moreland, J. (1971). Methods of scoring the progression of radiologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation of radiologic, clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum., 14, 706–720.
Sharp, J. T. (1983). Radiographic evaluation of the course of articular disease. Clin. Rheum. Dis., 9, 541–557.
Genant, H. K. (1983). Methods of assessing radiographic change in rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med., 75(Suppl. 6A), 35–47.
Kaye, J. J., Nance, E. P., Callahan, L. F. et al. (1987). Observer variation in quantitative assessment of rheumatoid arthritis: part II. A simplified scoring system. Invest. Radiol., 22, 41–46.
Kaye, J. J., Callahan, L. F., Nance, E. P. Jr., Brooks, R. and Pincus, T. (1987). Bony ankylosis in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with longer duration and greater severity of disease. Invest. Radiol., 22, 303–309.
Fuchs, H. A., Callahan, L. F., Kaye, J. J., Brooks, R. H., Nance, E. P. and Pincus, T. (1988). Radiographic and joint count findings of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis: related and unrelated findings. Arthritis Rheum., 31, 44–51.
Baum, J. and Ziff, M. (1985). Laboratory findings in rheumatoid arthritis. In McCarty D. J. (ed.) Arthritis and Allied Conditions: A Textbook of Rheumatology, pp. 643–659. (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger).
Symons, J. A., Wood, N. C., Di Giovine, F. S. and Duff, G. W. (1988). Soluble IL-2 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with disease activity and IL-1 and IL-2 inhibition. J. Immunol, 141, 2612–2618.
Rose, H. M., Ragan, C., Pearce, E. and Lipman, M. O. (1949). Differential agglutination of normal and sensitized sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 68, 1.
Olsen, N., Ziff, M. and Jasin, H. E. (1984). Spontaneous synthesis of IgM rheumatoid factor by blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of treatment with gold salts or D-penicillamine. J. Rheumatol., 11, 17–21.
Olsen, N. J., Callahan, L. F. and Pincus, T. (1987). Immunologic studies of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum., 30, 481–488.
Stastny, P. (1978). Association of B-cell alloantigen DRW4 with rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 298, 869–871.
Stastny, P., Ball, E. J., Khan, M. A., Olsen, N. J., Pincus, T. and Gao, X. (1988). HLA-DR4 and other genetic markers in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 27(Suppl. II), 132–138.
Olsen, N. J., Callahan, L. F., Brooks, R. H. et al. (1988). Associations of HLA-DR4 with rheumatoid factor and radiographic severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med., 84, 257–264.
Buchanan, W. W. and Smythe, H. A. (1982). Can clinicians and statisticians be friends? (Editorial.) J. Rheumatol, 9, 653–654.
Koran, L. M. (1975). The reliability of clinical methods, data and judgements. N. Engl. J. Med., 293, 642–646, 695-701.
Fries, J. F., Spitz, P., Kraines, R. G. and Holman, H. R. (1980). Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 23, 137–145.
Meenan, R. F., Gertman, P. M. and Mason, J. H. (1980). Measuring health status in arthritis: the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Arthritis Rheum., 23, 146–152.
Tugwell, P., Bombardier, C., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Grace, E. and Hanna, B. (1987). The MACTAR patient preference disability questionnaire — an individualized functional priority approach for assessing improvement in physical disability in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 14, 446–451.
Nevitt, M. C., Yelin, E. H., Henke, C. J. and Epstein, W. V. (1986). Risk factors for hospitalization and surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: implications for capitated medical payment. Ann. Intern. Med., 105, 421–428.
Meenan, R. F. and Pincus, T. (1987). The status of patient status measures. (Editorial.) J. Rheumaiol., 14, 411–414.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F. and Brooks, R. H. (1986). Quantitative nonlaboratory measures to monitor and predict the course of rheumatoid arthritis. In Ehrlich, G. E. (ed.) Rehabilitation Management of Rheumatic Conditions, pp. 45–63. (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins).
Lee, P., Baxter, A., Dick, W. C. and Webb, J. (1973). Assessment of grip strength measurement in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 3, 17–23.
DeCeulaer, K. and Dick, W. C. (1981). The clinical evaluation of antirheumatic drugs. In Kelley, W. N., Harris, E. D. Jr., Ruddy, S. and Sledge, C. B. (eds.), Textbook of Pheumatology, pp. 729–739. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders).
Clawson, D. K., Souter, W. A., Carthum, C. J. and Hymen, M. L. (1971). Functional assessment of the rheumatoid hand. Clin. Orthop., 77, 203–210.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F., Brooks, R. H., Fuchs, H. A., Olsen, N. J. and Kaye, J. J. (1989). Self-report questionnaire scores in rheumatoid arthritis compared with traditional physical, radiographic, and laboratory measures. Ann. Intern. Med., 110, 259–266.
Laitman, R. S., Glicklich, D., Sablay, L. B., Grayzel, A. I., Barland, P. and Bank, N. (1989). Effect of long-term normalization of serum complement levels on the course of lupus nephritis. Am. J. Med., 87, 132–138.
Research Sub-Committee of the Empire Rheumatism Council. (1960). Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a multi-centre controlled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 19, 95–119.
Bombardier, C., Tugwell, P., Sinclair, A., Dok, C., Anderson, G. and Buchanan, W. W. (1982). Preference for endpoint measures in clinical trials: results of structured workshops. J. Rheumatol., 9, 798–801.
Weed, L. L. (1968). Medical records that guide and teach. N. Engl. J. Med., 278, 593–600, 652-657.
Meenan, R. F., Anderson, J. J., Kazis, L. E. et al. (1984). Outcome assessment in clinical trials: evidence for the sensitivity of a health status measure. Arthritis Rheum., 27, 1344–1352.
Bombardier, C., Ware, J., Russell, I. J. et al. (1986). Auranofin therapy and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a multicenter trial. Am. J. Med., 81, 565–578.
Pincus, T. (1988). Rheumatoid arthritis: disappointing long-term outcomes despite successful short-term clinical trials. (Editorial.) J. Clin. Epidemiol., 41, 1037–1041.
Feinstein, A. R. (1983). An additional basic science for clinical medicine: II. The limitations of randomized trials. Ann. Intern. Med., 99, 544–550.
Kelley, W. N., Harris, E. D, Jr, Ruddy, K. S. and Sledge, C. B. (1981). Textbook of Rheumatology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders), p. 779.
Sherrer, Y. S., Bloch, D. A., Mitchell, D. M., Young, D. Y. and Fries, J. F. (1986). The development of disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 29, 494–500.
Kelley, W. N., Harris, E. D. Jr, Ruddy, S. and Sledge, C. B. (eds.) (1985). Textbook of Rheumatology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders), p.987.
Thompson, P. W., Kirwan, J. R. and Barnes, C. G. (1985). Practical results of treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatoid drugs. Br. J. Rheumatol, 24, 167–175.
Amor, B., Herson, D., Cherot, A. and Delbarre, F. (1981). Polyarthrites rheumatoides évoluant depuis plus de 10 ans (1966-1978). Ann. Med. Interne. (Paris), 132, 168–173.
Situnayake, R. D., Grindulis, K. A. and McConkey, B. (1987). Long term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with sulphasalazine, gold, or penicillamine: a comparison using life-table methods. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 46, 177–183.
Ropes, M. W., Bennett, G. A., Cobb, S., Jacox, R. F. and Jessar, R. A. (1958). Revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Bull. Rheum. Dis., 9, 175–176.
Arnett, F. C., Edworthy, S. M., Block, D. A. et al. (1988). The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 31, 315–324.
O’Sullivan, J. B. and Cathcart, E. S. (1972). The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: follow-up evaluation of the effect of criteria on rates in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Ann. Intern. Med., 76, 573–577.
Mikkelsen, W. M. and Dodge, H. (1969). A four year follow-up of suspected rheumatoid arthritis: the Tecumseh, Michigan, Community Health Study. Arthritis Rheum., 12, 87–91.
Masi, A. T., Feigenbaum, S. L. and Kaplan, S. B. (1983). Articular patterns in the early course of rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med., 75(Suppl. 6A), 16–26.
Ragan, C. and Farrington, E. (1962). The clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis: prognostic indices. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 181, 663–667.
Paulus, H. E., Furst, D. E. and Dromgoole, S. H. (1987). Drugs for Rheumatic Disease, (New York: Churchill Livingstone), pp. 203–226.
Kirwan, J. R. and Currey, H. L. F. (1983). Rheumatoid arthritis: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Clin. Rheum. Dis., 9, 581–599.
Mikkelsen, W. M., Dodge, H. J., Duff, I. F. and Kato, H. (1967). Estimates of the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the population of Tecumseh, Michigan, 1959-1960. J. Chron. Dis., 20, 351–369.
Valkenberg, H. A., Ball, J., Burch, T. A., Bennett, P. H. and Laurence, J. S. (1966). Rheumatoid factors in a rural population. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 25, 497–507.
Adler, E., Abramson, J. H., Elkan, Z., Ben Hador, S. and Goldberg, R. (1967). Rheumatoid arthritis in a Jerusalem population: 1. Epidemiology of the disease. Am. J. Epidemiol, 85, 365–367.
Burch, T. A., O’Brien, W. M., Lawrence, J. S., Bennett, P. H. and Bunim, J. J. (1963). A comparison of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) and rheumatoid factor (R.F.) in Indian tribes living in Montana mountains and in Arizona desert. Arthritis Rheum., 6, 765.
Carson, D. A. (1985). Rheumatoid factor. In Harris, E. D. Jr, Ruddy, S. and Sledge, C. B. (eds.) Textbook of Rheumatology, pp. 664–676. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders).
Bunch, T. W. and O’Duffy, T. D. (1980). Disease-modifying drugs for progressive rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin. Proc, 55, 161–179.
Callahan, L. F. and Pincus, T. (1988). Formal education level as a significant marker of clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 31, 1346–1357.
Ruberman, W., Weinblatt, E., Goldberg, J. D. and Chaudhary, B. S. (1984). Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 311, 552–559.
Marmot, M. G., Rose, G., Shipley, M. and Hamilton, P. J. S. (1978). Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 32, 244–249.
Pincus, T., Callahan, L. F. and Burkhauser, R. V. (1987). Most chronic diseases are reported more frequently by individuals with fewer than 12 years of formal education in the age 18-64 United States population. J. Chron. Dis., 40, 865–874.
LaVecchia, C., Negri, E., Pagano, R. and Decarli, A. (1987). Education, prevalence of disease, and frequency of health care utilization. The 1983 Italian National Health Survey. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 41, 161–165.
Blazter, M. (1987). Evidence of inequality in health from a national survey. Lancet, 2, 30–33.
Marmot, M. G. and McDowall, M. E. (1986). Mortality decline and widening social class inequalities. Lancet, 2, 274–276.
Epstein, A., Stern, R. S., Tognetti, J. et al (1988). The association of patients’ socioeconomic characteristics with the length of hospital stay and hospital charges within diagnosis-related groups. N. Engl. J. Med., 318, 1579–1585.
Pincus, T. (1988). Formal educational level — a marker for the importance of behavioral variables in the pathogenesis, morbidity, and mortality of most diseases? (Editorial.) J. Rheumatol., 15, 1457–1460.
Nicassio, P. M., Wallston, K. A., Callahan, L. F., Herbert, M. and Pincus, T. (1985). The measurement of helplessness in rheumatoid arthritis: the development of the Arthritis Helplessness Index. J. Rheumatol., 12, 462–467.
Callahan, L. F., Brooks, R. H. and Pincus, T. (1988). Further analysis of learned helplessness in rheumatoid arthritis using a “Rheumatology Attitudes Index”. J. Rheumatol, 15, 418–426
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pincus, T. (1991). New concepts in prognosis of rheumatic diseases for the 1990s. In: Bellamy, N. (eds) Prognosis in the Rheumatic Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3896-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3896-3_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5735-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3896-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive