Abstract
Large potential genetic gains have prompted aggressive pursuit of cost-effective cloning methods for southern pines by both micropropagation (tissue culture) and macropropagation (rooted cuttings) during the last 20 years. Although progress has been impressive, methods which can compete with highly efficient nursery production of 1 + 0 seedlings continue to be plagued by high unit costs, maturation, and other unforeseen developmental problems. Research on both types of methods is continuing, and protocols for producing rooted cuttings from seedling material and micropropagation from older tissue (6- to 12-year-old plants) are currently being tested. However, no reliable methods for rejuvenation of mature material are yet available. Nonetheless, there is strong interest in selecting superior trees at an early age and entering them into a cutting orchard and in mass propagating superior full-sibling family material by rooting cuttings from hedged seedlings. With these approaches, gains from improved families may be realized many years earlier than would be possible from seed production (even with supplemental mass pollination) from conventional orchard systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abo-El-Nil, M.M. 1982. Method for asexual reproduction of coniferous trees. U.S. Patent No. 4,353,184.
Amerson, H.V. 1988. Unpublished data, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Amerson, H.V., and L.J. Frampton. 1988. Unpubl. data. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Amerson, H.V., L.J. Frampton, Jr., S.E. McKeand, R.L. Mott, and R.J. Weir. 1985. Loblolly pine tissue culture: laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies. Pages 271–287 In Tissue Culture in Forestry and Agriculture (R.R. Henke, K.W. Hughes, M.J. Constantin, and A. Hollaender, eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
Amerson, H.V., L.J. Frampton, Jr., R.L. Mott, and P.C. Spaine. 1988. Tissue culture of conifers using loblolly pine as a model. Pages 117–137 In Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants (J.W. Hanover and D.E. Keathley, eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
Armson, K.A., M. Fung, and W.R. Bunting. 1980. Operational rooting of black spruce cuttings. J. Forestry 78:341–343.
Arnold, R., and J.A. Gleed. 1985. Raising and managing radiata pine cuttings for production forests. Aust. Forestry 48:199–206.
Becwar, M.R., S.R. Wann, M.A. Johnson, S.A. Verhagen, R.P. Feirer, and R. Nagmani. 1988. Development and characterization of in vitro embryogenie systems in conifers. In Proc. IUFRO Workshop, Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants (M. Raj Ahuja, ed.). Martinus/Dr W. Junk Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague/Boston/Lancaster (in press).
Bentzer, B. 1981. Large scale propagation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) by cuttings. Pages 33–42 In Symposium on Clonal Forestry. Apr. 8–9, 1981. Swedish Univ. of Agric. Sci. and Dep. of Forest Genetics, Uppsala. Res. Notes 32.
Bolstad, P.V., and W.J. Libby. 1982. Comparison of radiata pine cuttings of hedge and tree-form origins after 7 growing seasons. Silvae Genet. 31:9–13.
Bower, R., and J.P. van Buijtenen. 1977. A comparison of rooting success of greenhouse-grown and field-grown slash pine cuttings. Can. J. Forest Res. 7:188–196.
Brown, C.L., and H.E. Sommer. 1977. Bud and root differentiationin conifer cultures. TAPPI J. 60(6):72–73.
Eriksen, E.N., and S. Mohammed. 1974. Root formation in pea cuttings. II. The influence of indole-3-acetic acid at different stages. Physiol. Plant. 30:158–162.
Fielding, J.M. 1964. The possibility of using cuttings for the establishment of commercial plantations of Monterey pine. In Proc. FAO World Consultation on Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement. Stockholm, Sweden. Vol. II, 5/10. 8 p.
Fielding, J.M. 1969. Factors affecting the rooting and growth of Pinus radiata cuttings in the open nursery. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra, Australia. Bull. No. 45. 38 p.
Foster, G.S. 1978. Genetic variation in rooting stem cuttings from four-year-old loblolly pine. Weyerhaeuser Co., Hot Springs, Ark. Tech. Rep. 042–3204/79/97.
Foster, G.S. 1986. Making clonal forestry pay: breeding and selection for extreme genotypes. Pages 582–590 In Proc. IUFRO Conference, Joint Meeting Working Parties on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing, and Seed Orchards. Oct. 13–17, 1986, Williamsburg, Va. North Carolina State Univ. - Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program, Raleigh.
Foster, G.S. 1988. Growth and morphology of rooted cuttings and seedlings of loblolly pine and their genetic analysis. In Proc. 10th North American Forest Biology Workshop. July 20–22, 1988. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver (in press).
Foster, G.S., F.E. Bridgwater, and S.E. McKeand. 1981. Mass vegetative propagation of loblolly pine — a réévaluation of direction. Pages 311–319 In Proc. 16th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg.
Foster, G.S., R.K. Campbell, and W.T. Adams. 1984. Heritability, gain, and C effects in rooting western hemlock cuttings. Can. J. Forest Res. 14:628–638.
Foster, G.S., C.C. Lambeth, and M.S. Greenwood. 1987. Growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings compared with seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 17:157–164.
Foster, G.S., and D.W. Shaw. 1987. A tree improvement program to develop clones of loblolly pine for reforestation. Pages 17–21 In Proc. 19th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. College Station, Tex.
Frampton, L.J., Jr., and H.V. Amerson. 1988. Unpublished data, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Frampton, L.J., Jr., and K. Isik. 1987. Comparison of field growth among loblolly pine seedlings and three plant types produced in vitro. TAPPI J. 70(7):119–123.
Franklin, E.C. 1969. Ortet age has strong influence on growth of vegetative propagules of Pinus elliottii Engelm. Paper FO-FTB-69–7/8 In Proc. 2nd World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding. Aug. 7–16, 1969. IUFRO, Washington, D.C.
Gill, J.G.S. 1983. Comparisons of production costs and genetic benefits of transplants and rooted cuttings of Picea sitchensis. Forestry 56:61–73.
Gladfelter, H.J., and H.V. Amerson. 1988. Unpublished data, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Gladfelter, H.J., and C.G. Phillips. 1987. De novo shoot organogenesis of Pinus eldarica Medw. in vitro. I. Reproducible regeneration from long-term callus cultures. Plant Cell Reports 6:163–166.
Greenwood, M.S. 1983. Maximizing genetic gain in loblolly pine by application of accelerated breeding methods and new concepts in orchard design. Pages 290–296 In Proc. 17th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. June 7–9, Univ. of Georgia, Athens.
Greenwood, M.S. 1984. Phase change in loblolly pine: shoot development as a function of age. Physiol. Plant. 61:518–522.
Greenwood, M.S. 1987. Rejuvenation of forest trees. Plant Growth Regulation 6:1–12.
Greenwood, M.S., and M.H.M. Goldsmith. 1970. Polar transport and accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid during root regeneration by Pinus lambertiana embryos. Planta 95:297–313.
Greenwood, M.S., A.C. Harlow, and H.D. Hodgson. 1974. The role of auxin metabolism in root meristem regeneration by Pinus lambertiana embryo cuttings. Physiol. Plant. 32:198–202.
Greenwood, M.S., T.M. Marino, R.D. Meier, and K.W. Shahan. 1980. The role of mist and chemical treatments in rooting loblolly and shortleaf pine cuttings. Forest Sci. 26:651–655.
Greenwood, M.S., and E.S. Nussbaum. 1981. Rooting ability and vegetative growth performance of stem cuttings from one- and five-year-old ortets of loblolly pine. Pages 176–183 In Proc. 16th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. May 26–29, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg.
Grigsby, H.C. 1961. Propagation of loblolly pine by cuttings. Proc. International Plant Propagators Soc. 1961:33–55.
Grönroos, R., and S. von Arnold. 1987. Initiation of roots on hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus conforta in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 69:227–236.
Guldin, R.W. 1982. Nursery costs and benefits of container-grown southern pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. Forestry 6(2):93–99.
Gupta, P.K., and D.J. Durzan. 1987. Biotechnology of somatic polyembryo-genesis and plantlet regeneration in loblolly pine. Bio/Technology 5:147–151.
Hackett, W.P. 1985. Juvenility, maturation, and rejuvenation in woody plants. Hortic. Reviews 7:109–155.
Haissig, B.E. 1974a. Origins of adventitious roots. N.Z. J. Forest Sci. 4:299–310.
Haissig, B.E. 1974b. Influences of auxins and auxin synergists on adventitious root primordium initiation and development. N.Z. J. Forest Sci. 4:311–323.
Hakman, I., L.C. Fowke, S. von Arnold, and T. Eriksson. 1985. The development of somatic embryos in tissue cultures initiated from immature embryos of Picea abies (Norway spruce). Plant Sci. 38:53–59.
Hare, R.C. 1974. Chemical and environmental treatments promoting rooting of pine cuttings. Can. J. Forest Res. 4:101–106.
Hartmann, H.T., and D.E. Kester. 1983. Plant Propagation-Principles and Practices. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 227 p.
Heybroek, H.M. 1980. Monoculture versus mixture: interactions between susceptible and resistant trees in a mixed stand. Pages 326–341 In Proc. 3rd International Workshop on the Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry (H.M. Heybroek and K. von Weissenberg, eds.). Sept. 14–21, 1980, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Hildebrant, C.A. 1987. Build a mist bed in two days. Am. Nurseryman 165(10):75–77.
Hood, J. 1986. Personal communication, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.
Hood, J.V., and W.J. Libby. 1978. Continuing effects of maturation state in radiata pine and a general maturation model. Pages 220–231 In Proc. Symposium on Propagation of Higher Plants through Tissue Culture (K.W. Hughes, R. Henke, and M. Constantin, eds.). April 16–18, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Huhn, M. 1985. Theoretical studies on the necessary number of components in mixtures. 1. Number of components and yield stability. Theor. Appl. Genet. 70:383–389.
Jarvis, B.C., and A.I. Shaheed. 1986. Adventitious root formation in relation to the uptake and distribution of supplied auxin. New Phytol. 103:23–31.
Jones, N. 1988. Personal communication, Wimco Seedlings Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Kim, J.H., S.K. Hyun, S.K. Lee, K.J. Lee, and K.C. Kim. 1982. Mass clonal propagation of Pinus rigida X P. taeda Fl by embryo culture. Institute of Forest Genetics, Suweon, Korea. Res. Rep. No. 18.
Kleinschmit, J. 1974. A program for large scale cutting propagation of Norway spruce. N.Z. J. Forest Sci. 4:359–366.
Klomp, B.D., and S.O. Hong. 1985. Performance of Pinus radiata seedlings and cuttings to age 15 years. N.Z. J. Forest Sci. 15:281–297.
Ledig, F.T., and R.R. Sederoff. 1985. Genetic engineering in forest trees. Pages 4–13 In Proc. 18th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (R.C. Schmidtling and M.M Griggs, eds.). May 21–23, Long Beach, Miss.
Lesney, M.S., J.D. Johnson, T. Korhnak, and M.W. McCaffery. 1988. In vitro manipulation of slash pine (Pinus elliottii). Pages 43–55 In Genetic Manipulation of Woody Plants (J.W. Hanover and D.E. Keathley, eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
Libby, W.J. 1986. Personal communication, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Libby, W.J. 1964. The rooting of Monterey pine. Combined Proc. International Plant Propagation Soc. 14:280–288.
Libby, W.J. 1980. What is a safe number of clones per plantation? Pages 342–360 In Proc. 3rd International Workshop on the Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry (H.M. Heybroek and K. von Weissenberg, eds.). Sept. 14–21, 1980, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Mahalovich, M.F. 1987. Rooting study with loblolly pine cuttings from six-year-old clones using IBA-DMS0 treatments. Pages 41–14 In 31st Annual Report, North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Marino, T.M. 1982. Propagation of southern pines by cuttings. In Combined Proc. International Plant Propagation Soc. 31:518–524.
Matheson, A.C., and D. Lindgren. 1985. Gains from the clonal seed-orchard options compared for tree breeding programs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 71:242–249.
McKeand, S.E. 1985. Expression of mature characteristics by tissue culture plantlets derived from embryos of loblolly pine. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 110:619–623.
McKeand, S.E., G.S. Foster, and F.E. Bridgwater. 1986. Breeding systems for pedigree – controlled production populations of loblolly pine. Pages 53–62 In Proc. Workshop on Advanced Generation Breeding: Current Status and Research Needs. June 6–7, 1984, Baton Rouge, La. Louisiana State Univ. South. Cooperative Series Bull. No. 309.
McKeand, S.E., and L.J. Frampton, Jr. 1984. Performance of tissue culture plantlets of loblolly pine in vivo. Pages 82–91 In Proc. International Symposium on Recent Advances in Forest Biotechnology (J. Hanover, D. Karnosky, and D. Keathley, eds.). Traverse City, Mich.
Mehra-Palta, A., R.H. Smeltzer, and R.L. Mott. 1978. Hormonal control of induced organogenesis: experiments with excised plant parts of loblolly pine. TAPPI J. 61:37–40.
Menzies, M.I. 1986. Vegetative propagation of radiata pine. Pages 383–389 In Combined Proc. International Plant Propagators Soc.
Mott, R.L., and H.V. Amerson. 1981. A tissue culture process for the clonal production of loblolly pine plantlets. North Carolina Agric. Res. Serv. Tech. Bull. 271. 14 p.
Perez-Bermundez, P., and H.E. Sommer. 1987. Factors affecting adventitious bud induction in Pinus elliottii (Engelm.) embryos cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 11:25–35.
Rauter, R.M. 1983. Current status of macropropagation. In Clonal Forestry: Its Impact on Tree Improvement and Our Future Forests (L. Zasuaffa and C.W. Yeatman, eds.). Proc. 19th Meeting Canadian Tree Improvement Assoc., Part 2. Toronto, Canada.
Ritchie, G.A., R. Timmis, W.C. Carlson, and C.E. Conrad. 1988. Apparent somaclonal variation in rejuvenated, micropropagated loblolly pine plantlets. Paper 12.C10 In Proc. IUFRO-INRO International Symposium on Tree Physiology. Sept. 25–30, Nancy, France (in press).
Roulund, H. 1985. Personal communication Royal Veterinary and Agric. Univ., Horsholm, Denmark.
Roulund, H., H. Wellendorf, and M. Werner. 1985. A clonal experiment in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) 15 years’ results. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sheldrake, A.R. 1974. The polarity of auxin transport in inverted cuttings. New Phytol. 73:637–642.
Sommer, H.E., C.L. Brown, and P.P. Kormanik. 1975. Differentiation of plantlets in longleaf pine [Pinus palustris (Mill.)] tissue cultured in vitro. Bot. Gaz. 136:196–200.
Stine, M., and H.E. Sommer. 1986. Comparison of adventitious shoot formation from mature embryos of longleaf pine, slash pine, and the hybrid, longleaf pine x slash pine. Pages 6–11 In Proc. 4th North Central Tree Improvement Conference. Aug. 12–14, 1985, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
Sweet, G.B., and L.G. Wells. 1974. Comparison of the growth of vegetative propagules and seedlings of Pinus radiata. N. Z. J. Forest Sci. 4:399–409.
Toda, R. 1974. Vegetative propagation in relation to Japanese tree improvement. N. Z. J. Forest Sci. 4:410–417.
Van Buijtenen, J.P., J. Toliver, R. Bower, and M. Wendel. 1975. Operational rooting of loblolly and slash pine cuttings. Texas Forest Serv., Texas A&M Univ., College Station. Pub. 111. 9 p.
Weber, P. 1988. Personal communication, James River Corp., Filer, Miss.
Weyerhaeuser Co. 1988. Unpublished data, South. Forestry Res. Div., Hot Springs, Ark.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Greenwood, M.S., Foster, G.S., Amerson, H.V. (1991). Vegetative Propagation of Southern Pines. In: Duryea, M.L., Dougherty, P.M. (eds) Forest Regeneration Manual. Forestry Sciences, vol 36. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-0960-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3800-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive